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Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Data Channel
draft-reddy-dots-data-channel-03

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors Tirumaleswar Reddy.K , Mohamed Boucadair , Kaname Nishizuka , Liang Xia , Prashanth Patil
Last updated 2016-12-23
Replaced by draft-ietf-dots-data-channel, draft-ietf-dots-data-channel, RFC 8783
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draft-reddy-dots-data-channel-03
DOTS                                                            T. Reddy
Internet-Draft                                                     Cisco
Intended status: Standards Track                            M. Boucadair
Expires: June 26, 2017                                            Orange
                                                            K. Nishizuka
                                                      NTT Communications
                                                                  L. Xia
                                                                  Huawei
                                                                P. Patil
                                                                   Cisco
                                                       December 23, 2016

Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Data Channel
                    draft-reddy-dots-data-channel-03

Abstract

   The document specifies a Distributed Denial-of-Service Open Threat
   Signaling (DOTS) data channel used for bulk exchange of data not
   easily or appropriately communicated through the DOTS signal channel
   under attack conditions.  This is a companion document to the DOTS
   signal channel specification.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 26, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents

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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Notational Conventions and Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  DOTS Data Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  DOTS Data Channel YANG Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.1.  Identifier Model structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.2.  Identifier Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.1.3.  Filter Model and structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.2.1.  Create Identifiers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.2.2.  Delete Identifiers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.2.3.  Retrieving Installed Identifiers  . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.3.  Filtering Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.3.1.  Install Filtering Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.3.2.  Remove Filtering Rules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       3.3.3.  Retrieving Installed Filtering Rules  . . . . . . . .  16
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   5.  Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19

1.  Introduction

   A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is an attempt to make
   machines or network resources unavailable to their intended users.
   In most cases, sufficient scale can be achieved by compromising
   enough end-hosts and using those infected hosts to perpetrate and
   amplify the attack.  The victim in this attack can be an application
   server, a client, a router, a firewall, or an entire network.

   DDoS Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) defines two channels: signal and
   data channels [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture] (Figure 1).  The DOTS
   signal channel used to convey that a network is under a DDOS attack
   to an upstream DOTS server so that appropriate mitigation actions are
   undertaken on the suspect traffic is further elaborated in

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   [I-D.reddy-dots-signal-channel].  The DOTS data channel is used for
   infrequent bulk data exchange between DOTS agents in the aim to
   significantly augment attack response coordination.

     +---------------+                                 +---------------+
     |               | <------- Signal Channel ------> |               |
     |  DOTS Client  |                                 |  DOTS Server  |
     |               | <=======  Data Channel  ======> |               |
     +---------------+                                 +---------------+

                          Figure 1: DOTS Channels

   Section 2 of [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture] identifies that the DOTS
   data channel is used to perform the tasks listed below:

   o  Filter management, which enables a DOTS client to install or
      remove traffic filters dropping or rate-limiting unwanted traffic
      and permitting white-listed traffic.  Sample use cases for
      populating black- or white-list filtering rules are detailed
      hereafter:

      A.  If a network resource (DOTS client) detects a potential DDoS
          attack from a set of IP addresses, the DOTS client informs its
          servicing router (DOTS gateway) of all suspect IP addresses
          that need to be blocked or black-listed for further
          investigation.  The DOTS client could also specify a list of
          protocols and ports in the black-list rule.  That DOTS gateway
          in-turn propagates the black-listed IP addresses to the DOTS
          server which will undertake appropriate action so that traffic
          from these IP addresses to the target network (specified by
          the DOTS client) is blocked.

      B.  An enterprise network has partner sites from which only
          legitimate traffic arrives and the enterprise network wants to
          ensure that the traffic from these sites is not penalized
          during DDOS attacks.  The DOTS client uses DOTS data channel
          to convey the white-listed IP addresses or prefixes of the
          partner sites to its DOTS server.  The DOTS server uses this
          information to white-list flows from such IP addresses or
          prefixes reaching the enterprise network.

   o  Creating identifiers, such as names or aliases, for resources for
      which mitigation may be requested:

      A.  The DOTS client may submit to the DOTS server a collection of
          prefixes it wants to refer to by alias when requesting
          mitigation, to which the server would respond with a success
          status and the new prefix group alias, or an error status and

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          message in the event the DOTS client's data channel request
          failed (see requirement OP-006 in [I-D.ietf-dots-requirements]
          and Section 2 in [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture]).

