DTLS-SRTP Handling in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Back-to-Back User Agents (B2BUAs)
draft-ram-straw-b2bua-dtls-srtp-00
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| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (individual) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Ram R , Tirumaleswar Reddy.K , Gonzalo Salgueiro , Victor Pascual | ||
| Last updated | 2014-06-20 | ||
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draft-ram-straw-b2bua-dtls-srtp-00
STRAW R. Ravindranath
Internet-Draft T. Reddy
Intended status: Standards Track G. Salgueiro
Expires: December 22, 2014 Cisco
V. Pascual
Quobis
June 20, 2014
DTLS-SRTP Handling in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Back-to-Back
User Agents (B2BUAs)
draft-ram-straw-b2bua-dtls-srtp-00
Abstract
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Back-to-Back User Agents (B2BUAs)
often function on the media plane, rather than just on the signaling
path. This document describes the behavior B2BUAs should follow when
acting on the media plane that use Secure Real-time Transport
Protocol (SRTP) security context setup with Datagram Transport Layer
Security (DTLS) protocol.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on December 22, 2014.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Media Plane B2BUAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Media Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Media Aware or Media Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3. Media Plane B2BUA with NAT handling . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. DTLS-SRTP Handling in B2BUA with Forked Signaling . . . . . . 8
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1. Introduction
[RFC5763] describes how Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261]
can be used to establish a Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)
[RFC3711] security context with Datagram Transport Layer Security
(DTLS) [RFC4347] protocol. It describes a mechanism of transporting
a certificate fingerprint in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)
[RFC4566], which identifies the certificate that will be presented
during the DTLS handshake. DTLS-SRTP is defined for point-to-point
media sessions, in which there are exactly two participants. Each
DTLS-SRTP session contains a single DTLS association, and either two
SRTP contexts (if media traffic is flowing in both directions on the
same host/port quartet) or one SRTP context (if media traffic is only
flowing in one direction).
In many SIP deployments, SIP entities exist in the SIP signaling path
between the originating and final terminating endpoints. These SIP
entities, as described in [RFC7092], modify SIP and SDP bodies and
also are likely to be on the media path. Such entities, when present
in the signaling/media path, are likely to do several things. For
example, some B2BUAs modify parts of the SDP body (like IP address,
port) and subsequently modify the RTP headers as well. There are
other types of B2BUAs that completely modify the RTP packet,
including the payload (e.g., a transcoder). In all these cases a
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DTLS association would break unless the B2BUA participates in the
DTLS setup and ensures the contexts are setup properly. B2BUA that
are in media path MUST support DTLS stack and SRTP extensions needed
for DTLS as described in [RFC5763] so that it can function as DTLS
proxy.
[RFC7092] describes three different categories of such B2BUAs,
according to the level of activities performed on the media plane:
A B2BUA that act as a simple media relay effectively unaware of
anything that is transported and only modifies the UDP/IP header
of the packets.
A B2BUA that performs a media-aware role. It inspects and
potentially modifies RTP or RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) headers;
but it does not modify the payload of RTP/RTCP.
A B2BUA that performs a media-termination role and operates at the
media payload layer, such as RTP/RTCP payload (e.g., a
transcoder).
The following sections will describe the behaviour B2BUAs should
follow in order to avoid any impact on end-to-end DTLS-SRTP streams.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The following generalized terms are defined in [RFC3261], Section 6.
B2BUA: a SIP Back-to-Back User Agent, which is the logical
combination of a User Agent Server (UAS) and User Agent Client
(UAC).
UAS: a SIP User Agent Server.
UAC: a SIP User Agent Client.
All of the pertinent B2BUA terminology and taxonomy used in this
document is based on [RFC7092].
It is assumed the reader is already familiar with the fundamental
concepts of the RTP protocol [RFC3550] and its taxonomy
[I-D.ietf-avtext-rtp-grouping-taxonomy], as well as those of SRTP
[RFC3711], and DTLS [RFC4347].
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3. Media Plane B2BUAs
3.1. Media Relay
A media relay as identified in section 3.2.1 of [RFC7092] basically
just forwards, from an application layer point-of-view, all packets
it receives on a negotiated UDP connection, without either inspecting
or modifying them. They just forward the UDP payload as-is by
changing only the UDP/IP header.
A media relay B2BUA MUST forward the certificate fingerprint and
setup attribute it receives in the SDP from the originating endpoint
as-is to the remote side and vice-versa. The below example shows a
"INVITE with SDP" SIP call flow with both SIP user agents doing DTLS-
SRTP with a media relay B2BUA that changes the UDP/IP address/port.
