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Energy-aware Routing Using Flex-Algo in Segment Routing
draft-ralc-lsr-energy-aware-routing-00

Document Type Active Internet-Draft (individual)
Authors Raul Arco , Luis M. Contreras
Last updated 2025-07-07
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draft-ralc-lsr-energy-aware-routing-00
spring                                                           R. Arco
Internet-Draft                                                     Nokia
Intended status: Informational                              L. Contreras
Expires: 8 January 2026                                       Telefonica
                                                             7 July 2025

        Energy-aware Routing Using Flex-Algo in Segment Routing
                 draft-ralc-lsr-energy-aware-routing-00

Abstract

   This document proposes enhancements to the Segment Routing (SR)
   Flexible Algorithm (Flex-Algo) framework by integrating power
   consumption metrics into routing decisions.  It introduces metrics
   encompassing both node-level and link-level energy consumption
   attributes and proposes dynamic energy-aware path computation.  By
   incorporating these metrics alongside traditional routing parameters,
   the enhanced Flex-Algo framework can enable networks to optimize
   routing paths for energy efficiency, and then leverage on advances
   router capabilities to further reduce operational costs as well as
   supporting sustainability objectives.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 8 January 2026.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.

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   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
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   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Related work  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Proposed Modifications for the reporting of metrics to be used
           by Flex-Algo  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  Additional information to be reported . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.1.1.  Adjustment factors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       2.1.2.  Configurable default value  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       2.1.3.  Power modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  Proposed TLV formats  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.1.  Value field for reporting measured metrics  . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Value field for reporting average metrics . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Integration into Path Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   5.  Open points for further discussion  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

1.  Introduction

   The increasing significance of energy efficiency in networks, driven
   by both environmental sustainability goals and the need to reduce
   operational costs, highlights the necessity to develop routing
   mechanisms that enable path selection based on energy consumption.
   This includes the ability to define routing policies that leverage
   emerging capabilities in routers, such as power state management,to
   progressively reduce energy usage over time.  But at the same time is
   also important to support legacy devices on the overall management of
   the network in which refers to energy-aware routing.

   This document proposes enhancements to Flexible Algorithm (Flex-Algo)
   and its applicability to Segment Routing (SR) [RFC9350] by
   integrating power consumption metrics into routing decisions
   [I-D.ietf-idr-sr-policy-metric][RFC9256], to be populated by IGP
   protocols [RFC8491][RFC8665][RFC8667].

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   The motivation of this document is to address the growing importance
   of energy efficiency in networks, driven by environmental concerns
   and operational cost savings.  The inherent flexibility and
   scalability of Segment Routing make it suitable for implementing
   energy-aware routing by leveraging energy consumption metrics to
   guide path selection.  This document details extensions to previous
   works for energy data collection, path computation policies, and path
   issuance, aiming to reduce network carbon footprint and support
   sustainable network growth amid increasing traffic demands.  The
   approach supports both MPLS SR and SRv6 data planes and includes
   mechanisms to avoid traffic oscillation by setting thresholds for
   path switching.

1.1.  Related work

   The relevance of energy-aware routing in general, but also in
   relation with Segment Routing, is reflected on some existing
   documents.

   [I-D.li-lsr-flex-algo-energy-efficiency] proposes extensions to IGP
   protocols, specifically IS-IS and OSPF, to advertise energy
   consumption information within a network.  It defines new TLVs and
   sub-TLVs for conveying various energy consumption metrics such as
   node maximum energy, real-time energy, unit energy consumption, and
   interface energy consumption values.  These metrics enable energy-
   aware routing by allowing network controllers to compute paths that
   optimize for energy efficiency, balancing performance with
   operational costs.  The document also introduces Flex-Algorithm
   constraints to exclude links or nodes from routing computations if
   their energy consumption exceeds specified thresholds, thereby
   facilitating the selection of low-power paths.  These extensions aim
   to improve network sustainability by integrating energy consumption
   into routing decisions.

