A Multiplane Architecture Proposal for the Quantum Internet
draft-lopez-qirg-qi-multiplane-arch-00
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| Authors | Diego Lopez , Vicente Martin , Blanca Lopez , Luis M. Contreras | ||
| Last updated | 2023-10-22 | ||
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draft-lopez-qirg-qi-multiplane-arch-00
Quantum Internet Research Group D. Lopez
Internet-Draft Telefonica
Intended status: Informational V. Martin
Expires: 24 April 2024 UPM
B. Lopez
IMDEA Networks
L. M. Contreras
Telefonica
22 October 2023
A Multiplane Architecture Proposal for the Quantum Internet
draft-lopez-qirg-qi-multiplane-arch-00
Abstract
A consistent reference architecture model for the Quantum Internet is
required to progress in its evolution, providing a framework for the
integration of the protocols applicable to it, and enabling the
advance of the applications based on it. This model has to satisfy
three essential requirements: agility, so it is able to adapt to the
evolution of quantum communications base technologies,
sustainability, with open availability in technological and
economical terms, and pliability, being able to integrate with the
operations and management procedures in current networks. This
document proposes such an architecture framework, based on the
already extensive experience in the deployment of QKD network
infrastructures and related initiatives on the integration of network
infrastructures and services.
About This Document
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
The latest revision of this draft can be found at
https://dr2lopez.github.io/qi-multiplane-arch/draft-lopez-qirg-qi-
multiplane-arch.html. Status information for this document may be
found at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-lopez-qirg-qi-
multiplane-arch/.
Discussion of this document takes place on the Quantum Internet
Research Group Research Group mailing list (mailto:qirg@irtf.org),
which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/qirg/.
Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/qirg/.
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://github.com/dr2lopez/qi-multiplane-arch.
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Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 24 April 2024.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. A QKD Multi-Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Interfacing with Classical Networks . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Introducing CLAS for Quantum Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. CLAS Strata for Quantum Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. Identification of interfaces and protocols . . . . . . . 10
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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1. Introduction
As another case of the "classical vs quantum" apparent
contradictions, the nature of quantum communications [QTTI21],
associated with natural physical effects that require a specific
infrastructure to be used for communications, poses a significant
challenge in the definition of any network reference architecture to
be used for such communications. Nevertheless, the growing interest
on quantum networking, its applications, and the eventual
availability of a Quantum Internet, require of consensus on an
architecture framework able to support the definition and evolution
of different protocols and interfaces.
Several steps have been taken in this direction, including the
identification of architectural principles and base technologies made
in [RFC9340], the description of relevant use cases [QUCS], and
specific approaches to layered models for Quantum Networking,
summarized and discussed in [QIPS22]. While the principles provide
an extremely valuable common ground for further collaboration among
quantum and network practitioners, they are not intended to provide
the solid framework required for progressing in the definition of
specific protocols and other interfaces for common network management
tasks and interactions with user applications. On the other hand,
the proposals made for a layered approach provide interesting
insights on requirements and potential mechanisms to structure
quantum communications, but, first, they do not include essential
aspects for a network at scale and, second and most important, they
do not take into account the need for direct interactions beyond the
layered structure, such as those between classical and quantum
networking services, between applications and the quantum network,
etc.
In parallel, the operational experience with the first kind of
infrastructures using quantum communication technologies to provide
an actual network service, those focused on Quantum Key Distribution
(QKD), has allowed practitioners to explore the solution space and
identify design patterns that seem applicable to the general case of
a Quantum Internet. A corpus of architectural proposals [Y3802],
experimental deployments [MADQCI23] and pilot infrastructures
[EUROQCI] have become available in the recent years, and can be used
to derive useful conclusions, especially if combined with recent
proposals in network architecture [RFC8597], intended to address the
complexity of management and integration at scale beyond the basic
layered constructs supporting connectivity.
This document proposes a multi-plane reference architecture for the
Quantum Internet, derived from available proposals and the
operational experience with QKD infrastructure. The proposal
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attempts to define a framework with three essential properties to
guarantee a seamless evolution of the technology, and the
consolidation of applications and management practices:
* Agility: Provide abstractions able to incorporate new protocols
and interfaces as the technology evolves, avoiding a tight
coupling with specific physical technologies.
* Sustainability: Considering it at all levels and in full scale,
especially regarding environmental and social impacts, including
open availability in technological and economical terms, and
fostering infrastructure reuse.