2.  Notational Conventions and Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   The reader should be familiar with the terms defined in
   [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture].

   For simplicity, all of the examples in this document use "/restconf"
   as the discovered RESTCONF API root path.  Many protocol header lines
   and message-body text within examples throughout the document are
   split into multiple lines for display purposes only.  When a line
   ends with backslash ('\') as the last character, the line is wrapped
   for display purposes.  It is to be considered to be joined to the
   next line by deleting the backslash, the following line break, and
   the leading whitespace of the next line.

3.  DOTS Data Channel

   The DOTS data channel is intended to be used for bulk data exchanges
   between DOTS agents.  Unlike the signal channel, which must operate
   nominally even when confronted with despite signal degradation due to
   packet loss, the data channel is not expected to be constructed to
   deal with attack conditions.

   As the primary function of the data channel is data exchange, a
   reliable transport is required in order for DOTS agents to detect
   data delivery success or failure.  RESTCONF
   [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf] over TLS [RFC5246] over TCP is used for
   DOTS data channel (Figure 2).  RESTCONF uses HTTP methods to provide
   CRUD operations on a conceptual datastore containing YANG-defined
   data, which is compatible with a server which implements NETCONF
   datastores.  The HTTP POST, PUT, PATCH, and DELETE methods are used
   to edit data resources represented by DOTS data channel YANG data
   models.  These basic edit operations allow the DOTS data channel
   running configuration to be altered by a DOTS client.  DOTS data
   channel configuration data and state data can be retrieved with the
   GET method.  HTTP status codes are used to report success or failure
   for RESTCONF operations.  The DOTS client will perform the root
   resource discovery procedure discussed in Section 3.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf] to determine the root of the RESTCONF
   API.  After discovering the RESTCONF API root, the DOTS client MUST
   use this value as the initial part of the path in the request URI, in

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   any subsequent request to the DOTS server.  The DOTS server can
   optionally support retrieval of the YANG modules it supports
   (Section 3.7 in [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf]).

                                  +--------------+
                                  |     DOTS     |
                                  +--------------+
                                  |   RESTCONF   |
                                  +--------------+
                                  |     TLS      |
                                  +--------------+
                                  |     TCP      |
                                  +--------------+
                                  |     IP       |
                                  +--------------+

    Figure 2: Abstract Layering of DOTS data channel over RESTCONF over
                                    TLS

   JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC7159] payloads is used to
   convey DOTS signal channel session configuration, filtering rules as
   well as data channel specific payload messages that convey request
   parameters and response information such as errors.  This
   specification uses the encoding rules defined in [RFC7951] for
   representing DOTS data channel configuration data defined using YANG
   (Section 3.1) as JSON text.

   A DOTS client registers itself to its DOTS server(s) in order to set
   up DOTS data channel related configuration data on the DOTS server
   and receive state data (i.e., non-configuration data) from the DOTS
   server.  A single DOTS data channel between DOTS agents can be used
   to exchange multiple requests and multiple responses.  To reduce DOTS
   client and DOTS server workload, DOTS client SHOULD re-use the TLS
   session.

3.1.  DOTS Data Channel YANG Model

3.1.1.  Identifier Model structure

   This document defines a YANG [RFC6020] data model for creating
   identifers, such as names or aliases, for resources for which
   mitigation may be requested.  Such identifiers may then be used in
   subsequent DOTS signal channel exchanges to refer more efficiently to
   the resources under attack.

   This document defines the YANG module "ietf-dots-data-channel-
   identifier", which has the following structure:

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   module: ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier
       +--rw identifier
          +--rw alias* [alias-name]
             +--rw alias-name          string
             +--rw ip*                 inet:ip-address
             +--rw prefix*             inet:ip-prefix
             +--rw port-range* [lower-port upper-port]
             |  +--rw lower-port    inet:port-number
             |  +--rw upper-port    inet:port-number
             +--rw traffic-protocol*   uint8
             +--rw FQDN*               inet:domain-name
             +--rw URI*                inet:uri
             +--rw E.164*              string