   [I-D.liu-spring-sr-policy-energy-efficiency] proposes a method for
   computing energy consumption paths in Segment Routing (SR) networks
   to optimize traffic routing for improved energy efficiency.  It
   outlines a framework where a network controller centrally collects
   energy consumption data from nodes and links within an SR domain
   using IGP and BGP-LS extensions or direct reporting mechanisms like
   NETCONF.  Based on such information, the controller computes energy-
   efficient paths considering metrics such as maximum and real-time
   energy consumption at node and interface levels, and distributes
   optimized SR policies to head-end devices for forwarding.  The
   approach includes mechanisms to avoid traffic oscillation by setting
   thresholds for path switching.

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   Furthermore, some other docuemnts address aspects such as energy-
   related metrics or data models.

   Regarding metrics, [I-D.cx-green-green-metrics] define metrics
   focusing on attributes like power consumption, energy efficiency, and
   carbon footprint.  It categorizes green metrics at different levels,
   such as equipment, flow, path, and network-wide.  The metrics can be
   used for network optimization and benchmarking.

   In terms of models, [I-D.cwbgp-green-common-energy-management]
   defines a common YANG data model module intended for reuse across
   various energy efficiency-related network management modules.  It
   introduces identities, types, and groupings that represent energy-
   saving modes, power states, and energy consumption parameters.  The
   module supports standardized monitoring and control of power and
   energy consumption at device and component levels.  On the other
   hand, [I-D.cwbgp-green-common-energy-management] specifies a YANG
   network topology data model for energy efficiency management,
   augmenting existing network topology models to include energy
   consumption and energy-saving information at both the device and
   component levels.  Finally,
   [I-D.cwbgp-green-inventory-energy-management] defines a YANG network
   inventory data model for energy efficiency management that captures
   static capability information related to energy saving modes and
   methods in network elements and components.  It extends the network
   inventory base model to include energy management capabilities and
   power parameters.

   Importantly, [I-D.belmq-green-framework] proposes a structured
   approach for energy efficiency management in network devices and
   their components.  The framework describes physical power topologies,
   relationships among devices and components, and the semantics of
   power states.  It can be expected that such framework could allow the
   energy-aware routing described by this document.

   (Note.  Additional documents will be considered in this section, as
   previous work is flourishing).

1.2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
   NOT","SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
   this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119
   [RFC2119].

   In addition, this document uses the terms defined in
   [I-D.bclp-green-terminology].

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2.  Proposed Modifications for the reporting of metrics to be used by
    Flex-Algo

   To enable energy-aware routing using Segment Routing Flex-Algo it is
   necessary to consider metrics reporting real-time data about energy
   consumption at the node and link level, allowing routing decisions to
   optimize paths based on energy efficiency and/ or overall energy
   consumption.

   [I-D.li-lsr-flex-algo-energy-efficiency] and
   [I-D.cx-green-green-metrics] propose different set of metrics.

   [I-D.li-lsr-flex-algo-energy-efficiency] defines the following energy
   consumption metrics:

   *  Node Maximum Energy Consumption: The power consumption of a node
      at full load, measured in watts.

   *  Node Real-Time Energy Consumption: The real-time power consumption
      of a node, measured in watts.

   *  Node Maximum Unit Energy Consumption: The power consumption of a
      node at full load divided by traffic, measured in watts per
      gigabyte (W/GB).

   *  Node Real-Time Unit Energy Consumption: The real-time power
      consumption of a node divided by real-time traffic, measured in
      watts per gigabyte (W/GB).

   *  Node Average Unit Energy Consumption: The change in power
      consumption of a node over a measurement period divided by the
      change in traffic, measured in watts per gigabyte (W/GB).

   *  Interface Maximum Unit Energy Consumption: The power consumption
      of an interface at full load divided by traffic, measured in watts
      per gigabyte (W/GB).

   *  Interface Real-Time Unit Energy Consumption: The real-time power
      consumption of an interface divided by real-time traffic, measured
      in watts per gigabyte (W/GB).

