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MUD (D)TLS profiles for IoT devices
draft-reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-00

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Document Type
This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors Tirumaleswar Reddy.K , Dan Wing
Last updated 2019-08-06
Replaced by draft-ietf-opsawg-mud-tls
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draft-reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-00
OPSWG WG                                                        T. Reddy
Internet-Draft                                                    McAfee
Intended status: Standards Track                                 D. Wing
Expires: February 7, 2020                                         Citrix
                                                          August 6, 2019

                  MUD (D)TLS profiles for IoT devices
                     draft-reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-00

Abstract

   This memo extends Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD) to model DTLS
   and TLS usage.  This allows a network element to notice abnormal DTLS
   or TLS usage which has been strong indicator of other software
   running on the endpoint, typically malware.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on February 7, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Overview of MUD (D)TLS profiles for IoT devices . . . . . . .   4
   4.  (D)TLS profile YANG module  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Tree Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.2.  YANG Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  (D)TLS 1.3 handshake  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     5.1.  Encrypted SNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     5.2.  Full (D)TLS 1.3 handshake inspection  . . . . . . . . . .  12
   6.  MUD File Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   9.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   10. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     10.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     10.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16

1.  Introduction

   Encryption is necessary to protect the privacy of end users using IoT
   devices.  In a network setting, TLS [RFC8446] and DTLS
   [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13] are the dominant protocols to provide
   encryption for IoT device traffic.  Unfortunately in conjunction with
   IoT applications rise of encryption, malware is also using encryption
   which thwarts network-based analysis such as deep packet inspection
   (DPI).  Other mechanisms are needed to notice malware is running on
   the IoT device.

   Malware frequently uses its own libraries for its activities, and
   those libraries are re-used much like any other software engineering
   project.  Research [malware] indicates there are observable
   differences in how malware uses encryption compared with non-malware
   uses encryption.  There are several interesting findings specific to
   DTLS and TLS which were found common to malware:

   o  Older and weaker cryptographic parameters (e.g.,
      TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA).

   o  TLS SNI and server certificates are composed of subjects with
      characteristics of a domain generation algorithm (DGA) (e.g.,
      www.33mhwt2j.net).

   o  Higher use of self-signed certificates compared with typical
      legitimate software.

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   o  Discrepancies in the server name indication (SNI) TLS extension in
      the ClientHello message and the DNS names in the
      SubjectAltName(SAN) X.509 extension in the server certificate
      message.

   o  Discrepancies in the key exchange algorithm and the client public
      key length in comparison with legitimate flows.  As a reminder,
      Client Key Exchange message has been removed from TLS 1.3.

   o  Lower diversity in TLS client advertised TLS extensions compared
      to legitimate clients.

   If observable (D)TLS profile parameters are used, the following
   discusses the favorable impact on network security:

   o  Although IoT devices that have a single or small number of uses
      might have very broad communication patterns.  In such a case, MUD
      rules using ACLs on its own is not suitable for these IoT devices
      but observable (D)TLS profile parameters can be used for such IoT
      devices to permit intended use and to block malicious behaviour of
      IoT devices.

   o  Several TLS deployments have been vulnerable to active Man-In-The-
      Middle (MITM) attacks because of lack of certificate validation.
      By observing (D)TLS profile parameters, a network element can
      detect when the TLS SNI mismatches the SubjectAltName and detect
      when the server's certificate is invalid, and alert those
      situations.

   o  IoT device can learn a new skill, and the new skill changes the
      way the IoT device communicates with other devices located in the
      local network and Internet.  In other words, if IP addresses and
      domain names the IoT device connects to rapidly changes and MUD
      rules using ACLs cannot be rapidly updated, observable (D)TLS
      profile parameters can be used to permit intended use and to block
      malicious behaviour of IoT device.

   This document extends MUD [RFC8520] to model observable (D)TLS
   profile parameters.  Using these (D)TLS profile parameters, an active
   MUD-enforcing firewall can identify MUD non-compliant DTLS and TLS
   behavior that can indicate malware is running on the IoT device.
   This detection can prevent malware download, block access to
   malicious domains, enforce use of strong ciphers, stop data
   exfiltration, etc.  In addition, organizations may have policies
   around acceptable ciphers and certificates on the websites the IoT
   devices connect to.  Examples include no use of old and less secure
   versions of TLS, no use of self-signed certificates, deny-list or
   accept-list of Certificate Authorities, valid certificate expiration

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   time, etc.  These policies can be enforced by observing the (D)TLS
   profile parameters.  Enterprise firewall can use the IoT device's
   (D)TLS profile parameters to identify legitimate flows by observation
   of (D)TLS sessions, and can make inferences to permit legitimate
   flows and to block malicious flows.  The proposed technique is also
   suitable in deployments where decryption techniques are not ideal due
   to privacy concerns, non-cooperating end-points and expense.