3.1.2.  Identifier Model

<CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier@2016-11-28.yang"

module ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier {
      namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier";
      prefix "alias";
      import ietf-inet-types {
          prefix "inet";
      }
     organization "Cisco Systems, Inc.";
     contact "Tirumaleswar Reddy <tireddy@cisco.com>";

     description
       "This module contains YANG definition for
        configuring identifiers for resources using DOTS data channel";

     revision 2016-11-28 {
       reference
       "https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-reddy-dots-data-channel";
     }

     container identifier {
          description "top level container for identifiers";
              list alias {
                   key alias-name;
                   description "list of identifiers";
                   leaf alias-name {
                      type string;
                      description "alias name";
                   }
                   leaf-list ip {
                      type inet:ip-address;
                      description "IP address";

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                   }
                   leaf-list prefix {
                      type inet:ip-prefix;
                      description "prefix";
                   }
                   list port-range {
                      key "lower-port upper-port";
                      description "Port range. When only lower-port is present,
                                   it represents a single port.";
                      leaf lower-port {
                         type inet:port-number;
                         mandatory true;
                         description "lower port";
                      }
                      leaf upper-port {
                         type inet:port-number;
                         must ". >= ../lower-port" {
                           error-message
                           "The upper-port must be greater than or
                            equal to lower-port";
                         }
                         description "upper port";
                      }
                   }
                   leaf-list traffic-protocol {
                      type uint8;
                      description "Internet Protocol number";
                   }
                   leaf-list FQDN {
                     type inet:domain-name;
                     description "FQDN";
                   }
                   leaf-list URI {
                     type inet:uri;
                     description "URI";
                   }
                   leaf-list E.164 {
                      type string;
                      description "E.164 number";
                   }
              }
     }
  }
 <CODE ENDS>

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3.1.3.  Filter Model and structure

   This document uses the Access Control List (ACL) YANG data model
   [I-D.ietf-netmod-acl-model] for the configuration of filtering rules.
   ACL is explained in Section 1 of [I-D.ietf-netmod-acl-model].

   Examples of such configuration include:

   o  Black-list management, which enables a DOTS client to inform the
      DOTS server about sources from which traffic should be suppressed.

   o  White-list management, which enables a DOTS client to inform the
      DOTS server about sources from which traffic should always be
      accepted.

   o  Filter management, which enables a DOTS client to install or
      remove traffic filters dropping or rate-limiting unwanted traffic.

3.2.  Identifiers

3.2.1.  Create Identifiers

   A POST request is used to create identifiers, such as names or
   aliases, for resources for which a mitigation may be requested.  Such
   identifiers may then be used in subsequent DOTS signal channel
   exchanges to refer more efficiently to the resources under attack
   (Figure 3).

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    POST /restconf/data/ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier HTTP/1.1
    Host: {host}:{port}
    Content-Format: "application/yang.api+json"
    {
     "ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier:identifier": {
       "alias": [
         {
           "alias-name": "string",
           "ip": [
             "string"
           ],
           "prefix": [
             "string"
           ],
           "port-range": [
             {
               "lower-port": integer,
               "upper-port": integer
             }
           ],
           "traffic-protocol": [
             integer
           ],
           "FQDN": [
             "string"
           ],
           "URI": [
             "string"
           ],
           "E.164": [
             "string"
           ]
         }
       ]
     }
   }

                   Figure 3: POST to create identifiers

   The header parameters are described below:

   alias-name:  Name of the alias.  This is a mandatory attribute.

   traffic-protocol:   Internet Protocol numbers.  This is an optional
      attribute.

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   port-range:   The port range, lower-port for lower port number and
      upper-port for upper port number.  For TCP, UDP, SCTP, or DCCP:
      the range of ports (e.g., 80 to 8080).  This is an optional
      attribute.

   ip:  IP addresses are separated by commas.  This is an optional
      attribute.

   prefix:   Prefixes are separated by commas.  This is an optional
      attribute.

   FQDN:   Fully Qualified Domain Name, is the full name of a system,
      rather than just its hostname.  For example, "venera" is a
      hostname, and "venera.isi.edu" is an FQDN.  This is an optional
      attribute.

   URI:   Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).  This is an optional
      attribute.

   E.164:   E.164 number.  This is an optional attribute.

