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Operational Considerations for BFD Encapsulation in SRv6 Policy
draft-liu-srv6ops-bfd-srv6-policy-encap-00

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (individual)
Authors Yisong Liu , Weiqiang Cheng , Changwang Lin , Xiao Min
Last updated 2026-07-06
Replaces draft-liu-spring-bfd-srv6-policy-encap
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draft-liu-srv6ops-bfd-srv6-policy-encap-00
Network Working Group                                            Y. Liu
Internet Draft                                                 W. Cheng
Intended status: Standards Track                           China Mobile
Expires: January 08, 2027                                        C. Lin
                                                   New H3C Technologies
                                                                 X. Min
                                                                    ZTE
                                                          July 06, 2026

      Operational Considerations for BFD Encapsulation in SRv6 Policy
                draft-liu-srv6ops-bfd-srv6-policy-encap-00

Abstract

   Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) mechanisms can be used for
   fast detection of failures in the forwarding path of SR Policy.

   This document describes the Operational Guidance for BFD
   Encapsulation in SRv6 Policy.

   The BFD packets may be encapsulated in Insert-mode or Encaps-mode.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
   months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
   at any time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as
   reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 08, 2027.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document. Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with
   respect to this document.  Code Components extracted from this
   document must include Revised BSD License text as described in
   Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without
   warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction...................................................2
      1.1. Requirements Language.....................................3
   2. Considerations for BFD Packet Encapsulation....................3
      2.1. Insert-Mode...............................................4
      2.2. Encaps-Mode...............................................6
   3. Considerations for Address Selection for BFD Control packet....8
   4. Considerations for Checksum in UDP Header......................9
   5. Considerations for Constructing SRH for BFD Control Packets....9
   6. Operational Guidance for Encapsulated Mode Selection..........10
   7. Security Considerations.......................................10
   8. IANA Considerations...........................................10
   9. References....................................................10
      9.1. Normative References.....................................10
      9.2. Informative References...................................11
   Appendix A. Encapsulation Examples...............................12
      A.1 Insert-Mode...............................................13
      A.2 Encaps-Mode...............................................13
   Acknowledgements.................................................14
   Authors' Addresses...............................................14

1. Introduction

   Segment Routing (SR) [RFC8402] allows a headend node to steer a
   packet flow along any path. Per-path states of Intermediate nodes
   are eliminated thanks to source routing. A Segment Routing Policy
   (SR Policy) [RFC9256] is an ordered list of segments (i.e.,
   instructions) that represent a source-routed policy. The packets
   steered into an SR Policy carry an ordered list of segments
   associated with that SR Policy. The SRv6 Policy is the instantiation
   of SR Policy for SR over IPv6 (SRv6) data plane.

   In order to provide end-to-end protection, the headend node need to
   rapidly detect any failures in the forwarding path of SR Policy, so
   that it could switch from the active candidate path to another
   backup candidate path within the same SR Policy or switch from the

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   active SR Policy to another backup SR Policy. Bidirectional
   Forwarding Detection (BFD) mechanisms [RFC5880] [RFC7880] can be
   used for fast failure detection of P2P SR Policy.

   [RFC8562] defines a method of using BFD to monitor and detect
   unicast failures between a sender and multipoint receivers, which
   can be used for fast failure detection of P2MP SRv6 Policy
   [RFC9960].

   As specified in [I-D.ietf-spring-bfd], the basic element monitored
   by the BFD is a segment list that is a constituent of the candidate
   path of the particular SR Policy.

   An SR Policy may consist of multiple candidate paths, and each
   candidate path may consist of multiple segment lists. When the
   associated BFD session is failed, a segment list becomes invalid. If
   some of the segment lists fail, the forwarding will be weighted
   load-balancing among the other segment lists. If all of the segment
   lists fail, the candidate path becomes invalid. If the active
   candidate path fails, the switchover to another backup candidate
   path will be triggered. If all the candidate paths fail, the SR
   Policy becomes invalid.

   This document describes the encapsulation of BFD [RFC5880] [RFC7880]
   for P2P SRv6 Policy. BFD Demand Mode, BFD Echo Function, and P2MP
   SRv6 Policy [RFC8562] are outside the scope of this document.

