IPsec and IKE anti-replay sequence number subspaces for traffic-engineered paths and multi-core processing
draft-ponchon-ipsecme-anti-replay-subspaces-03

ipsecme                                                       P. Ponchon
Internet-Draft                                                 M. Shaikh
Intended status: Standards Track                             H. Dernaika
Expires: 25 April 2024                                        P. Pfister
                                                             G. Solignac
                                                            Cisco Meraki
                                                         23 October 2023

    IPsec and IKE anti-replay sequence number subspaces for traffic-
               engineered paths and multi-core processing
             draft-ponchon-ipsecme-anti-replay-subspaces-03

Abstract

   This document discusses the challenges of running IPsec with anti-
   replay in multi-core environments where packets may be re-ordered
   (e.g., when sent over multiple IP paths, traffic-engineered paths
   and/or using different QoS classes).  A new solution based on
   splitting the anti-replay sequence number space into multiple
   different sequencing subspaces is proposed.  Since this solution
   requires support on both parties, an IKE extension is proposed in
   order to negotiate the use of the anti-replay sequence number
   subspaces.

Status of This Memo

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   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 April 2024.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Multiple sequence number subspaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     4.1.  Sequence number subspace encoding in IPSec  . . . . . . .   4
     4.2.  Sender Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.3.  Receiver Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.4.  Extended Sequence Numbers (ESN) considerations  . . . . .   6
     4.5.  Negotiating sequence-number subspaces using IKE . . . . .   7
       4.5.1.  Anti-replay subspaces transform . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       4.5.2.  'Sequence number subspaces' attribute . . . . . . . .   8
     4.6.  Solution Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Implementation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     6.1.  Initialization Vector (IV) Considerations . . . . . . . .  10
     6.2.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  Operational Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

1.  Introduction

   The IPsec and IKE protocol suite is very commonly used in secure
   overlay networks, often interconnecting thousands or tens of
   thousands of sites.  Leveraging the high core-counts and multiple
   uplinks (e.g., multiple fiber/cable, cellular or MPLS uplinks)
   capabilities of modern systems is important to bring greater
   throughput, availability and quality of service.

   Such scale and multi-paths requirements conflict with how anti-replay
   is currently implemented in IPsec tunnels.  This document first
   describes the problems related to running IPsec with anti-replay in
   conjunction with traffic-engineered paths or multi-core systems, and
   how existing solutions are not sufficient to address these

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   challenges.  An IPsec extension is then defined, which allows an
   IPsec security association (SA) to use multiple different sequence
   number spaces in parallel.  Finally, an IKE extension is defined in
   order to enable this option only when both tunnel endpoints support
   it.

2.  Problem Statement

   While the problem is explored in more detail in
   [I-D.mrossberg-ipsecme-multiple-sequence-counters], this section will
   highlight the key issues associated with running IPsec with anti-
   replay in multi-core systems and environments where traffic-
   engineering is used, as well as the limitations of current solutions.

   Scaling the current anti-replay mechanism to run on multiple cores
   concurrently shows performance limitations: - When receiving a
   packet, preventing the same IPsec packet from being accepted by two
   different cores concurrently requires constant synchronization
   between the cores. - When transmitting a packet, sequence numbers
   must be allocated efficiently, and packets must be transmitted
   without too much re-ordering, as to not exceed the receiver's anti-
   replay window size.  This also ends-up requiring locks and
   synchronization between cores.

   A commonly used alternative is to assign each Child SA to a given
   core, but that limits the throughput that is achievable by a single
   tunnel and adds a performance overhead associated with passing
   packets across cores.

   These restrictions are discussed in
   [I-D.pwouters-ipsecme-multi-sa-performance], which mainly focuses on
   high-throughput IPsec tunnels, but the problem also arises with small
   tunnels since multiple inner flows processed by multiple threads
   often need to be transmitted on the same tunnel (causing multiple
   threads to need to access shared resources).

   A possible solution to leverage the multi-core capability of the
   IPsec peers for a given tunnel would be to allocate one Child SA per
   core.  However, combined with QoS classes and multi-path
   capabilities, this approach shows scalability issues with both the
   IKE and IPsec implementations:

   *  Increased number of IKE negotiations and re-key operations.

   *  Increased IKE memory usage.

   *  Data-plane performance degradation due to the use of a larger
      number of keys.

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   *  Data-plane reduced number of connected peers, due to a hard limit
      to the number of supported Child SAs.

   *  When PFS is enabled, the overhead of each Child SA negotiation is
      increased due to additional Diffie-Hellman operations.