   In the POST request at least one of the attributes traffic-protocol
   or port-range or ip or prefix or FQDN or URI or E.164 MUST be
   present.

   Figure 4 shows a POST request to create alias called "https1" for
   HTTP(S) servers with IP addresses 2002:db8:6401::1 and
   2002:db8:6401::2 listening on port 443.

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   POST /restconf/data/ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier HTTP/1.1
   Host: www.example.com
   Content-Format: "application/yang.api+json"
   {
     "ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier:identifier": {
       "alias": [
         {
           "alias-name": "Server1",
           "traffic-protocol": [
             6
           ],
           "ip": [
             "2002:db8:6401::1",
             "2002:db8:6401::2"
           ],
           "port-range": [
             {
               "lower-port": 443
             }
           ]
         }
       ]
     }
   }

                   Figure 4: POST to create identifiers

   The DOTS server indicates the result of processing the POST request
   using HTTP response codes.  HTTP 2xx codes are success, HTTP 4xx
   codes are some sort of invalid requests and 5xx codes are returned if
   the DOTS server has erred or it is incapable of accepting the alias.
   Response code 201 (Created) will be returned in the response if the
   DOTS server has accepted the alias.  If the request is missing one or
   more mandatory attributes then 400 (Bad Request) will be returned in
   the response or if the request contains invalid or unknown parameters
   then 400 (Invalid query) will be returned in the response.  The HTTP
   response will include the JSON body received in the request.

3.2.2.  Delete Identifiers

   A DELETE request is used to delete identifiers maintained by a DOTS
   server (Figure 5).

     DELETE /restconf/data/ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier:identifier\
            /alias=Server1 HTTP/1.1
     Host: {host}:{port}

                        Figure 5: DELETE identifier

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   In RESTCONF, URI-encoded path expressions are used.  A RESTCONF data
   resource identifier is encoded from left to right, starting with the
   top-level data node, according to the "api-path" rule defined in
   Section 3.5.3.1 of [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf].  The data node in the
   above path expression is a YANG list node and MUST be encoded
   according to the rules defined in Section 3.5.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf].

   If the DOTS server does not find the alias name conveyed in the
   DELETE request in its configuration data, then it responds with a 404
   (Not Found) error response code.  The DOTS server successfully
   acknowledges a DOTS client's request to remove the identifier using
   204 (No Content) in the response.

3.2.3.  Retrieving Installed Identifiers

   A GET request is used to retrieve the set of installed identifiers
   from a DOTS server (Section 3.3.1 in [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf]).
   Figure 6 shows how to retrieve all the identifiers that were
   instantiated by the DOTS client.  The content parameter and its
   permitted values are defined in Section 4.8.1 of
   [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf].

     GET /restconf/data/ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier:identifier?\
         content=config HTTP/1.1
     Host: {host}:{port}
     Accept: application/yang-data+json

          Figure 6: GET to retrieve all the installed identifiers

   Figure 7 shows response for all identifiers on the DOTS server.

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   {
    "ietf-dots-data-channel-identifier:identifier": [
     {
       "alias": [
         {
           "alias-name": "Server1",
           "traffic-protocol": [
             6
           ],
           "ip": [
             "2002:db8:6401::1",
             "2002:db8:6401::2"
           ],
           "port-range": [
             {
               "lower-port": 443
             }
           ]
         }
       ]
     },
     {
       "alias": [
         {
           "alias-name": "Server2",
           "traffic-protocol": [
             6
           ],
           "ip": [
             "2002:db8:6401::10",
             "2002:db8:6401::20"
           ],
           "port-range": [
             {
               "lower-port": 80
             }
           ]
         }
       ]
     }
    ]
   }

                          Figure 7: Response body

   If the DOTS server does not find the alias name conveyed in the GET
   request in its configuration data, then it responds with a 404 (Not
   Found) error response code.

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3.3.  Filtering Rules

   One of the possible arrangements for a DOTS client to signal
   filtering rules to a DOTS server via the DOTS gateway is discussed
   below:

   The DOTS data channel conveys the filtering rules to the DOTS
   gateway.  The DOTS gateway validates if the DOTS client is authorized
   to signal the filtering rules and if the client is authorized
   propagates the rules to the DOTS server.  Likewise, the DOTS server
   validates if the DOTS gateway is authorized to signal the filtering
   rules.  To create or purge filters, the DOTS client sends HTTP
   requests to the DOTS gateway.  The DOTS gateway validates the rules
   in the requests and proxies the requests containing the filtering
   rules to a DOTS server.  When the DOTS gateway receives the
   associated HTTP response from the DOTS server, it propagates the
   response back to the DOTS client.

