GRE-in-UDP Encapsulation
draft-ietf-tsvwg-gre-in-udp-encap-10
The information below is for an old version of the document.
| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (tsvwg WG) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Edward Crabbe , Lucy Yong , Xiaohu Xu , Tom Herbert | ||
| Last updated | 2016-03-01 | ||
| Replaces | draft-yong-tsvwg-gre-in-udp-encap | ||
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draft-ietf-tsvwg-gre-in-udp-encap-10
Network Working Group E. Crabbe
Internet-Draft
Intended status: Standard Track L. Yong
Huawei USA
X. Xu
Huawei Technologies
T. Herbert
Facebook
Expires: September 2016 March 1, 2016
GRE-in-UDP Encapsulation
draft-ietf-tsvwg-gre-in-udp-encap-10
Abstract
This document describes a method of encapsulating network protocol
packets within GRE and UDP headers. In this encapsulation method,
the source UDP port can be used as an entropy field for purposes of
load balancing, while the protocol of the encapsulated packet in the
GRE payload is identified by the GRE Protocol Type. This document
specifies requirements for two applicability scenarios for the
encapsulation: (1) General Internet; (2) Controlled Environment,
e.g. well-managed operator networks. The controlled environment has
less restrictive requirements than the general Internet.
Status of This Document
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on September 1,2016.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with
respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this
document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in
Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without
warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction...................................................3
1.1. Applicability Statement...................................4
1.2. GRE-in-UDP Tunnel Usage Requirements......................4
1.2.1. Requirements for Default GRE-in-UDP Tunnel...........5
1.2.2. Requirements Changes for WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel......5
2. Terminology....................................................6
2.1. Requirements Language.....................................6
3. Encapsulation in UDP...........................................6
3.1. IP Header.................................................9
3.2. UDP Header................................................9
3.2.1. Source Port..........................................9
3.2.2. Destination Port.....................................9
3.2.3. Checksum............................................10
3.2.4. Length..............................................10
3.3. GRE Header...............................................10
4. Encapsulation Process Procedures..............................11
4.1. MTU and Fragmentation....................................11
4.2. Middlebox Considerations.................................12
4.3. Differentiated Services and ECN Marking..................12
5. UDP Checksum Handling.........................................13
5.1. UDP Checksum with IPv4...................................13
5.2. UDP Checksum with IPv6...................................13
5.2.1. Middlebox Considerations............................16
6. Congestion Considerations.....................................17
7. Backward Compatibility........................................18
8. IANA Considerations...........................................18
9. Security Considerations.......................................19
10. Acknowledgements.............................................20
11. Contributors.................................................21
12. References...................................................22
12.1. Normative References....................................22
12.2. Informative References..................................23
13. Authors' Addresses...........................................24
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1. Introduction
Load balancing, or more specifically statistical multiplexing of
traffic using Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) and/or Link Aggregation
Groups (LAGs) in IP networks, is a widely used technique for
creating higher capacity networks out of lower capacity links. Most
existing routers in IP networks are already capable of distributing
IP traffic flows over ECMP paths and/or LAGs on the basis of a hash
function performed on flow invariant fields in IP packet headers and
their payload protocol headers. Specifically, when the IP payload is
a User Datagram Protocol (UDP)[RFC768] or Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) [RFC793] packet, router hash functions frequently
operate on the five-tuple of source IP address, destination IP
address, source port, destination port, and protocol/next-header
GRE encapsulation has been widely used for many applications. For
example, to redirect IP traffic to traverse a different path instead
of the default path in an operator network, to tunnel private
network traffic over a public network by use of public IP network
addresses, to tunnel IPv6 traffic over an IPv4 network, tunnel
Ethernet traffic over IP networks [RFC7637], etc. Unfortunately,
using GRE encapsulated within IP may reduce the entropy available
for use in load balancing compared to TCP/IP or UDP/IP, especially
in cases where the GRE Key field [RFC2890] is not used for entropy
purpose, i.e., the Key field is used for security authentication.
This document defines a generic GRE-in-UDP encapsulation for
tunneling network protocol packets across an IP network. The GRE
header provides payload protocol type as an EtherType in the
protocol type field [RFC2784][RFC7676], and the UDP header provides
additional entropy by way of its source port. GRE-in-UDP offers the
additional possibility of using GRE across networks that might
otherwise disallow it; for instance GRE-in-UDP may be used to bridge
two islands where GRE is not used natively across the Internet.
This encapsulation method requires no changes to the transit IP
network. Hash functions in most existing IP routers may utilize and
benefit from the use of a GRE-in-UDP tunnel without needing any
change or upgrade to their ECMP implementation. The encapsulation
mechanism is applicable to a variety of IP networks including Data
Center and wide area networks.