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+-------+ +------------------+ +-----+
| Alice | | MediaRelay B2BUA | | Bob |
+-------+ +------------------+ +-----+
|(1) INVITE | (3)INVITE |
| a=setup:actpass | a=setup:actpass |
| a=fingerprint1 | a= fingerprint1 |
| (alice's IP/port) | (B2BUA's IP, port) |
|------------------------>|-------------------------->|
| | |
| (2) 100 trying | |
|<------------------------| |
| | (4) 100 trying |
| |<--------------------------|
| | |
| | (5)200 OK |
| | a=setup:active |
| | a=fingerprint2 |
| | (Bob's IP, port) |
|<------------------------|<--------------------------|
| (6) 200 OK | |
| a=setup:active | |
| a=fingerprint2 | |
| B2BUA's address,port | |
| (7, 8)ClientHello + use_srtp |
|<------------------------|<--------------------------|
| | |
| | |
| (9,10)ServerHello + use_srtp |
|------------------------>|-------------------------->|
| (11) | |
| [Certificate exchange between Alice and Bob over |
| DTLS ] | |
| | |
| (12) | |
|<---------SRTP/SRTCP---->|<----SRTP/SRTCP----------->|
| [B2BUA just changes UDP/IP header] |
Figure 1: INVITE with SDP callflow for Media Relay B2BUA
NOTE: For the sake of brevity the entire fingerprint attribute is not
shown.
For each RTP or RTCP flow the peers do a DTLS handshake on the same
source and destination port pair to establish a DTLS association. In
this case, Bob, after he receives an INVITE triggers a DTLS
connection. Note the DTLS handshake and the response to the INVITE
may happen in parallel, thus, the B2BUA SHOULD be prepared to receive
media on the ports it advertised to Bob in the OFFER. Since a media
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relay B2BUA does not differentiate between a DTLS, RTP or any packet
sent it just changes the UDP/IP addresses and forwards the packet on
either leg.
[[TODO: ICE handling w.r.t media relay B2BUA will be discussed in
STUN passthrough STRAW WG item and the reference will be added in
this section]]
3.2. Media Aware or Media Termination
A media-aware relay, unlike the the media relay discussed in the
previous section, is actually aware of the media traffic it is
handling. A media-aware relay inspects SRTP and SRTCP packets
flowing through it, and may even be able to modify the headers in any
of them before forwarding them. A B2BUA performing such a media-
aware role de-crypts the payload and re-encrypt it, but it does not
modify the contents of the payload itself. Note that when such a
media-aware B2BUA modifies SRTP headers it MUST act as a DTLS
intermediary and terminate the DTLS connection so it can decrypt/re-
encrypt in order to properly update the compound SRTCP packet to make
them consistent. This DTLS proxy functionality of media-aware B2BUAs
is discussed in greater detail in Section X of
[I-D.ietf-straw-b2bua-rtcp].
[[TODO: Update reference to STRAW RTCP document once this new section
appears in the next version (in progress).]]
In addition to modifying the headers, a B2BUA performing a media
termination role can modify parts of the payload as well. For
example, a transcoder is a type of media terminator that modifies the
payload before it forwards the packet. These B2BUA's SHOULD have the
capability to distinguish between DTLS, SRTP, SRTCP or other packets
(e.g., STUN) received on the same UDP port by using the algorithm
mentioned in section 5.1.2 of [RFC5764] and takes care of handling
them separately.
Below example shows how a DTLS-SRTP session is setup for these B2BUA
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+-------+ +------------------+ +-----+
| Alice | | MediaAware B2BUA | | Bob |
+-------+ +------------------+ +-----+
|(1) INVITE | (3)INVITE |
| a=setup:actpass | a=setup:actpass |
| a=fingerprint1 | a= fingerprint2 |
| (alice's IP/port) | (B2BUA's IP, port) |
|------------------------>|-------------------------->|
| | |
| (2) 100 trying | |
|<------------------------| |
| | (4) 100 trying |
| |<--------------------------|
| | |
| | (5)200 OK |
| | a=setup:active |
| | a=fingerprint3 |
| | (Bob's IP, port) |
| |<--------------------------|
| |(6)ClientHello + use_srtp |
| |<--------------------------|
| (7) 200 OK | |
| a=setup:active | ServerHello + use_srtp (8)|
| a=fingerprint4 |-------------------------->|
| B2BUA's address,port | (9,10) |
|<------------------------| [Cert Exchange between] |
| (11)ClientHello+ | Bob and B2BUA over |
| use_srtp | DTLS |
|<------------------------| |
| (12)ServerHello+ | |
| use_srtp | |
|------------------------>| |
| (13,14 | |
| [Cert exchange between | |
| Alice and B2BUA | |
| DTLS ] | |
| | |
| (15) | (16) |
|<---------SRTP/SRTCP---->|<----SRTP/SRTCP----------->|
| [B2BUA modifies SRTP/SRTCP header and/or payload] |
Figure 2: INVITE with SDP callflow with Media-aware B2BUA
NOTE: For the sake of brevity the entire fingerprint attribute is not
shown.