   For encapsulating the BFD packets for the SRv6 data plane, two modes
   of encoding are defined in this document: Insert-Mode and Encaps-
   Mode. In Insert-Mode, an SRH is inserted after the IPv6 header of
   the BFD packets.  In Encaps-Mode, the BFD packets with an IP header
   are further encapsulated with an outer IPv6/SRH.  The headend
   generates the BFD packets locally in either of the two encapsulation
   modes, based on local provisioning.

1.1. Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2. Considerations for BFD Packet Encapsulation

   On SRv6 data plane, a BFD packet for a segment list of an SRv6
   Policy carries a Segment Routing Header (SRH) [RFC8754] containing a
   list of SRv6 SIDs associated with that segment list.

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   BFD packets may be encapsulated in Insert-mode or Encaps-mode. In
   Insert-mode, an SRH is inserted after the IPv6 header of the BFD
   packet. In Insert-mode, the node that generates the BFD packet MUST
   be the same as the node that inserts the SRH header. In Encaps-mode,
   the BFD packet is encapsulated in an outer IPv6 header with an SRH.
   The encapsulation of BFD packets for an SRv6 Policy can be viewed as
   if the headend steers it into the SRv6 Policy.

   Insert-Mode:
   +-------------+---------+-------------+------------+
   | IPv6 header |   SRH   | UDP Header  | BFD Packet |
   +-------------+---------+-------------+------------+

   Encaps-Mode:(IPv6 BFD Encapsulated in Inner)
   +-------------+---------+-------------+------------+------------+
   | IPv6 header |   SRH   | IPv6 header | UDP Header | BFD Packet |
   +-------------+---------+-------------+------------+------------+

   Encaps-Mode:(IPv4 BFD Encapsulated in Inner)
   +-------------+---------+-------------+------------+------------+
   | IPv6 header |   SRH   | IPv4 header | UDP Header | BFD Packet |
   +-------------+---------+-------------+------------+------------+

   Figure 1: Encapsulation of BFD Packet for SRv6 Policy

2.1. Insert-Mode

   In Insert-mode, the encapsulation format of BFD control packet is as
   follows:

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   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | IPv6 Header                                               |
   .  Source IP Address = Headend IPv6 Address                 .
   .  Destination IP Address = Segment List[SL]                .
   .  Next-Header = SRH                                        .
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | SRH                                                       |
   .  Segment List[0] = Tail-end IPv6 Address, or              .
   .                  Last Segment of SRv6 Policy Segment List .
   .  Segment List[1]                                          .
   .  Segment List[2]                                          .
   .  ...                                                      .
   .  Next-Header = UDP                                        .
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | UDP Header                                                |
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | BFD Control Packet                                        |
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+

   Figure 2: Format of Control Packet in Insert-Mode

   In the SRH, the first element of the segment list (Segment List[0])
   contains the SRv6 SID or IPv6 address of the tail-end node.

   If the last segment of the SRv6 Policy segment list does not belong
   to the tail-end node, an IPv6 address of tail-end should be added as
   Segment List[0], while Segment List[1] contains the last segment of
   the SRv6 Policy segment list. The typical scenarios are as follows:

   o The last segment of the SRv6 Policy segment list may be an End.X
      SID of the penultimate hop. If it is used as Segment List[0], the
      final destination for the BFD packet is missing.

   o The last segment of the SRv6 Policy segment list may be a Binding
      SID, for example, the application of SRv6 Policy for L3VPN
      service across multiple domains. If it is used as segment
      list[0], according to [RFC8986], the node which instantiates the
      BSID will not perform the encapsulation behavior of the
      associated SRv6 Policy, but stop processing the SRH and proceed
      to process the next header in the packet.

   Else, the additional tail-end IPv6 address is not necessary, and it
   can be omitted in order to reduce the SRH size.

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2.2. Encaps-Mode

   In Encaps-mode, the encapsulation format of BFD control packet is as
   follows:

   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | IPv6 Header                                               |
   .  Source IP Address = Headend IPv6 Address                 .
   .  Destination IP Address = Segment List[SL]                .
   .  Next-Header = SRH                                        .
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | SRH                                                       |
   .  Segment List[0] = Tail-end IPv6 Address, or              .
   .                  Last Segment of SRv6 Policy Segment List .
   .  Segment List[1]                                          .
   .  Segment List[2]                                          .
   .  ...                                                      .
   .  Next-Header = IPv6                                       .
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | IPv6 Header                                               |
   .  Source IP Address = Headend IPv6 Address                 .
   .  Destination IP Address = Tail-end IPv6 Address           .
   .  Next-Header = UDP                                        .
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | UDP Header                                                |
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | BFD Control Packet                                        |
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+

   Figure 3: Format of Control Packet in Encaps-Mode(IPv6 BFD
   Encapsulated in Inner)

   In the SRH, the first element of the segment list (Segment List[0])
   contains the SRv6 SID or IPv6 address of the tail-end node.

