BBS per Verifier Linkability
draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-per-verifier-linkability-00
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draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-per-verifier-linkability-00
CFRG V. Kalos
Internet-Draft MATTR
Intended status: Informational G. Bernstein
Expires: 28 July 2025 Grotto Networking
24 January 2025
BBS per Verifier Linkability
draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-per-verifier-linkability-00
Abstract
The BBS Signatures scheme defined in [I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures],
describes a multi-message digital signature, that supports
selectively disclosing the messages through unlinkable presentations,
built using zero-knowledge proofs. Each BBS proof reveals no
information other than the signed messages that the Prover chooses to
disclose in that specific instance. As such, the Verifier (i.e., the
recipient) of the BBS proof, may not be able to track those
presentations over time. Although in many applications this is
desirable, there are use cases that require the Verifier be able to
track the BBS proofs they receive from the same Prover. Examples
include monitoring the use of access credentials for abnormal
activity, monetization etc.. This document presents the use of
pseudonyms with BBS proofs.
A pseudonym, is a value that will remain constant each time a Prover
presents a BBS proof to the same Verifier, but will be different (and
unlinkable), when the Prover interacts with a different Verifier.
This provides a way for a recipient (Verifier) to track the
presentations intended for them, while also hindering them from
tracking the Prover's interactions with other Verifiers.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 28 July 2025.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Context Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Pseudonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. Mapping Messages to Scalars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Pseudonym Calculation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. High Level Procedures and Information Flows . . . . . . . . . 8
6. BBS Pseudonym Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1. Signature Generation and Verification with Pseudonym . . 9
6.1.1. Commitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1.2. Blind Issuance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1.3. Verification and Finalization . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2. Proof Generation with Pseudonym . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3. Proof Verification with Pseudonym . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Core Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.1. Core Proof Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.2. Core Proof Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.3. Pseudonym Proof Generation Utilities . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.3.1. Pseudonym Proof Generation Initialization . . . . . . 21
7.3.2. Pseudonym Proof Verification Initialization . . . . . 21
8. Utility Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
8.1. Challenge Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
10. Ciphersuites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
12. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
13. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix B. Detailed Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B.1. Detailed Blind Signature Generation with Pseudonym . . . 25
B.2. Detailed Proof Generation with Pseudonym . . . . . . . . 26
B.3. Detailed Proof Verification with Pseudonym . . . . . . . 28
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. Introduction
The BBS Signature Scheme, originally described in the academic work
by Dan Boneh, Xavier Boyen, and Hovav Shacham [BBS04], is a signature
scheme able to sign multiple messages at once, allowing for
selectively disclosing those message while not revealing the
signature it self. It does so by creating unlinkable, zero-knowledge
proofs-of-knowledge of a signature value on (among other) the
disclosed set of messages. More specifically, the BBS Prover, will
create a BBS proof that if validated by the Verifier, guarantees that
the prover knows a BBS signature on the disclosed messages,
guaranteeing the revealed messages authenticity and integrity.
The BBS Proof is by design unlinkable, meaning that given two
different BBS proofs, there is no way to tell if they originated from
the same BBS signature. This means that if a Prover does not reveal
any other identifying information (for example if they are using
proxies to hide their IP address etc.), the Verifier of the proof
will not be able "track" or "correlate" the different proof
presentations or the Provers activity via cryptographic artifacts.
This helps enhance user privacy in applications where the Verifier
only needs to know that the Prover is in possession of a valid BBS
signature over a list of disclosed messages.
In some applications, however, the Verifier needs to track the
presentations made by the Prover over time, as to provide security
monitoring, monetization services, configuration persistance etc.. To
promote privacy reason, the Prover should not reveal or be bound to a
unique identifier that would remain constant across proof
presentations to different Verifiers and which could be used to link
a Provers interactions with different Verifiers.
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The goal of this document is to provide a way for a Verifier to track
the proof presentations that are intended for them, while at the same
time not allowing the tracking of the Prover's activities with other
Verifiers. This is done through the use of Pseudonyms. A pseudonym
as defined by this document, is a value that will be constant when
the Prover presents BBS proofs to the same Verifier, but will change
when the Prover interacts with different recipients (with no way to
link the two distinct pseudonym values together). This is done by
constructing the pseudonym value by combining a unique Verifier
identifier with a unique Prover identifier.
To avoid forging requests, the Prover's identifier will be signed by
the same BBS signature used to generate the BBS proof. This requires
extending the BBS proof generation and verification operations with
some additional computations that will be used to prove correctness
of the pseudonym, i.e., that it was correctly calculated using the
Verifier identifier, as well as, the undisclosed and signed Prover
identifier. The Prover identifier MUST be considered secret from the
point of view of the Prover, since, if it is revealed, any entity
will be able to track the Prover's activity across any Verifiers.
This document will define new BBS Interfaces for use with pseudonyms,
however it will not define new ciphersuites. Rather it will re-use
the ciphersuites defined in Section 6
(https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures-
03.html#name-ciphersuites) of [I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures]).
Pseudonyms when used appropriately prevent verifiers from linking
prover (proof) presentations between them. We call this verifier-
verifier collusion. In addition pseudonyms can be used to prevent
the signer from linking prover presentations to a verifier. We call
this verifier-signer collusion. This second property is not always
desirable in all use cases, for example to allow tracking of
purchases a controlled substance by a prover by a central authority
while preventing tracking by individual shops.