   *  Interface Average Unit Energy Consumption: The change in power
      consumption of an interface over a measurement period divided by
      the change in traffic, measured in watts per gigabyte (W/GB).

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   From the set of metrics defined for node and interface (or port), the
   ones reporting maximum values can be considered static and then no
   necessary to be reported periodically.  It can be expected that such
   information could be retrieved from the inventory, for instance by
   means of [I-D.cwbgp-green-inventory-energy-management].

   However, the real-time and the average values are dynamic and require
   periodic advertisement for a timely characterization of the energy
   consumed by the network.  This document builds on top of such
   metrics, proposing new structures for the TLV fields in IGP protocols
   so to extend FlexAlgo capabilities to provide energy-aware
   topologies.

   The following section proposes additional information ot be
   considered as part of the reported metrics to build energy-aware
   routing topologies with FlexAlgo and to allow path computation based
   on that information.

2.1.  Additional information to be reported

   Additional information for the energy-related metrics is described
   next.

2.1.1.  Adjustment factors

   To ensure flexibility, network providers can apply configurable
   weighting factors to adjust power values during path computation.

   These values can account for external environmental factors, such as
   temperature that may impact energy consumption, or for any other
   administrative consideration of interest for the network provider.
   Moreover, that factor could reflect aspects such as the ratio of
   renewable enrgy sources of applicable to the network element (e.g.,
   by extrapolating the ratio of renewable energy feeding the Point of
   Presence hosting the network element) at the time of reporting the
   metric.  This can be useful in situations where nodes operate in
   diverse physical conditions.

   The following configurable parameters

   *  Node-Specific Adjustment Factor: a node-level factor allows
      operators to increase or decrease the advertised power value for
      specific nodes.

   *  Link-Specific Adjustment Factor: Similarly, a per-link adjustment
      factor modifies the reported power values for individual links.

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   The adjustment factor is defined in the range of 0 to 1, with the aim
   of multiplying the reported metric by such factor.  The adjustment
   factor can be assumed to be populated time to time by an external
   network management entity (e.g., the network controller) based on
   policies or external administrative information (that could be the
   case of updating the percentage of renewable energy).  The
   calculation of these adjustment factors will be detailed in next
   versions of the document.

2.1.2.  Configurable default value

   Energy-aware routing must address cases where not all network
   elements provide power metrics, as could be teh case of legacy nodes.
   These factors help balance energy-aware routing decisions when data
   is incomplete or inconsistent.

   For network elements that do not advertise energy metrics a default
   static value is configured.

   *  Node-Specific static default value: A node-level static value.

   *  Link-Specific static default value: Similarly, a per-link static
      value is defined.

   Nodes reporting static node or per-link values can be taking into
   account as a criterion for the path calculation providing the option
   to avoid use of paths with static default values, or prefer paths not
   containing static default values .

2.1.3.  Power modes

   The metrics being reported can be collected under different power
   state modes, thus being important to provide such context to the
   measurement for optimization purposes.

   IANA [IANA-power] maintains different registries for enumeration of
   power states.  Thus indication of the registry used plus the power
   state in place is an important information.

3.  Proposed TLV formats

   Note.  This version describes only TLVs for IS-IS.  Next versions
   will nclude TLVs for OSPF.

   The proposed TLV fields follow a generic structure as shown in the
   next figure.

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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |      Type     |     Length    |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                             Value                             |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 1: Generic format for the TLV

   The Type octect serves for the purpose of identifying the type of the
   TLV for its proper interpretation.  The Lenght octect serves for
   indicating the length of the entire TLV structure.  The Value field
   follows the encoding described in the next sections.

3.1.  Value field for reporting measured metrics

   When reporting an absolute power consumption metric, the Value field
   has the following structure:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |A|   AF Value  | Rsv |D|P| Reg.|          Power Mode           |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |   Power Value (entire part)   |    Power Value (fraction)     |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

        Figure 2: Value field for absolute power consumption metrics

   The meaning of the fields is as follows:

   *  A (1 bit): this bit declares the presence of the adjustment
      factor.  The value 0 means that no adjustment factor applies (then
      implying that the field AF Value is ignored), while the value 1
      means that an adjustment factor must be applied.