GRE-in-UDP encapsulation may be used to encapsulate already tunneled
traffic, i.e. tunnel-in-tunnel. In this case, GRE-in-UDP tunnel
endpoints treat other tunnel endpoints as of the end hosts for the
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traffic and do not differentiate such end hosts from other end
hosts.
1.1. Applicability Statement
GRE-in-UDP encapsulation applies to IPv4 and IPv6 networks including
the Internet. When using GRE-in-UDP encapsulation, encapsulated
traffic will be treated as a UDP application in an IP delivery
network. As such, GRE-in-UDP tunnel needs to meet UDP requirements
specified in [RFC5405bis], which imposes limits on GRE-in-UDP tunnel
usage. These limits may depend on both the network and the nature of
the encapsulated traffic. For example, the GRE-in-UDP tunnel
protocol does not provide any congestion control functionality
beyond that of the encapsulated traffic. Therefore, GRE-in-UDP MUST
be used only with congestion controlled traffic (e.g., IP traffic)
and/or within a network that has the congestion management.
[RFC5405bis] considers two types of applicability where IETF
applications utilize UDP: 1) General Internet and 2) Controlled
Environment. The controlled environment means within a single
administrative domain or bilaterally agreed connection between
domains. A network under controlled environment can be
managed/operated to meet certain conditions while the general
Internet cannot be. Tunnel protocol requirements under controlled
environment can be less restrictive than the requirements in the
general Internet. This document specifies GRE-in-UDP tunnel usage in
the general Internet and GRE-in-UDP tunnel usage in the well-managed
operator network that is an example of controlled environment.
For the purpose of this document, a well-managed operator network is
defined as an IP network that is traffic-engineered and/or otherwise
managed (e.g., via use of traffic rate limiters) to avoid
congestion.
This document refers to the GRE-in-UDP tunnel usage in the general
Internet as Default GRE-in-UDP Tunnel; the GRE-in-UDP tunnel usage
in a well-managed operator network as WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel.
1.2. GRE-in-UDP Tunnel Usage Requirements
The section summarizes GRE-in-UDP tunnel requirements. The
requirements for Default GRE-in-UDP tunnel are listed in Section
1.2.1, which applies to a GRE-in-UDP tunnel over the general
Internet; the relaxed requirements for WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel are
listed in Section 1.2.2, which applies to a GRE-in-UDP tunnel within
a well-managed operator network. These networks can use IPv4 or IPv6.
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1.2.1. Requirements for Default GRE-in-UDP Tunnel
The following is a summary of the GRE-in-UDP requirements for use
over the general Internet:
1. UDP checksum SHOULD be used when encapsulating in IPv4.
2. UDP checksum MUST be used when encapsulating in IPv6.
3. GRE-in-UDP tunnel MUST NOT be used for traffic that has no
congestion control. IP-traffic can be assumed to be congestion-
controlled. GRE-in-UDP tunnels are not appropriate for other traffic
that does not use congestion control.
4. UDP source port that is used for flow entropy SHOULD be set to a
UDP ephemeral port (49152-65535).
5. UDP source port usage MUST be configurable so that a single value
is used for all traffic in the tunnel (this disables use of the UDP
source port to provide flow entropy).
6. For IPv6 delivery networks, the flow entropy SHOULD also be
placed in the flow label field for ECMP per [RFC6438].
7. At the tunnel ingress, any fragmentation of the incoming packet
(e.g., because the tunnel has an MTU that is smaller than the packet
SHOULD be performed before encapsulation [RFC7588]. In addition, the
tunnel ingress MUST apply the UDP checksum to all encapsulated
fragments so that the tunnel egress can validate reassembly of the
fragments, and SHOULD use the same source UDP port for all packet
fragments to ensure the packet fragments traversing on the same path.
1.2.2. Requirements Changes for WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel
The following lists the changed requirements for WMON GRE-in-UDP
Tunnel that is used in a well-managed operator network; they replace
requirements 1-3 listed in section 1.2.1. The requirements 4-7 in
that section are unchanged for WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel.
1. UDP checksum MAY be used when encapsulating in IPv4.
2. Use of UDP checksum MUST be the default when encapsulating in
IPv6. This default MAY be overridden via configuration of UDP zero-
checksum mode. All usage of UDP zero-checksum mode with IPv6 is
subject to the additional requirements specified in Section 5.2.
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3. GRE-in-UDP tunnel MAY encapsulate traffic that is not congestion
controlled.
2. Terminology
The terms defined in [RFC768][RFC2784] are used in this document.
Default GRE-in-UDP Tunnel: A GRE-in-UDP tunnel that can apply to the
general Internet.
WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel: A GRE-in-UDP tunnel that can only apply to a
well-managed operator network that is defined in Section 1.1.