1.1. Terminology
The following terminology is used throughout this document:
SK The secret key for the signature scheme.
PK The public key for the signature scheme.
L The total number of signed messages.
R The number of message indexes that are disclosed (revealed) in a
proof-of-knowledge of a signature.
U The number of message indexes that are undisclosed in a proof-of-
knowledge of a signature.
scalar An integer between 0 and r-1, where r is the prime order of
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the selected groups, defined by each ciphersuite (see also
Notation (#notation)).
generator A valid point on the selected subgroup of the curve being
used that is employed to commit a value.
signature The digital signature output.
presentation_header (ph) A payload generated and bound to the
context of a specific spk.
INVALID, ABORT Error indicators. INVALID refers to an error
encountered during the Deserialization or Procedure steps of an
operation. An INVALID value can be returned by a subroutine and
handled by the calling operation. ABORT indicates that one or
more of the initial constraints defined by the operation are not
met. In that case, the operation will stop execution. An
operation calling a subroutine that aborted must also immediately
abort.
1.2. Notation
The following notation and primitives are used:
a || b Denotes the concatenation of octet strings a and b.
I \ J For sets I and J, denotes the difference of the two sets i.e.,
all the elements of I that do not appear in J, in the same order
as they were in I.
X[a..b] Denotes a slice of the array X containing all elements from
and including the value at index a until and including the value
at index b. Note when this syntax is applied to an octet string,
each element in the array X is assumed to be a single byte.
X[-1] Denotes the last element of the array X
range(a, b) For integers a and b, with a <= b, denotes the ascending
ordered list of all integers between a and b inclusive (i.e., the
integers "i" such that a <= i <= b).
length(input) Takes as input either an array or an octet string. If
the input is an array, returns the number of elements of the
array. If the input is an octet string, returns the number of
bytes of the inputted octet string.
Terms specific to pairing-friendly elliptic curves that are relevant
to this document are restated below, originally defined in
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves].
E1, E2 elliptic curve groups defined over finite fields. This
document assumes that E1 has a more compact representation than
E2, i.e., because E1 is defined over a smaller field than E2. For
a pairing-friendly curve, this document denotes operations in E1
and E2 in additive notation, i.e., P + Q denotes point addition
and x * P denotes scalar multiplication.
G1, G2 subgroups of E1 and E2 (respectively) having prime order r.
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GT a subgroup, of prime order r, of the multiplicative group of a
field extension.
e G1 x G2 -> GT: a non-degenerate bilinear map.
r The prime order of the G1 and G2 subgroups.
BP1, BP2 base (constant) points on the G1 and G2 subgroups
respectively.
Identity_G1, Identity_G2, Identity_GT The identity element for the
G1, G2, and GT subgroups respectively.
hash_to_curve_g1(ostr, dst) -> P A cryptographic hash function that
takes an arbitrary octet string as input and returns a point in
G1, using the hash_to_curve operation defined in
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve] and the inputted dst as the domain
separation tag for that operation (more specifically, the inputted
dst will become the DST parameter for the hash_to_field operation,
called by hash_to_curve).
point_to_octets_g1(P) -> ostr, point_to_octets_g2(P) -> ostr returns
the canonical representation of the point P for the respective
subgroup as an octet string. This operation is also known as
serialization.
octets_to_point_g1(ostr) -> P, octets_to_point_g2(ostr) -> P returns
the point P for the respective subgroup corresponding to the
canonical representation ostr, or INVALID if ostr is not a valid
output of the respective point_to_octets_g* function. This
operation is also known as deserialization.
2. Conventions and Definitions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Key Concepts
A _pseudonym_ will be cryptographically generated for each prover-
context of usage pair. Its value is dependent on a pseudonym secret
(nym_secret) and a context identifier (context_id).
3.1. Context Identifier
The Context Identifier (context_id) is an octet string that
represents a specific context of usage, within which, the pseudonym
will have a constant value. Context Identifiers can take the form of
unique Verifier Identifiers, Session Identifiers etc., depending on
the needs of the application. Verifiers will be able to use the
Pseudonym values to track the presentations generated by a Prover,
using the same signature, for that specific context.
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3.2. Pseudonyms
The _pseudonym_ is a cryptographic value computed by the prover based
on the nym_secret and the context_id. At a high level this is
computed by hashing the context_id to the elliptic curve group G1 and
then multiplying it by the nym_secret value. See Section Section 4
for details. The Pseudonym is sent to a verifier along with the BBS
proof.
This document defines a pseudonym as point of the G1 group different
from the Identity (Identity_G1) or the base point (BP1) of G1. A
pseudonym remains constant for the same context, when combined with
the same signature, but is unique (and unlinkable) across different
contexts. In other words, when the Prover presents multiple BBS
proofs with a pseudonym to a Verifier, the pseudonym value will be
constant across those presentations, if the same context_id value is
used. When presenting a BBS proof with a pseudonym to a different
context, the pseudonym value will be different. Note that since
pseudonyms are group points, their value will necessarily change if a
different a ciphersuite with a different curve will be used.
Serialization and deserialization of the pseudonym point MUST be done
using the point_to_octets_g1 and octets_to_point_g1 defined by the
BBS ciphersuite used (see Section 6 (https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/
draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures-03.html#name-ciphersuites) of
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures]).