   Finally, in situations where packet reordering is present, such as
   with QoS or multiple uplinks, slower or lower priority packets may
   fall outside of the anti-replay window and be dropped.  Using an
   extraordinarily large window size causes both performance and
   scalability limitations.

3.  Conventions and Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

4.  Multiple sequence number subspaces

   As discussed in Section 2, processing packets associated with a
   single Child SA on multiple cores and using a single Child SA on
   multiple paths or with multiple QoS classes suffers from limitations
   due to the anti-replay mechanism.

   This specification provides an option to change the anti-replay
   mechanism defined in [RFC4303] by splitting the anti-replay sequence
   number space into multiple subspaces.  Each core, path, or QoS class,
   or any combination of those, can then use their own unique anti-
   replay sequence number subspace.  The changes needed to the ESP
   header and IPsec protocol are described in Section 4.1, Section 4.2
   and Section 4.3.

   To avoid potential issues with non-standard extensions of IPsec ESP,
   this solution modifies only the field related to the anti-replay
   mechanism (i.e., the sequence number) and not the SPI field, which is
   intended to identify the Child SA.  An IKE extension is presented in
   Section 4.5 to coordinate the use, or not, of this extension, which
   requires both IPsec peers to implement it.

4.1.  Sequence number subspace encoding in IPSec

   This document extends the 32-bit field of the sequence number in the
   ESP header to a 64-bit field, which is in turn divided into two sub-
   fields:

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   *  The higher order 16 bits contain the new sequence number subspace
      ID.

   *  The lower order 48 bits continue to serve as the sequence number.

     0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |               Security Parameters Index (SPI)                 |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |          Subspace ID          |        Sequence Number        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                        Sequence Number                        |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                    Rest of the ESP payload

   While the reduced usage of subspaces due to the restriction of the
   extended sequence number to 48 bits is a consideration, it is
   estimated that a 1 Tbps would exhaust a subspace in over 938 hours.
   This is for ethernet frames of 1500 bytes, T = 2^48 (pkts) * 1500 (B/
   pkt) * 8 / 10^12 (bps) = ~3.4 * 10^6 seconds = ~938 hours.

4.2.  Sender Behavior

   This section defines the IPsec sender's behavior when transmitting
   packets using an IPsec SA that has been previously configured or
   negotiated with IKE to use at most N different sequence number
   subspace IDs.

   The sender MAY set the sequence number subspace ID to any value
   between 0 and N-1.  How the different subspace IDs are used is up to
   the implementation, but as an example, the sender could use different
   subspace ID values per path or per processing core (or combination of
   both).

   The sender MUST NOT use any subspace ID values greater or equal to N
   (since the IPsec SA has been configured to use at most N different
   values).  This requirement was introduced to improve the
   implementation performance, as opposed to allowing the sender to use
   arbitrary subspace ID values.

   The sender MUST maintain one sequence number counter per sequence
   number subspace that it makes use of.  But the sender MAY use only
   some (and as few as a single one) of the available N subspace ID
   values between 0 and N-1.

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   When transmitting a packet, the sender MUST use the sequence number
   counter associated with the sequence number subspace in use for that
   packet.

   The 48 bits sequence number counter associated with any subspace MUST
   NOT be allowed to cycle.  The sender MUST establish a new SA prior to
   the transmission of the 2^48th packet on any of the SA's sequence
   number subspaces.

4.3.  Receiver Behavior

   This section defines the IPsec receiver's behavior when receiving
   packets using an IPsec SA that has been previously configured or
   negotiated to use at most N different sequence number subspace IDs.

   The receiver MUST maintain one anti-replay window and counter for
   each sequence number subspace being used.

   When receiving a packet, the receiver MUST use the anti-replay window
   and counter associated with the sequence number subspace identified
   with the subspace ID field.

   The receiver MUST drop any packet received with a subpace ID value
   greater or equal to N.  Such packets SHOULD be counted for reporting.

   Note: Since the sender may decide to only use a subset of the
   available N subspace values, the receiver MAY reactively allocate an
   anti-replay window when receiving the first packet for a given
   subspace.  When doing so, the receiver SHOULD first check the
   authenticity of the packet before allocating the new anti-replay
   window.

   The 48 bits sequence number counter associated with any subspace MUST
   NOT be allowed to cycle.

4.4.  Extended Sequence Numbers (ESN) considerations

   Since the sequence number, as well as the sequence number subspace
   IDs are explicit in the ESP header, most of the ESN related
   specifications (such as ESN's synchronization mechanism and appended
   trailer for ICV calculation) are not used by this standard.