2.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Encapsulation in UDP
GRE-in-UDP encapsulation format is shown as follows:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
IPv4 Header:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Version| IHL |Type of Service| Total Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identification |Flags| Fragment Offset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Time to Live |Protcol=17(UDP)| Header Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source IPv4 Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination IPv4 Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
UDP Header:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port = XXXX | Dest Port = TBD |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| UDP Length | UDP Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
GRE Header:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|C| |K|S| Reserved0 | Ver | Protocol Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum (optional) | Reserved1 (Optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Key (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1 UDP+GRE Headers in IPv4
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
IPv6 Header:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Version| Traffic Class | Flow Label |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Payload Length | NxtHdr=17(UDP)| Hop Limit |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Outer Source IPv6 Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Outer Destination IPv6 Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
UDP Header:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port = XXXX | Dest Port = TBD |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| UDP Length | UDP Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
GRE Header:
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|C| |K|S| Reserved0 | Ver | Protocol Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum (optional) | Reserved1 (Optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Key (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2 UDP+GRE Headers in IPv6
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The contents of the IP, UDP, and GRE headers that are relevant in
this encapsulation are described below.
3.1. IP Header
An encapsulator MUST encode its own IP address as the source IP
address and the decapsulator's IP address as the destination IP
address. The TTL field in the IP header MUST be set to a value
appropriate for delivery of the encapsulated packet to the peer of
the encapsulation.
3.2. UDP Header
3.2.1. Source Port
The UDP source port contains a 16-bit entropy value that is
generated by the encapsulator to identify a flow for the
encapsulated packet. The port value SHOULD be within the ephemeral
port range, i.e., 49152 to 65535, where the high order two bits of
the port are set to one. This provides fourteen bits of entropy for
the inner flow identifier. In the case that an encapsulator is
unable to derive flow entropy from the payload header or the entropy
usage has to be disabled to meet operational requirements (see
section 4.2), it SHOULD set a randomly selected constant value for
UDP source port to avoid payload packet flow reordering, e.g., the
port can be chosen as a hash of the tunnel ingress and egress IP
address.
The source port value for a flow set by an encapsulator MAY change
over the lifetime of the encapsulated flow. For instance, an
encapsulator may change the assignment for Denial of Service (DOS)
mitigation or as a means to effect routing through the ECMP network.
An encapsulator SHOULD NOT change the source port selected for a
flow more than once every thirty seconds.
For IPv6 delivery network, if IPv6 flow label load balancing is
supported [RFC6438], the flow entropy SHOULD also be placed in the
flow label field.
How an encapsulator generates flow entropy from the payload is
outside the scope of this document.
3.2.2. Destination Port
The destination port of the UDP header is set the GRE-in-UDP port or
GRE-UDP-DTLS (TBD) (see Section 8).
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3.2.3. Checksum
The UDP checksum is set and processed per [RFC768] and [RFC1122] for
IPv4, and [RFC2460] for IPv6. Requirements for checksum handling and
use of zero UDP checksums are detailed in Section 5.
3.2.4. Length
The usage of this field is in accordance with the current UDP
specification in [RFC768]. This length will include the UDP header
(eight bytes), GRE header, and the GRE payload (encapsulated packet).
3.3. GRE Header
An encapsulator sets the protocol type (EtherType) of the packet
being encapsulated in the GRE Protocol Type field.
An encapsulator may set the GRE Key Present, Sequence Number Present,
and Checksum Present bits and associated fields in the GRE header as
defined by [RFC2784] and [RFC2890]. The reserved bits, i.e.,
Reserved0, SHOULD be set zero.
The GRE checksum MAY be enabled to protect the GRE header and
payload. An encapsulator SHOULD NOT enable both the GRE checksum and
UDP checksum simultaneously as this would be mostly redundant. Since
the UDP checksum covers more of the packet including the GRE header
and payload, the UDP checksum SHOULD have preference to using GRE
checksum. The GRE checksum MAY be used for the payload integrity
check when use of UDP zero-checksum.
An implementation MAY use the GRE keyid to authenticate the
encapsulator. (See Security Section) In this model, a shared value
is either configured or negotiated between an encapsulator and
decapsulator. When a decapsulator determines a presented keyid is
not valid for the source, the packet MUST be dropped.
Although GRE-in-UDP encapsulation protocol uses both UDP header and
GRE header, it is one tunnel encapsulation protocol. GRE and UDP
headers MUST be applied and removed as a pair at the encapsulation
and decapsulation points. This specification does not support UDP
encapsulation of a GRE header where that GRE header is applied or
removed at a network node other than the UDP tunnel ingress or
egress.