This document specifies pseudonyms to be BBS Interface specific (see
Section TBD of [I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures] for the definition of
the BBS Interface). It is outside the scope of this document to
provide a procedure for "linking" the pseudonyms that are used by
different Interfaces or that are based on different ciphersuites. An
option is for the Prover to present both Pseudonyms with the relevant
BBS proofs to the Verifier, and upon validation of both, the Verifier
to internally link the 2 pseudonyms together.
3.3. Mapping Messages to Scalars
Each BBS Interface defines an operation that will map the inputted
messages to scalar values, required by the core BBS operations. Each
Interface can use a different mapping procedure, as long as it
comforts to the requirements outlined in
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures]. For using BBS with pseudonyms, the
mapping operation used by the interface is REQUIRED to additionally
adhere the following rule;
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For each set of messages and separate message msg',
if C1 = messages_to_scalars(messages.push(msg')),
and msg_prime_scalar = messages_to_scalars((msg')),
and C2 = messages_to_scalars(messages).push(msg_prime_scalar),
it will always hold that C1 == C2.
Informally, the above means that each message is mapped to a scalar
independently from all the other messages. For example, if a =
messages_to_scalars((msg_1)) and b = messages_to_scalars((msg_2)),
then (a, b) = messages_to_scalars((msg_1, msg_2)). Its trivial to
see that the messages_to_scalars operation that is defined in
Section TBD of [I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures], has the required
property. That operation will be used by the Interface defined in
this document to map the messages to scalars. Note that the above
operation (and hence the defined by this document Interface), only
accepts messages that are octet strings.
4. Pseudonym Calculation Procedure
The following section describes how to calculate a pseudonym from a
secret held by the Prover and the public context unique identifier.
The pseudonym will be unique for different contexts (e.g., unique
Verifier identifiers) and constant under constant inputs (i.e., the
same context_id and nym_secret). The context_id is an octet string
representing the unique identifier of the context in which the
Pseudonym will have the same value. The nym_secret value is a scalar
calculated from secret input provided by the Prover and random (but
not secret) input provided by the Signer. This will guarantee
uniqueness of the nym_secret between different signatures and users.
Pseudonym = hash_to_curve_g1(context_id) * nym_secret
Additionally, the nym_secret value will be signed by the BBS
Signature. This will bind the Pseudonym to a specific signature,
held by the Prover. During proof generation, along the normal BBS
proof, the Prover will generate a proof of correctness of the
Pseudonym, i.e., that it has the form described above, and that it
was constructed using a nym_secret signed by the BBS signature used
to generate that proof.
5. High Level Procedures and Information Flows
To prevent forgeries in all cases all BBS messages are signed with
the inclusion of some form of the provider pseudonym secret
(nym_secret). In addition the pseudonym is always computed by the
prover and sent with the proof to the verifier. While two different
variations of signature and proof generation are given below based on
the previously discussed unlinkability requirements there MUST be
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only one verification algorithm for the verifier to use.
1. The Prover computes their input for the nym_secret (called
prover_nym) and retained for use when calculating the nym_secret
value.
2. The Prover will wrap up in a cryptographic commitment using the
_Commit_ procedures of Blind BBS the messages they want to
include in the signature (committed_messages) and the prover_nym
value, generating a commitment_with_proof and a
secret_prover_blind.
3. The commitment_with_proof is conveyed to the signer which then
uses the signing procedures in Section Section 6.1 to create a
BBS signature and their input for the nym_secret value, called
signer_nym_entropy. They will convey both to the Prover.
4. On receipt of the signature and the signer_nym_entropy value, the
Prover verifies the signature using the procedure of section
Section 6.1 and calculates the nym_secret value by adding their
prover_nym secret and the provided signer_nym_entropy values.
5. The Prover computes the _pseudonym_ based on the nym_secret and
the pseudonym's context identifier context_id.
6. The Prover generates a proof using nym_secret,
secret_prover_blind, signature, messages, committed_messages and
the indexes of the messages to be reveled from those two lists
(i.e., disclosed_indexes and disclosed_committed_indexes) using
the procedures of Section Section 6.2.
7. The Prover conveys the proof and Pseudonym to the verifier. The
verifier uses the procedure of Section Section 6.3 to verify the
proof.
6. BBS Pseudonym Interface
The following section defines a BBS Interface that will make use of
per-origin pseudonyms where the nym_secret value is only known to the
prover. The identifier of the Interface, api_id, is defined as
ciphersuite_id || H2G_HM2S_PSEUDONYM_, where ciphersuite_id the
unique identifier of the BBS ciphersuite used, as is defined in
Section 6 (https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-
signatures-03.html#name-ciphersuites) of
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures]).
The prover create a nym_secret value and keeps it secret. Only
sending a commitment with the proof of the nym_secret that the signer
will used when creating the signature.
6.1. Signature Generation and Verification with Pseudonym
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6.1.1. Commitment
This section will describe the steps with which the Signer will
generate a blind signature over an array of messages provided (and
committed) by the Prover (committed_messages) and a pseudonym secret
prover_nym, also chosen by the Prover. During signature generation,
the Signer will provide their own randomness into the pseudonym
secret. This will ensure that the pseudonym secret will always be
unique, among different signature generation events.
This section will provide a high level description of the required
operations, by detailing the modifications required in the relevant
BBS blind signature operations, to also consider the use of
pseudonyms. The full formal description of the operation can be seen
at Appendix. We will reference those operations where appropriate in
this section.