* Pliability: Facilitate the seamless integration of classical and
quantum network operational procedures, applying and adapting best
practices in use by the Internet community.
And trying to address three essential characteristics already
identified in [PSQN22]:
* Universality, so a quantum network can accommodate any
application.
* Transparency, so quantum networks can share physical media with
classical networks.
* Scalability, so quantum networking protocols can support the
growth of the network.
2. Conventions and Definitions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. A QKD Multi-Plane Architecture
The design and deployment of QKD infrastructures has followed a
number of design principles, based on the best practices in network
architecture and management established during the lifetime of the
Internet (and even before), and focused on the separation of
concerns, that have been converging on the trends around open
disaggregation strategies, and the identification of separate data
and control planes, connected by means of open interfaces.
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Applying these principles, QKD infrastructures are essentially
structured around three different planes [QTTI21]. While we are not
talking about a rigid, layered structure, where a given layer can
only provide services to the immediate upper layer and consume
services from the immediate lower layer, it is worth noting that
interactions among elements in the different planes must use well-
defined interfaces [ETSI04] [ETSI14] [ETSI15] [ETSI18], and this
interactions may incorporate a layered approach.
The Quantum Forwarding Plane (QFP) is in charge of performing the
operations (quantum and classical) to ensure the forwarding of the
quantum signals or enable the utilization of persistent quantum
resources, like persistent, distributed entanglement. In QKD, the
QFP encapsulates all the functionality required to obtain an end-to-
end secret key across the network. This implies the transmission of
the quantum signals and the execution of any associated protocols.
Note this would require the use of classical procedures, either via a
separated physical "classical channel" [QTTI21] or the reuse of a
common channel, as proposed in "packet-oriented" approaches [PSQN22].
In this sense, the forwarding of the keys at intermediate nodes in
the multi-hop chains used to overcome current limitations in
propagation of quantum signals or states, has to be considered part
of the QFP, since it is done exclusively on behalf of the QKD
functionality.
The Service Overlay Plane (SOP) supports the use of the keys derived
from the QFP by applications. This includes the storage,
identification, delivery, and lifecycle management of the units of
consumption (keys of different length, delivered according to
specific patterns) at the endpoints of the network. All network
functionalities at this plane can be considered conventional, with a
clear mapping to and overlay data plane in classical network, though
the SOP elements should be aware of the nature and specific needs of
the QFP they interact with.
The Control and Management Plane (CMP) is made of the elements that
create and supervise the state of the network. This decoupling
between network configuration and (general) data forwarding is
supported by the controller, a mediation logically centralized
element between the control capabilities supported by the elements in
the QFP and SOP and the management and control functions. These
management and control applications rely on the controller, taking
advantage of the centralization it provides, to guarantee the best
performance of the network and avoid diverging local control
decisions that might lead to sub-optimal configurations.
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It is worth noting this management centralization does not contradict
the distributed principles generally applied in current networks.
Local control decisions are intended to be coordinated by centralized
management. While the communication between the controller and the
controlled elements relies on some kind of SDN protocol, the
controller exposes a consistent abstract model of the network devices
and topology, that can be structured in a hierarchy of abstractions,
from lower-level, element-focused ones, up to application-oriented
ones.
In summary, QKD infrastructures are converging into an extended SDN
model, with two differentiated data planes, controlled in a
coordinated manner through a common Control and Management Plane,
that supports aggregated mechanisms for further orchestration. The
QFP/SOP duality constitutes a common abstract foundation for a
general approach to quantum communications networks, regardless of
their final purpose.
3.1. Interfacing with Classical Networks
The interface of QKD infrastructures with classical networks
(commonly identified as OTN, Optical Transport Networks) has been
based on three basic principles, related to the ones we mentioned
above: facilitate the reuse of physical infrastructure
(sustainability and transparency), apply the abstractions commonly
used in open and disaggregated networks (agility and universality),
and reuse the best practices in network management being applied in
current infrastructures (pliability and scalability). We can
classify the interface mechanisms according to the level at which
they occur.