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4. Encapsulation Process Procedures
The procedures specified in this section apply to both Default GRE-
in-UDP tunnel and WMON GRE-in-UDP tunnel.
The GRE-in-UDP encapsulation allows encapsulated packets to be
forwarded through "GRE-in-UDP tunnels". When performing GRE-in-UDP
encapsulation by the encapsulator, the entropy value is generated by
the encapsulator and then be filled in the Source Port field of the
UDP header. The Destination Port field is set to a value (TBD) to
indicate that the UDP tunnel payload is a GRE packet. The Protocol
Type header field in GRE header is set to the EtherType value
corresponding to the protocol of the encapsulated packet.
Intermediate routers, upon receiving these UDP encapsulated packets,
could load balance these packets based on the hash of the five-tuple
of UDP packets.
Upon receiving these UDP encapsulated packets, the decapsulator
decapsulates them by removing the UDP and GRE headers and then
processes them accordingly.
GRE-in-UDP allows encapsulation of unicast, broadcast, or multicast
traffic. Entropy may be generated from the header of encapsulated
unicast or broadcast/multicast packets at an encapsulator. The
mapping mechanism between the encapsulated multicast traffic and the
multicast capability in the IP network is transparent and
independent to the encapsulation and is otherwise outside the scope
of this document.
To provide entropy for ECMP, GRE-in-UDP does not rely on GRE keep-
alive. It is RECOMMENED not to use GRE keep-alive in the GRE-in-UDP
tunnel. This aligns with middlebox traversal guidelines in Section
3.5 of [RFC5405bis].
4.1. MTU and Fragmentation
Regarding packet fragmentation, an encapsulator/decapsulator SHOULD
be compliant with [RFC7588] and perform fragmentation before the
encapsulation. The size of fragments SHOULD be less or equal to the
PMTU associated with the path between the GRE ingress and the GRE
egress nodes minus the GRE and UDP overhead, assuming the egress
resemble MTU is larger than PMTU. When applying payload fragment,
the UDP checksum MUST be used so that the receiving endpoint can
validate reassembly of the fragments; the same src UDP port SHOULD
be used for all packet fragments to ensure the transit routers will
forward the fragments on the same path.
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If a tunnel operator is able to control the payload MTU size, the
tunnel operator SHOULD factor in the additional bytes of tunnel
overhead when considering the MTU size to avoid the likelihood of
fragmentation.
4.2. Middlebox Considerations
The Source Port number of the UDP header is pertinent to the
middlebox behavior. Network Address/Port Translator (NAPT) is the
most commonly deployed Network Address Translation (NAT) device
[RFC4787]. An NAPT device establishes a NAT session to translate the
{private IP address, private source port number} tuple to a {public
IP address, public source port number} tuple, and vice versa, for
the duration of the UDP session. This provides a UDP application
with the "NAT-pass-through" function. NAPT allows multiple internal
hosts to share a single public IP address. The port number, i.e.,
the UDP Source Port number, is used as the demultiplexer of the
multiple internal hosts. However, the above NAPT behaviors conflict
with the behavior that the UDP source port number is used as entropy
in GRE-in-UDP tunnel.
Each UDP tunnel is unidirectional, as GRE-in-UDP traffic is sent to
the GRE-in-UDP Destination Port (TBD), and in particular, is never
sent back to any port used as a UDP Source Port (which serves solely
as a source of entropy). It is common that a middlebox (e.g.,
firewall) assume that bidirectional traffic uses a common pair of
UDP ports. This assumption also conflicts with the use of the UDP
source port number as entropy.
Hence, use of the UDP src port for entropy may impact middlebox
behavior. If a GRE-in-UDP tunnel is expected to pass a middlebox, to
avoid the impact, the operator either disable UDP source port for
entropy or configure the middlebox to deal with the UDP source port
variation.
4.3. Differentiated Services and ECN Marking
To ensure that tunneled traffic gets the same treatment over the IP
network, prior to the encapsulation process, an encapsulator should
process the payload to get the proper parameters to fill into the IP
header such as DiffServ [RFC2983]. Encapsulation end points that
support Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) must use the method
described in [RFC6040] for ECN marking propagation. The congestion
control process is outside of the scope of this document.
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5. UDP Checksum Handling
5.1. UDP Checksum with IPv4
Default GRE-in-UDP Tunnel SHOULD perform UDP checksum. WMON GRE-in-
UDP Tunnel MAY perform UDP checksum.
For UDP in IPv4, the UDP checksum MUST be processed as specified in
[RFC768] and [RFC1122] for both transmit and receive. The IPv4
header includes a checksum which protects against mis-delivery of
the packet due to corruption of IP addresses. The UDP checksum
potentially provides protection against corruption of the UDP header,
GRE header, and GRE payload. Enabling or disabling the use of
checksums is a deployment consideration that should take into
account the risk and effects of packet corruption, and whether the
packets in the network are protected by other, possibly stronger
mechanisms such as the Ethernet CRC.