   The following APIs define means for a DOTS client to configure
   filtering rules on a DOTS server.

3.3.1.  Install Filtering Rules

   A POST request is used to push filtering rules to a DOTS server.
   Figure 8 shows a POST request to block traffic from 10.10.10.1/24,
   destined to 11.11.11.1/24.  The ACL JSON configuration for the
   filtering rule is generated using the ACL YANG data model defined in
   [I-D.ietf-netmod-acl-model] and the ACL configuration XML for the
   filtering rule is specified in Section 4.3 of
   [I-D.ietf-netmod-acl-model].

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  POST /restconf/data/ietf-access-control-list HTTP/1.1
  Host: www.example.com
  Content-Format: "application/yang.api+json"
  {
   "ietf-access-control-list:access-lists": {
      "acl": [
          {
               "acl-name": "sample-ipv4-acl",
               "acl-type": "ipv4",
               "access-list-entries": {
                   "ace": [
                       {
                           "rule-name": "rule1",
                           "matches": {
                               "source-ipv4-network": "10.10.10.1/24",
                               "destination-ipv4-network": "11.11.11.1/24"
                            },
                            "actions": {
                                "deny": [null]
                            }
                        }
                    ]
               }
          }
      ]
   }
  }

                 Figure 8: POST to install filterng rules

   The header parameters defined in [I-D.ietf-netmod-acl-model] are
   discussed below:

   acl-name:  The name of access-list.  This is a mandatory attribute.

   acl-type:  Indicates the primary intended type of match criteria
      (e.g.  IPv4, IPv6).  This is a mandatory attribute.

   protocol:   Internet Protocol numbers.  This is an optional
      attribute.

   source-ipv4-network:  The source IPv4 prefix.  This is an optional
      attribute.

   destination-ipv4-network:  The destination IPv4 prefix.  This is an
      optional attribute.

   actions:   "deny" or "permit".  This is an optional attribute.

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   The DOTS server indicates the result of processing the POST request
   using HTTP response codes.  HTTP 2xx codes are success, HTTP 4xx
   codes are some sort of invalid requests and 5xx codes are returned if
   the DOTS server has erred or it is incapable of configuring the
   filtering rules.  Response code 201 (Created) will be returned in the
   response if the DOTS server has accepted the filtering rules.  If the
   request is missing one or more mandatory attributes then 400 (Bad
   Request) will be returned in the response or if the request contains
   invalid or unknown parameters then 400 (Invalid query) will be
   returned in the response.

3.3.2.  Remove Filtering Rules

   A DELETE request is used to delete filtering rules from a DOTS server
   (Figure 9).

   DELETE /restconf/data/ietf-access-control-list:access-lists/acl-name\
          =sample-ipv4-acl&acl-type=ipv4 HTTP/1.1
   Host: {host}:{port}

              Figure 9: DELETE to remove the filtering rules

   If the DOTS server does not find the access list name and access list
   type conveyed in the DELETE request in its configuration data, then
   it responds with a 404 (Not Found) error response code.  The DOTS
   server successfully acknowledges a DOTS client's request to withdraw
   the filtering rules using 204 (No Content) response code, and removes
   the filtering rules as soon as possible.

3.3.3.  Retrieving Installed Filtering Rules

   The DOTS client periodically queries the DOTS server to check the
   counters for installed filtering rules.  A GET request is used to
   retrieve filtering rules from a DOTS server.  Figure 10 shows how to
   retrieve all the filtering rules programmed by the DOTS client and
   the number of matches for the installed filtering rules.

  GET /restconf/data/ietf-access-control-list:access-lists?content=all HTTP/1.1
  Host: {host}:{port}
  Accept: application/yang-data+json

   Figure 10: GET to retrieve the configuration data and state data for
                            the filtering rules

   If the DOTS server does not find the access list name and access list
   type conveyed in the GET request in its configuration data, then it
   responds with a 404 (Not Found) error response code.