At the application level, end-to-end key management and end-to-end
key creation are obviously the main target. Since many applications
of these keys are related to classical communications (direct
encryption, key derivation for symmetric algorithms, peer identity…)
there is a clear interface for the SOP, with classical network
functions acting as consumers of the keys or, in general terms, the
bit streams generated by the QFP. Further on, the application of NFV
mechanisms to any network function allows for its implementation
through software virtualization techniques (virtual machines, para-
virtualization containers, unikernels, etc.), irrespectively of their
application environments or specific plane. The lifecycle management
of all network functions, of any nature, under a common MANO stack
[NFV06], seems the most reasonable option.
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At the control and management level, the distinct nature of network
elements and the mediation nature of the controller role do not make
advisable the use of common quantum/OTN controllers, but there are
common abstractions able to support cross-interactions among
controllers and management applications, especially regarding:
* Quantum management applications requiring operations on topologies
and physical paths in the OTN mediated by an OTN controller.
* OTN management applications requiring operation on quantum
topologies mediated by the quantum controller.
* Topology updates exchanged between quantum and OTN controllers.
* The coordination through an integrated controller (commonly
referred as "orchestrator"), able to provide a common view to
application network functions.
At the forwarding level, there is a radical difference between the
network elements in quantum networks and OTN, and therefore
interactions in data forwarding are not feasible, with only two
exceptions: the possibility of sharing physical media, and the use of
classical channels to support QKD algorithms, as it is the case of
distillation channels in protocols like BB84. In this case, a proper
control of the path and physical parameters has to be applied to
minimize interferences of any nature and guarantee OTN connectivity
for the quantum algorithms.
4. Introducing CLAS for Quantum Networks
The Cooperating Layered Architecture for Software-Defined Networking
(CLAS) [RFC8597] describes a SDN architecture structured in two
different strata, namely Service Stratum and Transport Stratum. On
one hand, the Service Stratum contains the functions related to the
provision of services and the capabilities offered to external
applications. On the other hand, the Transport Stratum comprises the
functions focused on the transfer of data between the communication
endpoints (e.g., between end-user devices, between two service
gateways, etc.).
A new extension of the CLAS architecture [CLASEVO] intends to address
the current evolution of networks and the services they support
introducing new aspects, in particular the considerations of
distributed computing capabilities attached to different points in
the network, and the introduction of evidence-driven techniques, such
as Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
to improve operations by means of closed-loop automation.
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The CLAS framework provides a sound foundation for incorporating the
experience gained with QKD deployments in a general proposal
applicable to the Quantum Internet, as it is essentially compatible
with the architectural lessons learned within the QKD fields, and at
the same time supports additional degrees of freedom regarding the
integration of control mechanisms, and the interplay with the
(shared) infrastructure and its management. Furthermore, we are
talking of a general network architecture trying to incorporate
general trends such as cloud nativeness, the integration of zero-
touch management, or the considerations about intent. With this in
mind, in what follows a CLAS-based architecture frameworks for
quantum communications networks is introduced, including the proposed
strata and their main characteristics.
4.1. CLAS Strata for Quantum Networks
Following the CLAS philosophy, as proposed in its recent update
[CLASEVO] of decoupling services, additional function, and base
connectivity, the architecture of a quantum network should be
composed of:
* A Service Stratum, dealing with the functionality related to the
purpose of the quantum network, and aligned with SOP described for
QKD networks above. At this moment, the most feasible services
are the generation of management of keys in QKD, and entanglement
distribution in a general quantum network, but others can be
considered, as time synchronization, identity assurance or
sensing. The service stratum would consider the relevant service
units (keys, shared states, identities, timelines...), deal with
their appropriate forwarding and routing, and deliver these
service units as requested by the user application functions.
* A Quantum Forwarding Stratum, in charge of the direct application
of quantum protocols and algorithms between the two endpoints of a
quantum link, even when it is a multi-hop one, very much as the
QFP we described as part of QKD deployments.
* Connectivity Stratum, taking care of providing the paths to
support the quantum links used by the quantum forwarding and
service strata. Typically, the connectivity stratum would be
supported by OTN infrastructure, via fiber and/or open-space
links, and would follow a common connectivity paradigm,
specifically a circuit-based or packet-based one. While current
quantum links deal with OTN infrastructure according to a circuit-
based paradigm, recent proposals are addressing the idea of
"quantum packets" [PSQN22] and the connectivity stratum would have
to deal, in general terms, with the classical headers of such
packets.