When a decapsulator receives a packet, the UDP checksum field MUST
be processed. If the UDP checksum is non-zero, the decapsulator MUST
verify the checksum before accepting the packet. By default a
decapsulator SHOULD accept UDP packets with a zero checksum. A node
MAY be configured to disallow zero checksums per [RFC1122]; this may
be done selectively, for instance disallowing zero checksums from
certain hosts that are known to be sending over paths subject to
packet corruption. If verification of a non-zero checksum fails, a
decapsulator lacks the capability to verify a non-zero checksum, or
a packet with a zero-checksum was received and the decapsulator is
configured to disallow, the packet MUST be dropped and an event MAY
be logged.
5.2. UDP Checksum with IPv6
For UDP in IPv6, the UDP checksum MUST be processed as specified in
[RFC768] and [RFC2460] for both transmit and receive.
When UDP is used over IPv6, the UDP checksum is relied upon to
protect both the IPv6 and UDP headers from corruption. As such,
Default GRE-in-UDP Tunnel MUST perform UDP checksum; WMON GRE-in-UDP
Tunnel MAY be configured with the UDP zero-checksum mode if the
well-managed operator network or a set of closely cooperating well-
managed operator networks (such as by network operators who have
agreed to work together in order to jointly provide specific
services) meet at least one of following conditions:
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a. It is known (perhaps through knowledge of equipment types and
lower layer checks) that packet corruption is exceptionally
unlikely and where the operator is willing to take the risk of
undetected packet corruption.
b. It is judged through observational measurements (perhaps of
historic or current traffic flows that use a non-zero checksum)
that the level of packet corruption is tolerably low and where
the operator is willing to take the risk of undetected packet
corruption.
c. Carrying applications that are tolerant of mis-delivered or
corrupted packets (perhaps through higher layer checksum,
validation, and retransmission or transmission redundancy) where
the operator is willing to rely on the applications using the
tunnel to survive any corrupt packets.
The following requirements apply to WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel that use
UDP zero-checksum mode:
a. Use of the UDP checksum with IPv6 MUST be the default
configuration of all GRE-in-UDP tunnels.
b. The GRE-in-UDP tunnel implementation MUST comply with all
requirements specified in Section 4 of [RFC6936] and with
requirement 1 specified in Section 5 of [RFC6936].
c. The tunnel decapsulator SHOULD only allow the use of UDP zero-
checksum mode for IPv6 on a single received UDP Destination
Port regardless of the encapsulator. The motivation for this
requirement is possible corruption of the UDP Destination Port,
which may cause packet delivery to the wrong UDP port. If that
other UDP port requires the UDP checksum, the mis-delivered
packet will be discarded.
d. It is RECOMMENDED that UDP zero-checksum selectively be enabled
for certain source addresses. The tunnel decapsulator MUST
check that the source and destination IPv6 addresses are valid
for the GRE-in-UDP tunnel on which the packet was received if
that tunnel uses UDP zero-checksum mode and discard any packet
for which this check fails.
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e. The tunnel encapsulator SHOULD use different IPv6 addresses for
each GRE-in-UDP tunnel that uses UDP zero-checksum mode
regardless of the decapsulator in order to strengthen the
decapsulator's check of the IPv6 source address (i.e., the same
IPv6 source address SHOULD NOT be used with more than one IPv6
destination address, independent of whether that destination
address is a unicast or multicast address). When this is not
possible, it is RECOMMENDED to use each source IPv6 address for
as few UDP zero-checksum mode GRE-in-UDP tunnels as is feasible.
f. When any middlebox exists on the path of a GRE-in-UDP tunnel,
it is RECOMMENDED to use the default mode, i.e. use UDP
checksum, to reduce the chance that the encapsulated packets to
be dropped.
g. Any middlebox that allows UDP zero-checksum mode for IPv6 MUST
comply with requirement 1 and 8-10 in Section 5 of [RFC6936].
h. Measures SHOULD be taken to prevent IPv6 traffic with zero UDP
checksums from "escaping" to the general Internet; see Section
6 for examples of such measures.
i. IPv6 traffic with zero UDP checksums MUST be actively monitored
for errors by the network operator. For example, the operator
may monitor Ethernet layer packet error rates.
j. If a packet with a non-zero checksum is received, the checksum
MUST be verified before accepting the packet. This is
regardless of whether the tunnel encapsulator and decapsulator
have been configured with UDP zero-checksum mode.
The above requirements do not change either the requirements
specified in [RFC2460] as modified by [RFC6935] or the requirements
specified in [RFC6936].