Initially, the Prover will chose a set of messages committed_messages
that they want to be included in the signature, without reveling them
to the Signer. They will also choose their part of the pseudonym
secret prover_nym as a random scalar value.
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(commitment_with_proof, secret_prover_blind) = Commit(
committed_messages,
nym_secret,
api_id)
Inputs:
- committed_messages (OPTIONAL), a vector of octet strings. If not
supplied it defaults to the empty
array ("()").
- prover_nym (OPTIONAL), a random scalar value. If not supplied, it
defaults to the zero scalar (0).
- api_id (OPTIONAL), octet string. If not supplied it defaults to the
empty octet string ("").
Outputs:
- (commitment_with_proof, secret_prover_blind), a tuple comprising from
an octet string and a
random scalar in that
order.
Procedure:
1. committed_message_scalars = BBS.messages_to_scalars(
committed_messages, api_id)
2. committed_message_scalars.append(prover_nym)
3. blind_generators = BBS.create_generators(
length(committed_message_scalars) + 1,
"BLIND_" || api_id)
4. return CoreCommit(committed_message_scalars,
blind_generators, api_id)
6.1.2. Blind Issuance
The Signer generate a signature from a secret key (SK), the
commitment with proof, and optionally over a header and vector of
messages using the BlindSign procedure from
[I-D.kalos-bbs-blind-signatures], substituting the call on the
B_calculate of step 6, with the call to B_calculate_with_nym defined
in Section Section 6.1.2.1. More specifically, to issue a blind
signature over a pseudonym, the Issuer will use BlindSign from
[I-D.kalos-bbs-blind-signatures], substituting steps 6, 7 and 8 with
the following three steps
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6. res = B_calculate_with_nym(generators, commit,
blind_generators[-1], message_scalars)
7. if res is INVALID, return INVALID
8. (B, signer_nym_entropy) = res
Lastly, the return statement of BlindSign should be updated to return
the signer_nym_entropy value, returned by the call to the B_calculate
operation.
The complete operation is defined in Appendix Appendix B.1.
6.1.2.1. Calculate B
The B_calculate_with_nym operation is defined as follows,
(B, signer_nym_entropy) = B_calculate_with_nym(generators,
commitment,
nym_generator,
message_scalars)
Inputs:
- generators (REQUIRED), an array of at least one point from the
G1 group.
- commitment (REQUIRED), a point from the G1 group
- nym_generator (REQUIRED), a point from the G1 group
- message_scalars (OPTIONAL), an array of scalar values. If not
supplied, it defaults to the empty
array ("()").
Deserialization:
1. L = length(messages)
2. if length(generators) != L + 1, return INVALID
3. (Q_1, H_1, ..., H_L) = generators
Procedure:
1. B = Q_1 + H_1 * msg_1 + ... + H_L * msg_L + commitment
2. signer_nym_entropy = get_random(1)
3. B = B + nym_generator * signer_nym_entropy
4. If B is Identity_G1, return INVALID
5. return (B, signer_nym_entropy)
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6.1.3. Verification and Finalization
The following operation both verifies the generated blind signature,
as well as calculating and returning the final nym_secret, used to
calculate the Pseudonym value during proof generation.
This operation uses the BlindBBS.Verify function as defined in
Section 4.2.2 (https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-kalos-bbs-blind-
signatures-01.html#name-blind-signature-verificatio) of the Blind BBS
document [BlindBBS]
nym_secret = Finalize(PK,
signature,
header,
messages,
committed_messages,
prover_nym,
signer_nym_entropy,
secret_prover_blind)
Inputs:
- PK (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the SkToPk
operation.
- signature (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the
Sign operation.
- header (OPTIONAL), an octet string containing context and application
specific information. If not supplied, it defaults
to an empty string.
- messages (OPTIONAL), a vector of octet strings. If not supplied, it
defaults to the empty array "()".
- committed_messages (OPTIONAL), a vector of octet strings. If not
supplied, it defaults to the empty
array "()".
- prover_nym (OPTIONAL), scalar value. If not supplied, it defaults to
the zero scalar (0).
- signer_nym_entropy (OPTIONAL), a scalar value. If not supplied, it
defaults to the zero scalar (0).
- secret_prover_blind (OPTIONAL), a scalar value. If not supplied it
defaults to zero "0".
Outputs:
- nym_secret, a scalar value; or INVALID.
Procedure:
1. (message_scalars, generators) = prepare_parameters(
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messages,
committed_messages,
length(messages) + 1,
length(committed_messages) + 2,
secret_prover_blind,
api_id)
2. nym_secret = prover_nym + signer_nym_entropy
3. message_scalars.append(nym_secret)
4. res = BBS.CoreVerify(PK, signature, generators, header,
message_scalars, api_id)
5. if res is INVALID, return INVALID
6. return nym_secret
6.2. Proof Generation with Pseudonym
This section defines the ProofGenWithPseudonym operations, for
calculating a BBS proof with a pseudonym. The BBS proof is extended
to include a zero-knowledge proof of correctness of the pseudonym
value, i.e., that is correctly calculated using the (undisclosed)
pseudonym secret (nym_secret), and that is "bound" to the underlying
BBS signature (i.e., that the nym_secret value is signed by the
Signer).
Validating the proof (see ProofVerifyWithPseudonym defined in
Section 6.3), guarantees authenticity and integrity of the header,
presentation header and disclosed messages, knowledge of a valid BBS
signature as well as correctness and ownership of the pseudonym.