   If the last segment of the SRv6 Policy segment list does not belong
   to the tail-end node and its function does not include decapsulation
   of the outer IPv6 header, an IPv6 address of tail-end should be
   added as Segment List[0], while Segment List[1] contains the last
   segment of the SRv6 Policy segment list. The typical scenarios are
   as follows:

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   o The last segment of the SRv6 Policy may be an End.X SID of the
      penultimate hop. If it is used as Segment List[0], the
      penultimate hop needs to remove the outer IPv6 header with all
      SRH, and forwards the inner IPv6 packet to reflector. If the last
      segment is with Ultimate Segment Decapsulation (USD) flavor, the
      penultimate SR endpoint node will perform such decapsulation as
      defined in [RFC8986]. Otherwise, how to process the packet when
      the upper-layer header type is IPv6, is not clearly defined in
      [RFC8986]. It depends on implementation, and may not work well
      for BFD.

   o The last segment of the SRv6 Policy may be a Binding SID, which
      is the same with the Binding SID case in section 2.1.

   Else, the additional tail-end IPv6 address is not necessary, and it
   can be omitted in order to reduce the SRH size.

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   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | IPv6 Header                                               |
   .  Source IP Address = Headend IPv6 Address                 .
   .  Destination IP Address = Segment List[SL]                .
   .  Next-Header = SRH                                        .
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | SRH                                                       |
   .  Segment List[0] = Tail-end IPv6 Address, or              .
   .                  Last Segment of SRv6 Policy Segment List .
   .  Segment List[1]                                          .
   .  Segment List[2]                                          .
   .  ...                                                      .
   .  Next-Header = Ipv4                                       .
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | Ipv4 Header                                               |
   .  Source IP Address = Headend Ipv4 Address                 .
   .  Destination IP Address = Tail-end Ipv4 Address           .
   .  Next-Header = UDP                                        .
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | UDP Header                                                |
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+
   | BFD Control Packet                                        |
   .                                                           .
   +-----------------------------------------------------------+

   Figure 4: Format of Control Packet in Encaps-Mode(IPv4 BFD
   Encapsulated in Inner)

   In the inner header, the destination address should be filled based
   on the following scenarios:

   o For IPv6 BFD encapsulated in Encaps-mode, the IPv6 Destination IP
      Address of the inner header must be an IPv6 address of tail-end
      node.

   o For IPv4 BFD encapsulated in Encaps-mode, the IPv4 Destination IP
      Address of the inner header must be an IPv4 address of tail-end
      node.

3. Considerations for Address Selection for BFD Control packet

   When traffics are steered into an SRv6 Policy, the headend
   encapsulates the received packets in an outer IPv6 header along with

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   an SRH. The Source Address of the outer IPv6 header is an IPv6
   Address of the headend itself which can be routed. It may be a local
   interface address of the headend used for all SRv6 Policies. Or,
   different source addresses may be allocated per SRv6 Policy by local
   configuration.

   For the BFD control packet, it is RECOMMENDED to use the headend
   IPv6 address associated with the SRv6 Policy as the Source Address
   of (outer) IPv6 header.

   An SRv6 Policy is identified through the tuple <headend, color,
   endpoint>. The endpoint indicates the destination of the policy, and
   is usually specified as an IPv6 address of the tail-end node.

   For the BFD control packet, the headend is RECOMMENDED to choose the
   endpoint of the SRv6 Policy to be the tail-end IPv6 address which
   appears in Segment List[0] of SRH or DA of inner IPv6 header,
   without additional knowledge of the tail-end. In the cases where the
   endpoint of SRv6 Policy is the unspecified address (:: for IPv6),
   the tail-end IPv6 Address SHOULD be specified by local configuration
   or network controller.

4. Considerations for Checksum in UDP Header

   The computation of Checksum in UDP header includes the Destination
   Address of IPv6 header.