   However, all IPsec cryptographic algorithms MUST be used with the ESN
   value replaced with a 64 bits value constructed using the 16 sequence
   number subspace ID high-order bits and the 48 sequence number lower
   order bits.

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   Any IPsec cryptographic algorithm that does not support ESN MUST NOT
   be used in conjunction with this specification.

4.5.  Negotiating sequence-number subspaces using IKE

   To negotiate the use of sequence number subspaces for use with IPsec
   ESP, a new anti-replay subspaces transform (Section 4.5.1) is defined
   with the 'Sequence number subspaces attribute' (Section 4.5.2) which
   contains 2 fields:

   *  The number of sequence number subspaces the sender is capable of
      using is indicated by the 'Subspaces supported' field, which is 2
      bytes long.

   *  The 'Subspaces requested' attribute indicates the number of
      sequence number subspaces the sender prefers to use, and is also 2
      bytes long.

   If both attributes are set to 0, the sender does not support sequence
   number subspaces.  The requested value MUST be lower than the
   supported value.

   During the CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange, the sender and receiver
   negotiate the use of this transform.  The sender indicates the number
   of subspaces it supports and prefers to use, while the receiver
   decides on the number of subspaces to use based on the sender's
   capabilities.  This negotiation mechanism allows for flexibility in
   the number of subspaces used and can help optimize the performance of
   IPsec in different environments.

   With a single Child SA negotiated between the two IPsec peers, the
   failure model is clean, as all requested subspaces are either
   available or none of them.

4.5.1.  Anti-replay subspaces transform

                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | Last Substruc |   RESERVED    |        Transform Length       |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |Transform Type |   RESERVED    |          Transform ID         |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      ~                      Transform Attributes                     ~
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

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   *  Transform Length (2 bytes), set to 16 bytes with the two
      attributes each taking 4 bytes

   *  Transform Type (1 byte) TBD

   *  Transform ID (2 bytes) TBD

4.5.2.  'Sequence number subspaces' attribute

                           1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |0|       Attribute Type        |     AF=0  Attribute Length    |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |      Subspaces Supported      |      Subspaces Requested      |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   *  AF (1 bit), set to 0 for Type/Length/Value (TLV) format

   *  Attribute Type (15 bits) TBD

   *  Attribute Length (2 bytes), set to 4

   *  Attribute Value (4 bytes), divided into 2 bytes for sequence
      number subspaces supported and 2 bytes for sequence number
      subspaces requested.

4.6.  Solution Analysis

   As described in Section 2, anti-replay comes with implementation and
   scalability challenges when running in environments where IPsec peers
   may leverage multiple QoS policies to send packets or multiple cores
   to process them.

   Since the anti-replay mechanism seems to be the source cause of these
   observed challenges, this document provides a solution which relies
   on a small and optional change at the anti-replay level.

   By using sequence number subspaces, IPsec peers may:

   *  use different subspaces for different cores, which allows
      distributing a Child SA between cores to increase performance

   *  use different subspaces for different QoS classes or different
      paths, which avoids unwanted drops due to potential reordering of
      packets, either at the egress or during its flight.

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   *  combine the above per-QoS-queue, per-path and per-core approaches
      without multiplying the number of required Child SAs.

   The effectiveness of the subspace mechanism can be further improved
   with smart NICs or multiple paths to efficiently steer packets to
   different cores on the receiver side.  However, even without these
   capabilities, sequence number subspaces still provide benefits for
   IPsec tunnels.  Without subspaces, IPsec tunnels are often restricted
   to a single core due to the need for locking mechanisms, which can
   cause significant overhead.  With subspaces, it is still possible to
   distribute the subspaces between cores by resteering packets to
   increase performances.

   In scenarios where NATs are used to modify IP addresses or ports, the
   use of multiple uplinks on a single IPsec tunnel may not be feasible
   without additional IKE negotiation to perform NAT traversal.  As a
   result, using multiple uplinks is recommended only in scenarios where
   NATs are not present.

5.  Security Considerations

   The sequence number is used by the anti-replay mechanism to ensure a
   packet could not be accepted twice by the receiver.  This prevents an
   attacker from trying to replay one or multiple packets from an IPsec
   tunnel.

   In this proposal, a single Child SA is associated with multiple anti-
   replay windows and counters.  If a packet is replayed, the sequence
   number subspace ID remains the same since the Subspace ID field is
   authenticated.  As a result, the receiver will use the same anti-
   replay state when processing the replayed packet as the one used when
   the first packet was initially received.  This ensures that a
   replayed packet will be detected and dropped by the receiver.