NOTE: The same call flow would be applicable to "INVITE without SDP"
Offer calls.
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NOTE: Steps 5,6 may be parallel and so the B2BUA MAY receive
ClientHello before it sees a 200OK. Steps 7,8 can happen in any
order. Also steps 9,10, 11 may be parallel. B2BUA should be
prepared to handle these responses on each leg independently.
A media termination B2BUA MUST change the certificate fingerprint
from both the endpoints so that it can signal its own certificate
fingerprint in the SDP. This allows the B2BUA to act as a DTLS-SRTP
proxy and modify the payload.
3.3. Media Plane B2BUA with NAT handling
It is possible that DTLS exchange and offer/answer exchange happens
in parallel. In case of NAT exists between B2BUA and UA, ClientHello
message in DTLS will be lost in case the answer is not received in
UA. To overcome this issue, retransmission of ClientHello of DTLS as
mentioned in Sec 4.2.4.1 of [RFC6347] SHALL be followed or
ClientHello MAY be started only after offer/answer exchange is
complete.
4. DTLS-SRTP Handling in B2BUA with Forked Signaling
B2BUA's may receive multiple answers for an outbound INVITE due to a
downstream proxy forking the INVITE to multiple targets. It is
possible that each of these responses have different certificate
fingerprints. The B2BUA SHOULD take care of setting separate DTLS-
SRTP associations with each of the forked targets.
5. Security Considerations
This document simply describes the behavior B2BUAs should follow when
acting on the media plane that use SRTP security context setup with
the DTLS protocol. It does not introduce any specific security
considerations beyond those detailed in [RFC5763]. The B2BUA
behaviors outlined here also do not impact the security and integrity
of the DTLS-SRTP session nor the data exchanged over it.
6. IANA Considerations
This document makes no request of IANA.
7. Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Lorenzo Miniero, Ranjit Avarsala, Hadriel Kaplan,
Muthu Arul Mozhi, Paul Kyzivat, Peter Dawes and Brett Tate for their
constructive comments, suggestions, and early reviews that were
critical to the formulation and refinement of this document.
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8. Contributors
Rajeev Seth provided substantial contributions to this document.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.
[RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
RFC 3711, March 2004.
[RFC4347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security", RFC 4347, April 2006.
[RFC5763] Fischl, J., Tschofenig, H., and E. Rescorla, "Framework
for Establishing a Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
(SRTP) Security Context Using Datagram Transport Layer
Security (DTLS)", RFC 5763, May 2010.
[RFC5764] McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure
Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764, May 2010.
[RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, January 2012.
9.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-avtext-rtp-grouping-taxonomy]
Lennox, J., Gross, K., Nandakumar, S., and G. Salgueiro,
"A Taxonomy of Grouping Semantics and Mechanisms for Real-
Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Sources", draft-ietf-avtext-
rtp-grouping-taxonomy-01 (work in progress), February
2014.
[I-D.ietf-straw-b2bua-rtcp]
Miniero, L., Murillo, S., and V. Pascual, "Guidelines to
support RTCP end-to-end in Back-to-Back User Agents
(B2BUAs)", draft-ietf-straw-b2bua-rtcp-01 (work in
progress), June 2014.
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[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002.
[RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
[RFC7092] Kaplan, H. and V. Pascual, "A Taxonomy of Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) Back-to-Back User Agents", RFC
7092, December 2013.
Authors' Addresses
Ram Mohan Ravindranath
Cisco
Cessna Business Park
Sarjapur-Marathahalli Outer Ring Road
Bangalore, Karnataka 560103
India
Email: rmohanr@cisco.com
Tirumaleswar Reddy
Cisco
Cessna Business Park, Varthur Hobli
Sarjapur Marathalli Outer Ring Road
Bangalore, Karnataka 560103
India
Email: tireddy@cisco.com
Gonzalo Salgueiro
Cisco Systems, Inc.
7200-12 Kit Creek Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
US
Email: gsalguei@cisco.com
Victor Pascual
Quobis
Spain
Email: victor.pascual@quobis.com
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