To support pseudonyms, the ProofGen procedure will be extended to
accept the pseudonym secret nym_secret, as well as the context
identifier context_id, which the pseudonym will be bounded to. The
nym_secret scalar value should be added to the
committed_message_scalars list computed in ProofGen. More
specifically, step 4 of the ProofGen Procedure, defined in
Section TBD will be substituted with the following step
4. committed_message_scalars
.append(BBS.messages_to_scalars(committed_messages, api_id))
.append(nym_secret)
This operation makes use of CoreProofGenWithPseudonym as defined in
Section 7.1.
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Further more, the call to the BBS.CoreProofGen operation at step 10
of the BlindProofGen Procedure will be substituted with a call to
CoreProofGenWithNym operation, defined in Section Section 7.1. More
specifically, step 11 of BlindProofGen will be substituted by the
following step.
11. proof = CoreProofGenWithNym(PK,
signature,
generators.append(blind_generators),
header,
ph,
context_id,
message_scalars.append(committed_message_scalars),
indexes,
api_id)
The ProofGenWithPseudonym operation is described in detail in
Appendix Appendix B.2
6.3. Proof Verification with Pseudonym
This operation validates a BBS proof with a pseudonym, given the
Signer's public key (PK), the proof, the pseudonym, the context
identifier that was used to create it, a header and presentation
header, the disclosed messages and committed messages as well as the,
the indexes those messages had in the original vectors of signed
messages. Validating the proof also validates the correctness and
ownership by the Prover of the received pseudonym.
To support pseudonyms, the BlindProofVerify procedure will be
extended to accept the pseudonym value Pseudonym, as well as the
context identifier context_id, which the pseudonym is bounded to.
Additionally, the call to the BBS.CoreProofVerify operation at step
9, will be replaced with a call to the core proof verification
operation with pseudonyms defined in this document, i.e., of
CoreProofVerifyWithPseudonym as defined in Section 7.2.
More specifically, step 9 of the BlindProofVerify Procedure will be
replaced with the following step,
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9. result = CoreProofVerifyWithPseudonym(
PK,
proof,
Pseudonym,
context_id,
generators.append(blind_generators),
header,
ph,
message_scalars,
indexes,
api_id)
The ProofVerifyWithPseudonym operation is described in detail in
Appendix Appendix B.3.
7. Core Operations
7.1. Core Proof Generation
This operations computes a BBS proof and a zero-knowledge proof of
correctness of the pseudonym in "parallel" (meaning using common
randomness), as to both create a proof that the pseudonym was
correctly calculated using an undisclosed value that the Prover knows
(i.e., the nym_secret value), but also that this value is "signed" by
the BBS signature (the last undisclosed message). As a result,
validating the proof guarantees that the pseudonym is correctly
computed and that it was computed using the Prover identifier that
was included in the BBS signature.
The operation uses the BBS.ProofInit and BBS.ProofFinalize operations
defined in Section 3.7.1 (https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-
cfrg-bbs-signatures-07.html#name-proof-initialization) and
Section 3.7.2 (https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-
signatures-07.html#name-proof-finalization) correspondingly of
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures], the PseudonymProofInit operation
defined in Section 7.3.1 and the ProofWithPseudonymChallengeCalculate
defined in Section 8.1.
proof = CoreProofGenWithPseudonym(PK,
signature,
Pseudonym,
verifier_id,
generators,
header,
ph,
messages,
disclosed_indexes,
api_id)
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Inputs:
- PK (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the SkToPk
operation.
- signature (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the
Sign operation.
- Pseudonym (REQUIRED), A point of G1, different from the Identity of
G1, as outputted by the CalculatePseudonym
operation.
- context_id (REQUIRED), an octet string, representing the unique proof
Verifier identifier.
- generators (REQUIRED), vector of points in G1.
- header (OPTIONAL), an octet string containing context and application
specific information. If not supplied, it defaults
to an empty string.
- ph (OPTIONAL), an octet string containing the presentation header. If
not supplied, it defaults to an empty string.
- message_scalars (OPTIONAL), a vector of scalars representing the
messages. If not supplied, it defaults to
the empty array "()" must include the
nym_secret scalar as last element.
- disclosed_indexes (OPTIONAL), vector of unsigned integers in ascending
order. Indexes of disclosed messages. If
not supplied, it defaults to the empty
array "()".
- api_id (OPTIONAL), an octet string. If not supplied it defaults to the
empty octet string ("").
Parameters:
- P1, fixed point of G1, defined by the ciphersuite.
Outputs:
- proof, an octet string; or INVALID.
Deserialization:
1. signature_result = octets_to_signature(signature)
2. if signature_result is INVALID, return INVALID
3. (A, e) = signature_result
4. L = length(message_scalars)
5. R = length(disclosed_indexes)
6. (i1, ..., iR) = disclosed_indexes
7. if R > L - 1, return INVALID, Note: we never reveal the nym_secret.
8. U = L - R
// Note: nym_secret is last message and is not revealed.
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9. undisclosed_indexes = (0, 1, ..., L - 1) \ disclosed_indexes
10. (i1, ..., iR) = disclosed_indexes
11. (j1, ..., jU) = undisclosed_indexes
12. disclosed_messages = (message_scalars[i1], ..., message_scalars[iR])
13. undisclosed_messages = (message_scalars[j1], ...,
message_scalars[jU])
ABORT if:
1. for i in disclosed_indexes, i < 0 or i > L - 1, // Note: nym_secret
// is the Lth message
// and not revealed.