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Based on the images used to illustrate the strata proposed in
[CLASEVO] and [RFC8597], the relationship among the strata described
above would be as shown in the following diagram:
Application Functions
/\
||
+-------------------------------------||-------------+
| Service Stratum || |
| \/ |
| +--------------+ ........................... |
| | Telemetry Pl.| . SDN Intelligence . |
| | |<===>. . |
| +-----/\-------+ . +--------------+ . |
| || . | Mgmt. Pl. | . |
| || . +--------------+ | . |
| +-----\/-------+ . | Control Pl. |-----+ . |
| | Resource Pl. | . | | . |
| | |<===>. +--------------+ . |
| +--------------+ ........................... |
| /\ /\ |
| || || |
+--------------------------------||-------------||---+
Standard API -- || -- ||
+--------------------------------||-----+ ||
| Quantum Forwarding Stratum || | ||
| \/ | ||
| +----------+ ................... | ||
| | Telemetry| . SDN . | Std. ||
| | Plane |<==>. Intelligence . | API ||
| +-----/\---+ . +----------+ . | -- || --
| || . | Mgmt. Pl.| . | ||
| || . +----------+ | . | ||
| +-----\/---+ . | Control |-+ . | ||
| | Resource | . | Plane | . | ||
| | Plane |<==>. +----------+ . | ||
| +----------+ ................... | ||
+----------------------------------/\---+ ||
Standard API -- || -- ||
+-------------------||-----------||-----+
| Connectivity || || |
| Stratum || || |
| \/ \/ |
| +----------+ ................... |
| | Telemetry| . SDN . |
| | Plane |<==>. Intelligence . |
| +-----/\---+ . +----------+ . |
| || . | Mgmt. Pl.| . |
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| || . +----------+ | . |
| +-----\/---+ . | Control |-+ . |
| | Resource | . | Plane | . |
| | Plane |<==>. +----------+ . |
| +----------+ ................... |
+---------------------------------------+
Essentially, this architecture model incorporates the findings from
QKD deployments, and enhancing the current QKD approach by:
* Providing some additional degrees of freedom through the
incorporation of independent resource and control planes at each
stratum. Given the control mechanisms identified as "SDN
intelligence" on the diagram above are able to expose open
interfaces, the approach for coordinating the different strata via
mechanisms like those defined in [ETSI18] is totally feasible, and
different aggregation patterns (multi-stratum, multi-domain...)
and models (federated, hierarchical...) can be applied. These
aggregation mechanisms are equally applicable in the case of
telemetry data and their integration with closed-loop mechanisms
for automation, in support of the required quantum network
agility.
* Incorporating the current trends to network automation, in
whatever the flavor including AI and intent expressions,
guaranteeing the future pliability of quantum networks, in
alignment with the evolution of best practices in general network
management.
* Explicitly addressing the issues related to the connectivity of
quantum links and its interaction with the other relevant activity
for providing quantum network services. The direct integration of
a stratum focused on this aspects makes the proposed architecture
better aligned with the sustainability goal.
4.2. Identification of interfaces and protocols
This section, TBP once there is agreement on the architecture
framework, will include a discussion on the applicable and foreseen
protocols and interfaces to be used for intra-stratum (SDN and
telemetry, essentially) and inter-stratum (APIs and models
applicable) interactions, as well as the capability exposure
mechanisms to support the aggregation mechanisms mentioned above.
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5. Security Considerations
This sections is TBP, as the identification of interfaces and
protocols progresses. The general considerations made in [RFC8597]
apply, as well as an elaboration on the following points regarding:
* The requirements on mutual authentication in the channels used for
quantum interactions, as they should require methods rooted at
physical properties.
* Specific physical attacks related to the particular quantum
mechanisms in use by the quantum forwarding stratum.
* The interaction of these physical attacks with classical attacks
to the control and monitoring activities, possibly translating
into a threat surface augmentation.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.
[RFC8597] Contreras, LM., Bernardos, CJ., Lopez, D., Boucadair, M.,
and P. Iovanna, "Cooperating Layered Architecture for
Software-Defined Networking (CLAS)", RFC 8597,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8597, May 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8597>.
6.2. Informative References
[CLASEVO] Contreras, L. M., Boucadair, M., Lopez, D., and C. J.
Bernardos, "An Evolution of Cooperating Layered
Architecture for SDN (CLAS) for Compute and Data
Awareness", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
contreras-coinrg-clas-evolution-01, 10 July 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-contreras-
coinrg-clas-evolution-01>.