   In the encapsulation of Insert-mode, the IPv6 DA may change along
   the SRv6 forwarding path. When computing the UDP Checksum, the
   headend should use Segment List[0] in the SRH as the IPv6 DA. It is
   consistent with the packet received by the final destination, the
   tail-end node. So, when the final destination processes the UDP
   header, the verification of Checksum will be passed.

   In the encapsulation of Encaps-mode, the computation of UDP Checksum
   only involves the inner IPv6 header, which does not change en route.
   No additional action needs to be taken.

5. Considerations for Constructing SRH for BFD Control Packets

   In order to make sure the BFD control packet reaches the tail-end,
   an implementation MUST add a tail-end IPv6 address as Segment
   List[0] in the SRH when it is necessary. Otherwise, it MAY be
   omitted to reduce the SRH size.

   Since the headend may not be able to make such a judgment, it is
   RECOMMENDED that an implementation always adds a tail-end IPv6
   address as Segment List[0] in the SRH of the BFD control packet.

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6. Operational Guidance for Encapsulated Mode Selection

   In Insert-Mode, an SRH is inserted after the IPv6 header of the
   original BFD packet. This mode minimizes encapsulation overhead. The
   SRH contains the forwarding path information (the segment list) for
   the SRv6 Policy. The checksum in the UDP header must be computed
   using the final destination address (found in the SRH's Segment
   List[0]) to ensure correct validation by the tail-end node after SRH
   processing. The SRH remains with the packet until it reaches the
   tail-end node of the SRv6 Policy.

   In Encaps-Mode, a complete BFD packet (including its own IP/UDP
   headers) is encapsulated within an outer IPv6 header and an SRH.
   This preserves the integrity of the original BFD packet. The
   processing of the outer headers does not affect the inner BFD
   packet. For inner IPv6 BFD packets, there are no special
   requirements for the tail-end node after decapsulation. For inner
   IPv4 BFD packets, this mode is necessary when the tail-end of the
   SRv6 Policy is an IPv4-only node.

   The compression of an SRv6 Segment List as specified in [RFC9800] is
   equally applicable to the encapsulating modes defined in this
   document to take advantage of significantly reducing the size of the
   SRv6 encapsulation needed to transmit BFD packets over long Segment
   Lists.

7. Security Considerations

   There are no additional security risks.  Security considerations
   discussed in [RFC5880], [RFC5884], [RFC8562],[RFC8563], [RFC7726],
   [RFC8029], and [RFC9256] apply to this document.

8. IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

   [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
             Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI
             10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
             2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
             May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

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   [RFC8402] Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
             Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
             Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
             July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8402>.

   [RFC9256] Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K., Voyer, D., Bogdanov, A., and
             P. Mattes, "Segment Routing Policy Architecture", RFC9256,
             DOI 10.17487/RFC9256, July 2022,
             <https://datatracker.ietf.org/info/rfc9256>.

   [RFC5880] Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
             (BFD)", RFC 5880, DOI 10.17487/RFC5880, June 2010,
             <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5880>.

   [RFC7880] Pignataro, C., Ward, D., Akiya, N., Bhatia, M., and S.
             Pallagatti, "Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
             (S-BFD)", RFC 7880, DOI 10.17487/RFC7880, July 2016,
             <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7880>.

   [RFC8754] Filsfils, C., Ed., Dukes, D., Ed., Previdi, S., Leddy, J.,
             Matsushima, S., and D. Voyer, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header
             (SRH)", RFC 8754, DOI 10.17487/RFC8754, March 2020,
             <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8754>.

   [RFC8986] Filsfils, C., Ed., Camarillo, P., Ed., Leddy, J., Voyer,
             D., Matsushima, S., and Z. Li, "Segment Routing over IPv6
             (SRv6) Network Programming", RFC 8986, DOI
             10.17487/RFC8986, February 2021, <https://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc8986>.

   [RFC9800] Cheng, W., Ed., Filsfils, C., Li, Z., Decraene, B., and F.
             Clad, Ed., "Compressed SRv6 Segment List Encoding", RFC
             9800, DOI 10.17487/RFC9800, June 2025, <https://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc9800>.

9.2. Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-spring-bfd] Mirsky, G., Tantsura, J., Varlashkin, I.,
             Chen, M., and J. Wenying, " Bidirectional Forwarding
             Detection (BFD) in Segment Routing Networks Using MPLS
             Dataplane ", Expired, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-spring-
             bfd-12, September 10 2024, <http://www.ietf.org/internet-
             drafts/draft-ietf-spring-bfd-12.txt>.