Procedure:
1. random_scalars = calculate_random_scalars(5+U)
2. init_res = BBS.ProofInit(PK,
signature_res,
header,
random_scalars,
generators,
message_scalars,
undisclosed_indexes,
api_id)
3. if init_res is INVALID, return INVALID
4. pseudonym_init_res = PseudonymProofInit(context_id,
message_scalars[-1],
random_scalars[-1])
5. if pseudonym_init_res is INVALID, return INVALID
6. Pseudonym = pseudonym_init_res[0]
7. challenge = ProofWithPseudonymChallengeCalculate(init_res,
pseudonym_init_res,
disclosed_indexes,
disclosed_messages,
ph,
api_id)
8. proof = BBS.ProofFinalize(init_res, challenge, e_value,
random_scalars, undisclosed_messages)
9. return (proof, Pseudonym)
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7.2. Core Proof Verification
This operation validates a BBS proof that also includes a pseudonym.
Validating the proof, other than the correctness and integrity of the
revealed messages, the header and the presentation header values,
also guarantees that the supplied pseudonym was correctly calculated,
i.e., that it was produced using the Verifier's identifier and the
signed (but undisclosed) Prover's identifier, following the operation
defined in Section 4.
The operation uses the BBS.ProofVerifyInit operation defined
Section 3.7.3 (https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-
signatures-07.html#name-proof-verification-initiali) of
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures], the PseudonymProofVerifyInit
operation defined in Section 7.3.2 and the
ProofWithPseudonymChallengeCalculate operation defined in
Section 8.1.
result = CoreProofVerifyWithPseudonym(PK,
proof,
Pseudonym,
context_id,
generators,
header,
ph,
disclosed_messages,
disclosed_indexes,
api_id)
Inputs:
- PK (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the SkToPk
operation.
- proof (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the
ProofGen operation.
- Pseudonym (REQUIRED), A point of G1, different from the Identity of
G1, as outputted by the CalculatePseudonym
operation.
- context_id (REQUIRED), an octet string, representing the unique proof
Verifier identifier.
- generators (REQUIRED), vector of points in G1.
- header (OPTIONAL), an optional octet string containing context and
application specific information. If not supplied,
it defaults to an empty string.
- ph (OPTIONAL), an octet string containing the presentation header. If
not supplied, it defaults to an empty string.
- disclosed_messages (OPTIONAL), a vector of scalars representing the
messages. If not supplied, it defaults
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to the empty array "()".
- disclosed_indexes (OPTIONAL), vector of unsigned integers in ascending
order. Indexes of disclosed messages. If
not supplied, it defaults to the empty
array "()".
- api_id (OPTIONAL), an octet string. If not supplied it defaults to the
empty octet string ("").
Parameters:
- P1, fixed point of G1, defined by the ciphersuite.
Outputs:
- result, either VALID or INVALID.
Deserialization:
1. proof_result = octets_to_proof(proof)
2. if proof_result is INVALID, return INVALID
3. (Abar, Bbar, r2^, r3^, commitments, cp) = proof_result
4. W = octets_to_pubkey(PK)
5. if W is INVALID, return INVALID
6. R = length(disclosed_indexes)
7. (i1, ..., iR) = disclosed_indexes
ABORT if:
1. for i in disclosed_indexes, i < 1 or i > R + length(commitments) - 1
Procedure:
1. init_res = BBS.ProofVerifyInit(PK, proof_result, header, generators,
messages, disclosed_indexes, api_id)
2. pseudonym_init_res = PseudonymProofVerifyInit(Pseudonym,
context_id,
commitments[-1],
cp)
3. if pseudonym_init_res is INVALID, return INVALID
4. challenge = ProofWithPseudonymChallengeCalculate(init_res,
pseudonym_init_res,
disclosed_indexes,
messages,
ph,
api_id)
5. if cp != challenge, return INVALID
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6. if e(Abar, W) * e(Bbar, -BP2) != Identity_GT, return INVALID
7. return VALID
7.3. Pseudonym Proof Generation Utilities
7.3.1. Pseudonym Proof Generation Initialization
pseudonym_init_res = PseudonymProofInit(context_id,
nym_secret, random_scalar)
Inputs:
- context_id (REQUIRED), an octet string
- nym_secret (REQUIRED), a scalar value
- random_scalar (REQUIRED), a scalar value
Outputs:
- a tuple consisting of three elements from the G1 group, or INVALID.
Procedure:
1. OP = hash_to_curve_g1(context_id, api_id)
2. Pseudonym = OP * nym_secret
3. Ut = OP * random_scalar
4. if Pseudonym == Identity_G1 or Ut == Identity_G1, return INVALID
5. return (Pseudonym, OP, Ut)
7.3.2. Pseudonym Proof Verification Initialization
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pseudonym_init_res = PseudonymProofVerifyInit(Pseudonym,
context_id,
nym_secret_commitment
proof_challenge)
Inputs:
- Pseudonym (REQUIRED), an element of the G1 group.
- context_id (REQUIRED), an octet string.
- nym_secret_commitment (REQUIRED), a scalar value.
- proof_challenge (REQUIRED), a scalar value.
Outputs:
- a tuple consisting of three elements from the G1 group, or INVALID.