The requirement to check the source IPv6 address in addition to the
destination IPv6 address, plus the strong recommendation against
reuse of source IPv6 addresses among GRE-in-UDP tunnels collectively
provide some mitigation for the absence of UDP checksum coverage of
the IPv6 header. A well-managed operator network that satisfies at
least one of three conditions listed above in this section provides
additional assurance.
GRE-in-UDP is suitable for transmission over lower layers in the
well-managed operator networks that are allowed by the exceptions
stated above and the rate of corruption of the inner IP packet on
such networks is not expected to increase by comparison to GRE
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traffic that is not encapsulated in UDP. For these reasons, GRE-in-
UDP does not provide an additional integrity check except when GRE
checksum is used when UDP zero-checksum mode is used with IPv6, and
this design is in accordance with requirements 2, 3 and 5 specified
in Section 5 of [RFC6936].
GRE does not accumulate incorrect state as a consequence of GRE
header corruption. A corrupt GRE packet may result in either packet
discard or forwarding of the packet without accumulation of GRE
state. Active monitoring of GRE-in-UDP traffic for errors is
REQUIRED as occurrence of errors will result in some accumulation of
error information outside the protocol for operational and
management purposes. This design is in accordance with requirement 4
specified in Section 5 of [RFC6936].
The remaining requirements specified in Section 5 of [RFC6936] are
not applicable to GRE-in-UDP. Requirements 6 and 7 do not apply
because GRE does not include a control feedback mechanism.
Requirements 8-10 are middlebox requirements that do not apply to
GRE-in-UDP tunnel endpoints (see Section 5.2.1 for further middle
box discussion).
It is worth mentioning that the use of a zero UDP checksum should
present the equivalent risk of undetected packet corruption when
sending similar packet using GRE-in-IPv6 without UDP [RFC7676] and
without GRE checksums.
In summary, WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel is allowed to use UDP-zero-
checksum mode for IPv6 when the conditions and requirements stated
above are met. Otherwise the UDP checksum MUST be used for IPv6 as
specified in [RFC768] and [RFC2460]. Use of GRE checksum is
recommended when the UDP checksum is not used.
5.2.1. Middlebox Considerations
IPv6 datagrams with a zero UDP checksum will not be passed by any
middlebox that validates the checksum based on [RFC2460] or that
updates the UDP checksum field, such as NATs or firewalls. Changing
this behavior would require such middleboxes to be updated to
correctly handle datagrams with zero UDP checksums. The GRE-in-UDP
encapsulation does not provide a mechanism to safely fall back to
using a checksum when a path change occurs redirecting a tunnel over
a path that includes a middlebox that discards IPv6 datagrams with a
zero UDP checksum. In this case the GRE-in-UDP tunnel will be black-
holed by that middlebox.
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As such, when any middlebox exists on the path of GRE-in-UDP tunnel,
it is RECOMMENDED to use the UDP checksum to reduce the chance that
the encapsulated packets to be dropped. Recommended changes to allow
firewalls, NATs and other middleboxes to support use of an IPv6 zero
UDP checksum are described in Section 5 of [RFC6936].
6. Congestion Considerations
Section 3.1.9 of [RFC5405bis] discussed the congestion implications
of UDP tunnels. As discussed in [RFC5405bis], because other flows
can share the path with one or more UDP tunnels, congestion control
[RFC2914] needs to be considered.
The impact of congestion must be considered both in terms of the
effect on the rest of the network containing a UDP, and in terms of
the effect on the flows using the UDP tunnels. The potential impact
of congestion from a UDP tunnel depends upon what sort of traffic is
carried over the tunnel, as well as the path of the tunnel.
In many cases, GRE-in-UDP is used to carry IP traffic. IP traffic is
generally assumed to be congestion controlled, and thus a tunnel
carrying general IP traffic generally does not need additional
congestion control mechanisms.
GRE-in-UDP tunnel can be used in some cases to carry traffic that is
not necessarily congestion controlled. For example, GRE-in-UDP may
be used to carry MPLS that carries pseudowire or VPN traffic where
specific bandwidth guarantees are provided to each pseudowire or to
each VPN. In such cases, network operators may avoid congestion by
careful provisioning of their networks, by rate limiting of user
data traffic, and traffic engineering according to path capacity.
For this reason, GRE-in-UDP tunnel MUST be used within a single
operator's network that utilizes careful provisioning (e.g., rate
limiting at the entries of the network while over-provisioning
network capacity) to ensure against congestion, or within a limited
number of networks whose operators closely cooperate in order to
jointly provide this same careful provisioning.