   *  AF VAlue (7 bits): this field reports the value of the adjustment
      factor to be applied to the reported metric.  It represents a
      decimal value between 0 and 100, that multiplies the power metric
      (as expressed by the field Power Value).

   *  Rsv (3 bits): this bits are reserved for future use.

   *  D (1 bit): this bit indicates if the power metric (as expressed by
      the field Power Value) is a default value for backward
      compatibility with nodes not capable of reporting power metrics

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      directly.  A value of 1 means that the reported metric is a
      default metric, while the value 0 means that the metric reported
      is result of a mesurement by sensors in the network element.

   *  P (1 bit): when set to 1 this bit means that a power state is
      associated to the reported metric.

   *  Registry (3 bit): this field indicates the IANA registry used
      [IANA-power] for interpreting the identifyer of the power state
      reported in the field Power Mode.

   *  Power Mode (8 bits): this field identify the power state which
      applies to the reported metric.

   *  Power Value (32 bits) provide the actual power measurement which
      is divided in an entire part (the first 16 bits) and a decimal
      part (the last 16 bits) expressed in watts.

3.2.  Value field for reporting average metrics

   When reporting a relative power consumption metric (e.g., watts per
   unit of traffic), the Value field has the following structure:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                     |         Time Interval         |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |   Power value (entire part)   |    Power value (fraction)     |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

        Figure 3: Value field for relative power consumption metrics

   The meaning of the fields is as follows:

   *  TIme Interval (16 bits): this fileds indicates the interval in
      which the calculation of the average for the relative power
      consumption metric, expressed in seconds.

   *  Power Value (32 bits) provide the average metric of power per unit
      of traffic which is divided in an entire part (the first 16 bits)
      and a decimal part (the last 16 bits), being expressed in watts
      per transmitted Gb.

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4.  Integration into Path Computation

   The enhanced power metric framework introduces an energy-aware
   approach to path computation by incorporating both node-level and
   link-level power attributes.  This framework enables more efficient
   and sustainable network operations by quantifying energy usage across
   all elements contributing to a forwarding path.

   At the node level, a Node Score is calculated by aggregating power
   efficiency ratings from all hardware components within a network
   device (e.g., forwarding engines, line cards, and control plane
   modules).  At the link level, a Link Score is determined by summing
   the power consumption values of each link participating in the
   candidate path.  These two components are combined by the Path
   Selection Algorithm, which computes the total Path Score as the sum
   of the Node Score and the Link Scores along the path.  This score
   represents the cumulative energy cost of routing traffic through that
   path.

   During path computation, Segment Routing (SR) controllers leverage
   this framework to prioritize paths with the lowest cumulative power
   scores, effectively favoring energy-efficient routes.  The algorithm
   may also operate in hybrid mode, where power metrics are considered
   alongside traditional routing metrics such as latency, bandwidth, or
   reliability, enabling flexible, policy-driven optimization strategies
   tailored to the network’s operational goals.

5.  Open points for further discussion

   A number of open points require further discussion.

   *  Check whether the adjustment factor and power mode should be
      applied to the relative W/Gb measurement.

   *  If power mode is applied to the relative measurement, determine
      whether to indicate if the usage was total or partial during the
      measurement period.

   *  Define how frequently to report the measurement (in the case of
      relative metrics, it may make sense to report at the same cadence
      as traffic monitoring).

   *  Analyze how to report the power consumption of line cards.

   *  Determine how to anticipate the impact of adding a new flow on the
      node or link power consumption.

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   *  Assess how to handle scenarios where computation leads to a change
      in power mode.

   *  Consider defining custom power modes.

6.  Security Considerations

   To be completed.

7.  IANA Considerations

   To be provided.

8.  Acknowledgements

   TBC

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC8491]  Tantsura, J., Chunduri, U., Aldrin, S., and L. Ginsberg,
              "Signaling Maximum SID Depth (MSD) Using IS-IS", RFC 8491,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8491, November 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8491>.