Procedure:
1. OP = hash_to_curve_g1(context_id)
2. Uv = OP * nym_secret_commitment - Pseudonym * proof_challenge
3. if Uv == Identity_G1, return INVALID
4. return (Pseudonym, OP, Uv)
8. Utility Operations
8.1. Challenge Calculation
challenge = ProofWithPseudonymChallengeCalculate(init_res,
pseudonym_init_res,
i_array,
msg_array,
ph, api_id)
Inputs:
- init_res (REQUIRED), vector representing the value returned after
initializing the proof generation or verification
operations, consisting of 5 points of G1 and a
scalar value, in that order.
- pseudonym_init_res (REQUIRED), vector representing the value returned
after initializing the pseudonym proof,
consisting of 3 points of G1.
- i_array (REQUIRED), array of non-negative integers (the indexes of
the disclosed messages).
- msg_array (REQUIRED), array of scalars (the disclosed messages after
mapped to scalars).
- ph (OPTIONAL), an octet string. If not supplied, it must default to
the empty octet string ("").
- api_id (OPTIONAL), an octet string. If not supplied it defaults to the
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empty octet string ("").
Outputs:
- challenge, a scalar.
Definitions:
1. challenge_dst, an octet string representing the domain separation
tag: api_id || "H2S_" where "H2S_" is an ASCII string
comprised of 4 bytes.
Deserialization:
1. R = length(i_array)
2. (i1, ..., iR) = i_array
3. (msg_i1, ..., msg_iR) = msg_array
4. (Abar, Bbar, D, T1, T2, domain) = init_res
5. (Pseudonym, OP, Ut) = pseudonym_init_res
ABORT if:
1. R > 2^64 - 1 or R != length(msg_array)
2. length(ph) > 2^64 - 1
Procedure:
1. c_arr = (R, i1, msg_i1, i2, msg_i2, ..., iR, msg_iR, Abar, Bbar,
D, T1, T2, Pseudonym, OP, Ut, domain)
2. c_octs = serialize(c_arr) || I2OSP(length(ph), 8) || ph
3. return hash_to_scalar(c_octs, challenge_dst)
9. Security Considerations
TODO Security
10. Ciphersuites
This document does not define new BBS ciphersuites. Its ciphersuite
defined in Section 6 (https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-irtf-
cfrg-bbs-signatures-03.html#name-ciphersuites) of
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures]) can be used to instantiate the
operations of the described scheme.
11. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
12. Normative References
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[I-D.irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures]
Looker, T., Kalos, V., Whitehead, A., and M. Lodder, "The
BBS Signature Scheme", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-irtf-cfrg-bbs-signatures-07, 23 September 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-
bbs-signatures-07>.
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve]
Faz-Hernandez, A., Scott, S., Sullivan, N., Wahby, R. S.,
and C. A. Wood, "Hashing to Elliptic Curves", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-
16, 15 June 2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-irtf-cfrg-hash-to-curve-16>.
[I-D.irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves]
Sakemi, Y., Kobayashi, T., Saito, T., and R. S. Wahby,
"Pairing-Friendly Curves", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves-11, 6
November 2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-irtf-cfrg-pairing-friendly-curves-11>.
[I-D.kalos-bbs-blind-signatures]
Kalos, V. and G. M. Bernstein, "Blind BBS Signatures",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-kalos-bbs-blind-
signatures-03, 20 October 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-kalos-bbs-
blind-signatures-03>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
13. Informative References
[BBS04] Boneh, D., Boyen, X., and H. Shacham, "Short Group
Signatures", In Advances in Cryptology, pages 41-55, 2004,
<https://link.springer.com/
chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-28628-8_3>.
[BlindBBS] IETF, "Blind BBS Signatures",
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-kalos-bbs-blind-
signatures/>.
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Appendix A. Acknowledgments
TODO acknowledge.
Appendix B. Detailed Operations
B.1. Detailed Blind Signature Generation with Pseudonym
BlindSignWithNym(SK, PK, commitment_with_proof, header, messages)
Inputs:
- SK (REQUIRED), a secret key in the form outputted by the KeyGen
operation.
- PK (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by SkToPk
provided the above SK as input.
- commitment_with_proof (OPTIONAL), an octet string, representing a
serialized commitment and
commitment_proof, as the first
element outputted by the Commit
operation. If not supplied, it
defaults to the empty string ("").
- header (OPTIONAL), an octet string containing context and application
specific information. If not supplied, it defaults
to an empty string ("").
- messages (OPTIONAL), a vector of octet strings. If not supplied, it
defaults to the empty array ("()").
Deserialization:
1. L = length(messages)
// calculate the number of blind generators used by the commitment,
// if any.
2. M = length(commitment_with_proof)
3. if M != 0, M = M - octet_point_length - octet_scalar_length
4. M = M / octet_scalar_length
5. if M < 0, return INVALID
Procedure:
1. generators = BBS.create_generators(L + 1, api_id)
2. blind_generators = BBS.create_generators(M, "BLIND_" || api_id)
3. commit = deserialize_and_validate_commit(commitment_with_proof,
blind_generators, api_id)
4. if commit is INVALID, return INVALID
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5. message_scalars = BBS.messages_to_scalars(messages, api_id)
6. res = B_calculate(message_scalars, generators, blind_generators[-1])
7. if res is INVALID, return INVALID
8. (B, signer_nym_entropy) = res
9. blind_sig = FinalizeBlindSign(SK,
PK,
B,
generators,
blind_generators,
header,
api_id)
10. if blind_sig is INVALID, return INVALID
11. return (blind_sig, signer_nym_entropy)
B.2. Detailed Proof Generation with Pseudonym
proof = ProofGenWithNym(PK,
signature,
header,
ph,
nym_secret,
context_id,
messages,
committed_messages,
disclosed_indexes,
disclosed_commitment_indexes,
secret_prover_blind)
Inputs:
- PK (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the SkToPk
operation.