The default GRE-in-UDP tunnel can be used to carry IP traffic that
is known to be congestion controlled on the Internet. Internet IP
traffic is generally assumed to be congestion-controlled. The
default GRE-in-UDP tunnel MUST NOT be used over the general Internet,
or over non-cooperating network operators, to carry traffic that is
not congestion-controlled.
WMON GRE-in-UDP Tunnel is used within a well-managed operator
network so that it can carry the traffic that is not necessarily
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congestion controlled. Measures SHOULD be taken to prevent non-
congestion-controlled GRE-in-UDP traffic from "escaping" to the
general Internet, e.g.:
o Physical or logical isolation of the links carrying GRE-in-UDP
from the general Internet.
o Deployment of packet filters that block the UDP ports assigned
for GRE-in-UDP.
o Imposition of restrictions on GRE-in-UDP traffic by software
tools used to set up GRE-in-UDP tunnels between specific end
systems (as might be used within a single data center). For
examples, a GRE-in-UDP tunnel only carries IP traffic or a GRE-
in-UDP tunnel supports NVGRE encapsulation [RFC7637] only
(Although the payload type is Ethernet in NVGRE, NVGRE protocol
mandates that the payload of Ethernet is IP).
o Use of a "Circuit Breaker" for the tunneled traffic as described
in [CB].
7. Backward Compatibility
In general, tunnel ingress routers have to be upgraded in order to
support the encapsulations described in this document.
No change is required at transit routers to support forwarding of
the encapsulation described in this document.
If a router that is intended for use as a decapsulator does not
support or enable GRE-in-UDP encapsulation described in this
document, it should not be listening on the destination port (TBD).
In these cases, the router will conform to normal UDP processing and
respond to an encapsulator with an ICMP message indicating "port
unreachable" according to [RFC792]. Upon receiving this ICMP
message, the node MUST NOT continue to use GRE-in-UDP encapsulation
toward this peer without management intervention.
8. IANA Considerations
IANA is requested to make the following allocations:
One UDP destination port number for the indication of GRE
Service Name: GRE-in-UDP
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Transport Protocol(s): UDP
Assignee: IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
Contact: IETF Chair <chair@ietf.org>
Description: GRE-in-UDP Encapsulation
Reference: [This.I-D]
Port Number: TBD
Service Code: N/A
Known Unauthorized Uses: N/A
Assignment Notes: N/A
One UDP destination port number for the indication of GRE with DTLS
Service Name: GRE-UDP-DTLS
Transport Protocol(s): UDP
Assignee: IESG <iesg@ietf.org>
Contact: IETF Chair <chair@ietf.org>
Description: GRE-in-UDP Encapsulation with DTLS
Reference: [This.I-D]
Port Number: TBD
Service Code: N/A
Known Unauthorized Uses: N/A
Assignment Notes: N/A
9. Security Considerations
GRE-in-UDP encapsulation does not affect security for the payload
protocol. When using GRE-in-UDP, Network Security in a network is
mostly equivalent to that of a network using GRE.
Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) [RFC6347] can be used for
application security and can preserve network and transport layer
protocol information. Specifically, if DTLS is used to secure the
GRE-in-UDP tunnel, the destination port of the UDP header MUST be
set to an IANA-assigned value (TBD2) indicating GRE-in-UDP with DTLS,
and that UDP port MUST NOT be used for other traffic. The UDP
source port field can still be used to add entropy, e.g., for load-
sharing purposes. DTLS usage is limited to a single DTLS session
for any specific tunnel encapsulator/ decapsulator pair (identified
by source and destination IP addresses). Both IP addresses MUST be
unicast addresses - multicast traffic is not supported when DTLS is
used. A GRE-in-UDP tunnel decapsulator that supports DTLS is
expected to be able to establish DTLS sessions with multiple tunnel
encapsulators, and likewise an GRE-in-UDP tunnel encapsulator is
expected to be able to establish DTLS sessions with multiple
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decapsulators (although different source and/or destination IP
addresses may be involved -see Section 5.2 for discussion of one
situation where use of different source IP addresses is important).
In the case that UDP source port for entropy usage is disabled, a
random port SHOULD be selected in order to minimize the
vulnerability to off-path attacks.[RFC6056] The random port may also
be periodically changed to mitigate certain denial of service
attacks as mentioned in Section 3.2.
Using one standardized value as the UDP destination port for an
encapsulation indication may increase the vulnerability of off-path
attack. To overcome this, an alternate port may be agreed upon to
use between an encapsulator and decapsulator [RFC6056]. How the
encapsulator end points communicate the value is outside scope of
this document.
This document does not require that a decapsulator validates the IP
source address of the tunneled packets (with the exception that the
IPv6 source address MUST be validated when UDP zero-checksum mode is
used with IPv6), but it should be understood that failure to do so
presupposes that there is effective destination-based (or a
combination of source-based and destination-based) filtering at the
boundaries.