   [RFC8665]  Psenak, P., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Filsfils, C., Gredler,
              H., Shakir, R., Henderickx, W., and J. Tantsura, "OSPF
              Extensions for Segment Routing", RFC 8665,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8665, December 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8665>.

   [RFC8667]  Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L., Ed., Filsfils, C.,
              Bashandy, A., Gredler, H., and B. Decraene, "IS-IS
              Extensions for Segment Routing", RFC 8667,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8667, December 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8667>.

   [RFC9256]  Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K., Ed., Voyer, D., Bogdanov,
              A., and P. Mattes, "Segment Routing Policy Architecture",
              RFC 9256, DOI 10.17487/RFC9256, July 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9256>.

   [RFC9350]  Psenak, P., Ed., Hegde, S., Filsfils, C., Talaulikar, K.,
              and A. Gulko, "IGP Flexible Algorithm", RFC 9350,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9350, February 2023,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9350>.

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9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.bclp-green-terminology]
              Liu, P. C., Boucadair, M., Wu, Q., Contreras, L. M., and
              M. P. Palmero, "Terminology for Energy Efficiency Network
              Management", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-bclp-
              green-terminology-02, 14 June 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-bclp-green-
              terminology-02>.

   [I-D.belmq-green-framework]
              Claise, B., Contreras, L. M., Lindblad, J., Palmero, M.
              P., Stephan, E., and Q. Wu, "Framework for Energy
              Efficiency Management", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-belmq-green-framework-03, 13 June 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-belmq-green-
              framework-03>.

   [I-D.cwbgp-green-common-energy-management]
              Ma, Q., Wu, Q., Stephan, E., de Dios, O. G., Pignataro,
              C., and S. Han, "A Common YANG Data Model for Energy
              Efficiency Network Management", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-cwbgp-green-common-energy-
              management-00, 2 March 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-cwbgp-green-
              common-energy-management-00>.

   [I-D.cwbgp-green-inventory-energy-management]
              Chen, G., Wu, Q., Stephan, E., de Dios, O. G., Pignataro,
              C., and S. Han, "A Network Inventory Data Model for Energy
              Efficiency Management", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-cwbgp-green-inventory-energy-management-00, 2 March
              2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-cwbgp-
              green-inventory-energy-management-00>.

   [I-D.cx-green-green-metrics]
              Clemm, A., Pignataro, C., Schooler, E., Ciavaglia, L.,
              Rezaki, A., Mirsky, G., and J. Tantsura, "Green Networking
              Metrics for Environmentally Sustainable Networking", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-cx-green-green-metrics-
              00, 21 October 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-cx-green-
              green-metrics-00>.

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   [I-D.ietf-idr-sr-policy-metric]
              KaZhang, Dong, J., and K. Talaulikar, "BGP SR Policy
              Extensions for metric", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-ietf-idr-sr-policy-metric-02, 29 December 2024,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-idr-sr-
              policy-metric-02>.

   [I-D.li-lsr-flex-algo-energy-efficiency]
              Li, J. and C. Lin, "Flexible Algorithms for Energy
              Efficiency", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-li-
              lsr-flex-algo-energy-efficiency-00, 3 March 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-li-lsr-flex-
              algo-energy-efficiency-00>.

   [I-D.liu-spring-sr-policy-energy-efficiency]
              Liu, Y. and C. Lin, "Computing Energy Consumption Path in
              Segment Routing Networks", Work in Progress, Internet-
              Draft, draft-liu-spring-sr-policy-energy-efficiency-00, 3
              March 2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              liu-spring-sr-policy-energy-efficiency-00>.

   [IANA-power]
              "IANA Power State Sets (https://www.iana.org/assignments/
              power-state-sets/power-state-sets.xhtml)", n.d..

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

Authors' Addresses

   Raul Arco
   Nokia
   Email: raul.arco@nokia.com

   Luis M. Contreras
   Telefonica
   Email: luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com

Arco & Contreras         Expires 8 January 2026                [Page 13]