   The use of a subspace ID as part of the 64-bit sequence number
   ensures that the usage limit of cryptographic materials is evenly
   distributed among the subspaces without the need for an additional
   mechanism.  This means each of the 2^16 subspaces can encrypt 2^48
   packets, fully utilizing the 2^64 usage limits of the cryptographic
   keys.

6.  Implementation Considerations

   When a single sequence number space is used within a given Child SA,
   encryption and decryption operations must always happen on the same
   core (locking anti-replay structures or using contended atomic
   operations has a dramatic performance hit).

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   *  On reception, this requires packets which are received (and load-
      balanced to cores) to be often resteered to a different thread for
      processing.

   *  On transmisson, multiple flows, processed by different cores, need
      to be transmitted using the same Child SA.  This requires the
      packets to be resteered to the thread in charge of the given Child
      SA.

   To avoid the performance degradation caused by packet resteering,
   each thread may use its own sequence number subspace:

   *  On transmission, the core will always select the subspace it is
      assigned when generating the ESP header.

   *  On reception, the subspace ID could be used to load-balance the
      packets to their proper thread.

   Similarly, when multiple paths are used:

   *  On transmission, a different sequence number subspace is used for
      each packet path.  Ensuring that out-of-order packets are not
      dropped by the anti-replay mechanism.

   *  On reception, the 5-tuple based packet steering would provide a
      decent level of load-balancing between threads, since different IP
      paths would use different 5-tuples.

   If a combination of both multi-path and multi-core load-balancing is
   needed, the subspace field could be used partly to encode a path ID,
   partly to encode a core ID.  But this is purely implementation
   specific and does not require coordination between the peers.

6.1.  Initialization Vector (IV) Considerations

   Depending on the cryptographic mode of operations, the Initialization
   Vector (IV) comes with specific requirements.

   Some modes (e.g., CBC) make use of random IV values.  When
   implementing this specification, each thread independently generates
   its independent stream of random values, ensuring the IV randomness
   property.  Care must be taken as to limit the global number of
   transmitted packets using the same Child SA in order to avoid
   birthday paradox attacks.  A lockless counter, or batched token
   bucket mechanism, may be used to efficiently implement this process
   without performance degradation.

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   Other cryptographic modes (e.g., GCM) do not have randomness
   requirements over the IV, but the IV values must only be used once.
   RFC4106 Section 3.1 states that "The most natural way to implement
   this is with a counter, but anything that guarantees uniqueness can
   be used, such as a linear feedback shift register (LFSR).  Note that
   the encrypter can use any IV generation method that meets the
   uniqueness requirement, without coordinating with the decrypter." .
   One simple way to implement this specification is to divide the IV
   into a subspace field, which reuses the ESP sequence number subspace
   value, and a variable IV part, which is simply incremented for each
   encrypted packet.  To ensure compatibility with implicit IVs from
   [RFC8750], only the 48-bit sequence number field must be initialized
   to zero, while the 16-bit subspace ID can be used for its intended
   purpose.

   Author's note: Are there other cryptographic modes with different
   requirements over the IV ?

6.2.  Implementation Status

   An open-source implementation of this standard is in progress as part
   of the VPP open-source data-plane (https://fd.io).

7.  Operational Considerations

   TBD

8.  IANA Considerations

   TBD

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4303]  Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
              RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4303>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

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   [RFC8750]  Migault, D., Guggemos, T., and Y. Nir, "Implicit
              Initialization Vector (IV) for Counter-Based Ciphers in
              Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 8750,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8750, March 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8750>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.mrossberg-ipsecme-multiple-sequence-counters]
              Rossberg, M., Klassert, S., and M. Pfeiffer, "Broadening
              the Scope of Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
              Protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              mrossberg-ipsecme-multiple-sequence-counters-01, 15 August
              2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              mrossberg-ipsecme-multiple-sequence-counters-01>.

   [I-D.pwouters-ipsecme-multi-sa-performance]
              Antony, A., Brunner, T., Klassert, S., and P. Wouters,
              "IKEv2 support for per-queue Child SAs", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-pwouters-ipsecme-multi-sa-
              performance-05, 8 November 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-pwouters-
              ipsecme-multi-sa-performance-05>.

Authors' Addresses

   Paul Ponchon
   Cisco Meraki
   Email: pponchon@cisco.com

   Mohsin Shaikh
   Cisco Meraki
   Email: mohsisha@cisco.com

   Hadi Dernaika
   Cisco Meraki
   Email: hbd05@mail.aub.edu

   Pierre Pfister
   Cisco Meraki
   Email: ppfister@cisco.com

   Guillaume Solignac
   Cisco Meraki

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   Email: gsoligna@cisco.com

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