Corruption of GRE header can cause a privacy and security concern
for some applications that rely on the key field for traffic
segregation. When GRE key field is used for privacy and security,
ether UDP checksum or GRE checksum SHOULD be used for GRE-in-UDP
with both IPv4 and IPv6, and in particular, when UDP zero-checksum
mode is used, GRE checksum SHOULD be used.
10. Acknowledgements
Authors like to thank Vivek Kumar, Ron Bonica, Joe Touch, Ruediger
Geib, Lar Edds, Lloyd Wood, Bob Briscoe, and many others for their
review and valuable input on this draft.
Thank the design team led by David Black (members: Ross Callon,
Gorry Fairhurst, Xiaohu Xu, Lucy Yong) to efficiently work out the
descriptions for the congestion considerations and IPv6 UDP zero
checksum.
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11. Contributors
The following people all contributed significantly to this document
and are listed below in alphabetical order:
David Black
EMC Corporation
176 South Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748
USA
Email: david.black@emc.com
Ross Callon
Juniper Networks
10 Technology Park Drive
Westford, MA 01886
USA
Email: rcallon@juniper.net
John E. Drake
Juniper Networks
Email: jdrake@juniper.net
Gorry Fairhurst
University of Aberdeen
Email: gorry@erg.abdn.ac.uk
Yongbing Fan
China Telecom
Guangzhou, China.
Phone: +86 20 38639121
Email: fanyb@gsta.com
Adrian Farrel
Juniper Networks
Email: adrian@olddog.co.uk
Vishwas Manral
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Hewlett-Packard Corp.
3000 Hanover St, Palo Alto.
Email: vishwas.manral@hp.com
Carlos Pignataro
Cisco Systems
7200-12 Kit Creek Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
EMail: cpignata@cisco.com
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
August 1980.
[RFC1122] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
Communication Layers", RFC1122, October 1989.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC2119, March 1997.
[RFC2784] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
March 2000.
[RFC2890] Dommety, G., "Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE",
RFC2890, September 2000.
[RFC5405bis] Eggert, L., "Unicast UDP Usage Guideline for
Application Designers", draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis, work
in progress.
[RFC6040] Briscoe, B., "Tunneling of Explicit Congestion
Notification", RFC6040, November 2010.
[RFC6347] Rescoria, E., Modadugu, N., "Datagram Transport Layer
Security Version 1.2", RFC6347, 2012.
[RFC6438] Carpenter, B., Amante, S., "Using the IPv6 Flow Label for
Equal Cost Multipath Routing and Link Aggregation in
tunnels", RFC6438, November, 2011.
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[RFC6935] Eubanks, M., Chimento, P., and M. Westerlund, "IPv6 and
UDP Checksums for Tunneled Packets", RFC 6935, April 2013.
[RFC6936] Fairhurst, G. and M. Westerlund, "Applicability Statement
for the Use of IPv6 UDP Datagrams with Zero Checksums",
RFC 6936, April 2013.
12.2. Informative References
[RFC792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5, RFC
792, September 1981.
[RFC793] DARPA, "Transmission Control Protocol", RFC793, September
1981.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[RFC2914] Floyd, S.,"Congestion Control Principles", RFC2914,
September 2000.
[RFC2983] Black, D., "Differentiated Services and Tunnels", RFC2983,
October 2000.
[RFC4787] Audet, F., et al, "network Address Translation (NAT)
Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", RFC4787, January
2007.
[RFC6056] Larsen, M. and Gont, F., "Recommendations for Transport-
Protocol Port Randomization", RFC6056, January 2011.
[RFC6438] Carpenter, B., Amante, S., "Using the Ipv6 Flow Label for
Equal Cost Multipath Routing and Link Aggreation in
Tunnels", RFC6438, November 2011.
[RFC7588] Bonica, R., "A Fragmentation Strategy for Generic Routing
Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC7588, July 2015.
[RFC7637] Garg, P. and Wang, Y., "NVGRE: Network Virtualization
Using Generic Routing Encapsulation", RFC7637, September
2015.
[RFC7676] Pignataro, C., Bonica, R., Krishnan, S., "IPv6 Support for
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC7676, October
2015.
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[CB] Fairhurst, G., "Network Transport Circuit Breakers",
draft-ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker-13, work in progress.
13. Authors' Addresses
Edward Crabbe
Email: edward.crabbe@gmail.com
Lucy Yong
Huawei Technologies, USA
Email: lucy.yong@huawei.com
Xiaohu Xu
Huawei Technologies,
Beijing, China
Email: xuxiaohu@huawei.com
Tom Herbert
Facebook
1 Hacker Way
Menlo Park, CA
Email : tom@herbertland.com
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