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   [RFC9960] R.Prekh, D. Yoyer, C. Filsfils, H.bidgoli and Z. Zhang,
             "Segment Routing Point-to-Multipoint Policy", RFC9960, DOI
             10.17487/RFC9960, April 2026, <https://www.rfc-
             editor.org/info/rfc9960>.

   [RFC8562] Katz, D., Ward, D., Pallagatti, S., Ed., and G. Mirsky,
             Ed., "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) for
             Multipoint Networks", RFC 8562, DOI 10.17487/RFC8562,
             April 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8562>.

Appendix A. Encapsulation Examples

   This section introduces the operational guidelines for BFD packet
   encapsulation.

   In the following network, the headend A installs an SRv6 Policy to
   tail-end D with one segment list <SID-A1, SID-B1, SID-C1>. SID-A1,
   SID-B1, and SID-C1 are all SRv6 End.X SIDs. Assume that A uses S-BFD
   to monitor that SRv6 Policy.

   A--------------B-------------C-----------D

   Figure 5: example network

   The S-BFD control packet in Insert-mode is shown in Figure 5.

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A.1 Insert-Mode

   +=================+                      +=================+
   | IPv6 Header     |                      | IPv6 Header     |
   +-----------------+                      +-----------------+
   | SA=A's Addr     |                      | SA=A's Addr     |
   | DA=SID-B1       |                      | DA=D's Addr     |
   +=================+                      +=================+
   | SRH             |                      | SRH             |
   +-----------------+                      +-----------------+
   | SL=2            |                      | SL=0            |
   | Seg[0]=D's Addr |                      | Seg[0]=D's Addr |
   | Seg[1]=SID-C1   |                      | Seg[1]=SID-C1   |
   | Seg[2]=SID-B1   |                      | Seg[2]=SID-B1   |
   | Seg[3]=SID-A1   |                      | Seg[3]=SID-A1   |
   +=================+                      +=================+
   | UDP Header      |                      | UDP Header      |
   +=================+                      +=================+
   | BFD Control Pkt |                      | BFD Control Pkt |
   +=================+                      +=================+
           A------------->B------------>C---------->D

   Figure 6: Example of S-BFD Control Packet in Insert-Mode

A.2 Encaps-Mode

   The S-BFD control packet in Encaps-mode is shown in Figure 7.

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   +=================+                      +=================+
   | IPv6 Header     |                      | IPv6 Header     |
   +-----------------+                      +-----------------+
   | SA=A's Addr     |                      | SA=A's Addr     |
   | DA=SID-B1       |                      | DA=D's Addr     |
   +=================+                      +=================+
   | SRH             |                      | SRH             |
   +-----------------+                      +-----------------+
   | SL=2            |                      | SL=0            |
   | Seg[0]=D's Addr |                      | Seg[0]=D's Addr |
   | Seg[1]=SID-C1   |                      | Seg[1]=SID-C1   |
   | Seg[2]=SID-B1   |                      | Seg[2]=SID-B1   |
   | Seg[3]=SID-A1   |                      | Seg[3]=SID-A1   |
   +=================+                      +=================+
   | IPv6 Header     |                      | IPv6 Header     |
   +-----------------+                      +-----------------+
   | SA=A's Addr     |                      | SA=A's Addr     |
   | DA=D's Addr     |                      | DA=D's Addr     |
   +=================+                      +=================+
   | UDP Header      |                      | UDP Header      |
   +=================+                      +=================+
   | BFD Control Pkt |                      | BFD Control Pkt |
   +=================+                      +=================+
           A------------->B------------>C---------->D

   Figure 7: Example of S-BFD Control Packet in Encaps-Mode
Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Greg Mirsky for his review and
   comments of this document.

Authors' Addresses

   Yisong Liu
   China Mobile
   China
   Email: liuyisong@chinamobile.com

   Weiqiang Cheng
   China Mobile
   China
   Email: chengweiqiang@chinamobile.com

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Internet-Draft    Encapsulation of BFD for SRv6 Policy       July 2026

   Changwang Lin
   New H3C Technologies
   China
   Email: linchangwang.04414@h3c.com

   Xiao Min
   ZTE Corp.
   China
   Email: xiao.min2@zte.com.cn

Liu, et al.           Expires January 08, 2027               [Page 15]