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[ETSI04] "ETSI GS QKD 004: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD);
Application Interface", August 2020,
<https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/
QKD/001_099/004/02.01.01_60/gs_QKD004v020101p.pdf>.
[ETSI14] "ETSI GS QKD 014: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Protocol
and data format of REST-based key delivery API", February
2019, <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/
QKD/001_099/014/01.01.01_60/gs_qkd014v010101p.pdf>.
[ETSI15] "ETSI GS QKD 015: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Control
Interface for Software Defined Networks", April 2022,
<https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/
QKD/001_099/015/02.01.01_60/gs_QKD015v020101p.pdf>.
[ETSI18] "ETSI GS QKD 018: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD);
Orchestration Interface for Software Defined Networks",
April 2022, <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/
QKD/001_099/018/01.01.01_60/gs_QKD018v010101p.pdf>.
[EUROQCI] "The European Quantum Communication Infrastructure
(EuroQCI) Initiative", September 2023, <https://digital-
strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-quantum-
communication-infrastructure-euroqci>.
[MADQCI23] Martin, V., Brito, J. P., Ortíz, L., Brito-Méndez, R.,
Vicente, R., Saez-Buruaga, J., Sebastian, A. J., Aguado,
D. G., García-Cid, M. I., Setien, J., Salas, P.,
Escribano, C., Dopazo, E., Rivas-Moscoso, J., Pastor-
Perales, A., and D. Lopez, "The Madrid Testbed: QKD SDN
Control and Key Management in a Production Network", July
2023, <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10207295>.
[NFV06] "ETSI GS NFV 006: Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV)
Release 4; Management and Orchestration; Architectural
Framework Specification", December 2022,
<https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/
NFV/001_099/006/04.04.01_60/gs_NFV006v040401p.pdf>.
[PSQN22] DiAdamo, S., Qi, B., Miller, G., Kompella, R., and A.
Shabani, "Packet switching in quantum networks: A path to
the quantum Internet", October 2022,
<https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/
PhysRevResearch.4.043064>.
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[QIPS22] Illiano, J., Caleffia, M., Manzalini, A., and A. S.
Cacciapuoti, "Quantum Internet Protocol Stack: a
Comprehensive Survey", August 2022,
<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S1389128622002250>.
[QTTI21] Martin, V., Brito, J. P., Escribano, C., Menchetti, M.,
White, C., Lord, A., Wissel, F., Gunkel, M., Gavignet, P.,
Genay, N., Moult, O. L., Abellan, C., Manzalini, A.,
Pastor-Perales, A., Lopez, V., and D. Lopez, "Quantum
Technologies in the Telecommunications Industry", July
2021, <https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/
articles/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-021-00108-9>.
[QUCS] Wang, C., Rahman, A., Li, R., Aelmans, M., and K.
Chakraborty, "Application Scenarios for the Quantum
Internet", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-irtf-
qirg-quantum-internet-use-cases-19, 16 October 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-irtf-qirg-
quantum-internet-use-cases-19>.
[RFC9340] Kozlowski, W., Wehner, S., Van Meter, R., Rijsman, B.,
Cacciapuoti, A. S., Caleffi, M., and S. Nagayama,
"Architectural Principles for a Quantum Internet",
RFC 9340, DOI 10.17487/RFC9340, March 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9340>.
[Y3802] "ITU-T Recommendation Y.3802: Quantum key distribution
networks. Functional architecture", April 2021,
<https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Y.3802>.
Acknowledgments
This document is based on work partially funded by the EU Horizon
Europe project QSNP (grant 101114043), the Spanish UNICO project
OPENSEC (grant TSI-063000-2021-60), and the MadridQuantum–CM project
(funded by the EU, NextGenerationEU, grant PRTR-C17.I1, and by the
Comunidad de Madrid, Programa de Acciones Complementarias).
Authors' Addresses
Diego Lopez
Telefonica
Email: diego.r.lopez@telefonica.com
Vicente Martin
UPM
Lopez, et al. Expires 24 April 2024 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft qi-multiplane-arch October 2023
Email: vicente.martin@upm.es
Blanca Lopez
IMDEA Networks
Email: blanca.lopez@imdea.org
Luis M. Contreras
Telefonica
Email: luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com
Lopez, et al. Expires 24 April 2024 [Page 14]