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4.  IANA Considerations

   TODO

   [TBD: DOTS WG will have to do something similar to
   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-10, and create JSON DOTS
   claim registry and register the JSON attributes defined in this
   specification].

5.  Contributors

   The following individuals have contributed to this document:

   Dan Wing Email: dwing-ietf@fuggles.com

6.  Security Considerations

   Authenticated encryption MUST be used for data confidentiality and
   message integrity.  TLS based on client certificate MUST be used for
   mutual authentication.  The interaction between the DOTS agents
   requires Transport Layer Security (TLS) with a cipher suite offering
   confidentiality protection and the guidance given in [RFC7525] MUST
   be followed to avoid attacks on TLS.

   An attacker may be able to inject RST packets, bogus application
   segments, etc., regardless of whether TLS authentication is used.
   Because the application data is TLS protected, this will not result
   in the application receiving bogus data, but it will constitute a DoS
   on the connection.  This attack can be countered by using TCP-AO
   [RFC5925].  If TCP-AO is used, then any bogus packets injected by an
   attacker will be rejected by the TCP-AO integrity check and therefore
   will never reach the TLS layer.

   Special care should be taken in order to ensure that the activation
   of the proposed mechanism won't have an impact on the stability of
   the network (including connectivity and services delivered over that
   network).

   Involved functional elements in the cooperation system must establish
   exchange instructions and notification over a secure and
   authenticated channel.  Adequate filters can be enforced to avoid
   that nodes outside a trusted domain can inject request such as
   deleting filtering rules.  Nevertheless, attacks can be initiated
   from within the trusted domain if an entity has been corrupted.
   Adequate means to monitor trusted nodes should also be enabled.

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7.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Christian Jacquenet, Roland Dobbins, Andrew Mortensen,
   Roman Danyliw, and Gilbert Clark for the discussion and comments.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-dots-architecture]
              Mortensen, A., Andreasen, F., Reddy, T.,
              christopher_gray3@cable.comcast.com, c., Compton, R., and
              N. Teague, "Distributed-Denial-of-Service Open Threat
              Signaling (DOTS) Architecture", draft-ietf-dots-
              architecture-01 (work in progress), October 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-netconf-restconf]
              Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", draft-ietf-netconf-restconf-18 (work in
              progress), October 2016.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC5925]  Touch, J., Mankin, A., and R. Bonica, "The TCP
              Authentication Option", RFC 5925, DOI 10.17487/RFC5925,
              June 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5925>.

   [RFC7525]  Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre,
              "Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
              (DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May
              2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7525>.

   [RFC7951]  Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
              RFC 7951, DOI 10.17487/RFC7951, August 2016,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7951>.

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8.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-dots-requirements]
              Mortensen, A., Moskowitz, R., and T. Reddy, "Distributed
              Denial of Service (DDoS) Open Threat Signaling
              Requirements", draft-ietf-dots-requirements-03 (work in
              progress), October 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-netmod-acl-model]
              Bogdanovic, D., Koushik, K., Huang, L., and D. Blair,
              "Network Access Control List (ACL) YANG Data Model",
              draft-ietf-netmod-acl-model-09 (work in progress), October
              2016.

   [I-D.reddy-dots-signal-channel]
              Reddy, T., Boucadair, M., and P. Patil, "Distributed
              Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Signal
              Channel", draft-reddy-dots-signal-channel-06 (work in
              progress), December 2016.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, DOI 10.17487/RFC4632, August
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4632>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.

Authors' Addresses

   Tirumaleswar Reddy
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   Cessna Business Park, Varthur Hobli
   Sarjapur Marathalli Outer Ring Road
   Bangalore, Karnataka  560103
   India

   Email: tireddy@cisco.com

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   Mohamed Boucadair
   Orange
   Rennes  35000
   France

   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com

   Kaname Nishizuka
   NTT Communications
   GranPark 16F 3-4-1 Shibaura, Minato-ku
   Tokyo  108-8118
   Japan

   Email: kaname@nttv6.jp

   Liang Xia
   Huawei
   101 Software Avenue, Yuhuatai District
   Nanjing, Jiangsu  210012
   China

   Email: frank.xialiang@huawei.com

   Prashanth Patil
   Cisco Systems, Inc.

   Email: praspati@cisco.com

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