- signature (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the
Sign operation.
- header (OPTIONAL), an octet string containing context and application
specific information. If not supplied, it defaults
to an empty string.
- ph (OPTIONAL), an octet string containing the presentation header. If
not supplied, it defaults to an empty string.
- messages (OPTIONAL), a vector of octet strings. If not supplied, it
defaults to the empty array "()".
- committed_messages (OPTIONAL), a vector of octet strings. If not
supplied, it defaults to the empty
array "()".
- disclosed_indexes (OPTIONAL), vector of unsigned integers in ascending
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order. Indexes of disclosed messages. If
not supplied, it defaults to the empty
array "()".
- disclosed_commitment_indexes (OPTIONAL), vector of unsigned integers
in ascending order. Indexes
of disclosed committed
messages. If not supplied, it
defaults to the empty array
"()".
- secret_prover_blind (OPTIONAL), a scalar value. If not supplied it
defaults to zero "0".
Parameters:
- api_id, the octet string ciphersuite_id || "BLIND_H2G_HM2S_", where
ciphersuite_id is defined by the ciphersuite and
"BLIND_H2G_HM2S_"is an ASCII string composed of 15 bytes.
Outputs:
- proof, an octet string; or INVALID.
Deserialization:
1. L = length(messages)
2. M = length(committed_messages)
3. if length(disclosed_indexes) > L, return INVALID
4. for i in disclosed_indexes, if i < 0 or i >= L, return INVALID
5. if length(disclosed_commitment_indexes) > M, return INVALID
6. for j in disclosed_commitment_indexes,
if i < 0 or i >= M, return INVALID
Procedure:
1. (message_scalars, generators) = prepare_parameters(
messages,
committed_messages,
L + 1,
M + 2,
secret_prover_blind,
api_id)
2. message_scalars.append(nym_secret)
3. indexes = ()
4. indexes.append(disclosed_indexes)
5. for j in disclosed_commitment_indexes: indexes.append(j + L + 1)
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6. proof = CoreProofGenWithNym(PK,
signature,
generators.append(blind_generators),
header,
ph,
context_id,
message_scalars.append(committed_message_scalars),
indexes,
api_id)
7. return proof
B.3. Detailed Proof Verification with Pseudonym
result = ProofVerifyWithPseudonym(PK,
proof,
header,
ph,
Pseudonym,
context_id,
L,
disclosed_messages,
disclosed_committed_messages,
disclosed_indexes,
disclosed_committed_indexes)
Inputs:
- PK (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the SkToPk
operation.
- proof (REQUIRED), an octet string of the form outputted by the
ProofGen operation.
- header (OPTIONAL), an optional octet string containing context and
application specific information. If not supplied,
it defaults to the empty octet string ("").
- ph (OPTIONAL), an octet string containing the presentation header. If
not supplied, it defaults to the empty octet
string ("").
- L (OPTIONAL), an integer, representing the total number of Signer
known messages if not supplied it defaults to 0.
- disclosed_messages (OPTIONAL), a vector of octet strings. If not
supplied, it defaults to the empty
array ("()").
- disclosed_indexes (OPTIONAL), vector of unsigned integers in ascending
order. Indexes of disclosed messages. If
not supplied, it defaults to the empty
array ("()").
Parameters:
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- api_id, the octet string ciphersuite_id || "H2G_HM2S_", where
ciphersuite_id is defined by the ciphersuite and "H2G_HM2S_"is
an ASCII string comprised of 9 bytes.
- (octet_point_length, octet_scalar_length), defined by the ciphersuite.
Outputs:
- result, either VALID or INVALID.
Deserialization:
1. proof_len_floor = 2 * octet_point_length + 3 * octet_scalar_length
2. if length(proof) < proof_len_floor, return INVALID
3. U = floor((length(proof) - proof_len_floor) / octet_scalar_length)
4. total_no_messages = length(disclosed_indexes) +
length(disclosed_committed_indexes) + U
5. M = total_no_messages - L
Procedure:
1. (message_scalars, generators) = prepare_parameters(
disclosed_messages,
disclosed_committed_messages,
L + 1,
M,
NONE,
api_id)
2. indexes = ()
3. indexes.append(disclosed_indexes)
4. for j in disclosed_commitment_indexes: indexes.append(j + L + 1)
5. result = CoreProofVerifyWithPseudonym(
PK,
proof,
Pseudonym,
context_id,
generators,
header,
ph,
message_scalars,
indexes,
api_id)
6. return result
Authors' Addresses
Kalos & Bernstein Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 29]
Internet-Draft BBS per Verifier Linkability January 2025
Vasilis Kalos
MATTR
Email: vasilis.kalos@mattr.global
Greg Bernstein
Grotto Networking
Email: gregb@grotto-networking.com
Kalos & Bernstein Expires 28 July 2025 [Page 30]