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   "(D)TLS" is used for statements that apply to both Transport Layer
   Security [RFC8446] and Datagram Transport Layer Security [RFC6347].
   Specific terms are used for any statement that applies to either
   protocol alone.

3.  Overview of MUD (D)TLS profiles for IoT devices

   In Enterprise networks, protection and detection are typically done
   both on end hosts and in the network.  Host agents have deep
   visibility on the devices where they are installed, whereas the
   network has broader visibility.  Installing host agents may not be a
   viable option on IoT devices, and network-based security can only be
   used to protect such IoT devices.  (D)TLS profile parameters of IoT
   device can be used by middle-boxes to detect and block malware
   communication, while at the same time preserving the privacy of
   legitimate uses of encryption.  Middle-boxes need not proxy (D)TLS
   but can passively observe the parameters of (D)TLS handshakes from
   IoT devices and gain good visibility into TLS 1.0 to 1.2 parameters
   and partial visibility into TLS 1.3 parameters.  Malicious agents can
   try to use the (D)TLS profile parameters as legitimate agents to
   evade detection but it becomes a challenge to mimic the behavior of
   various IoT device types and IoT device models from several
   manufacturers.  In other words, malware developers will have to
   develop malicious agents per IoT device type, manufacturer and model
   (which will be several thousands), infect the device with specific
   malware agent and will have keep up with the updates to (D)TLS
   profile parameters of IoT devices.  Further, the malware command and
   control server certificates needs to be signed by the same certifying
   authorities trusted by the IoT devices.

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4.  (D)TLS profile YANG module

   This document specifies a YANG module for representing (D)TLS
   profile.  The (D)TLS profile YANG module provides a method for
   firewall to observe the (D)TLS profile parameters in the (D)TLS
   handshake to permit intended use and to block malicious behavior.
   This module uses the common YANG types defined in [RFC6991] , rules
   defined in [RFC8519] and cryptographic types defined in
   [I-D.ietf-netconf-crypto-types].

   The (D)TLS profiles and the parameters in each (D)TLS profile include
   the following:

   o  Profile name

   o  (D)TLS version in ClientHello.legacy_version

   o  (D)TLS versions supported by the IoT device.  As a reminder,
      "supported_versions" extension defined in (D)TLS 1.3 is used by
      the client to indicate which versions of (D)TLS it supports and a
      client is considered to be attempting to negotiate (D)TLS 1.3 if
      the ClientHello contains a "supported_versions" extension with
      0x0304 contained in its body.

   o  If GREASE [I-D.ietf-tls-grease] (Generate Random Extensions And
      Sustain Extensibility) values are offered by the client or not.

   o  List of supported symmetric encryption algorithms

   o  List of supported compression methods

   o  List of extension types

   o  List of trust anchor certificates used by the IoT device.  Note
      that server certificate is encrypted in (D)TLS 1.3 and the middle-
      box without acting as (D)TLS proxy cannot validate the server
      certificate.

   o  List of SPKI pin sets pre-configured on the client to validate
      self-signed server certificates or raw public keys

   o  Cryptographic hash algorithm used to generate the SPKI pinsets

   o  List of pre-shared key exchange modes

   o  List of DHE or ECDHE groups supported by the client

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   o  List signature algorithms the client can validate in X.509 server
      certificates

   o  List of client key exchange algorithms and the client public key
      lengths in versions prior to (D)TLS 1.3

   The (D)TLS profile parameters MUST NOT include the GREASE values for
   extension types, supported groups, signature algorithms, (D)TLS
   versions, pre-shared key exchange modes and cipher suites.  Note that
   the GREASE values are random and peers will ignore these values and
   interoperate.

   If the (D)TLS profile parameters are not observed in a (D)TLS session
   from the IoT device, the default behaviour is to block the (D)TLS
   session.

4.1.  Tree Structure

   This document augments the "ietf-mud" MUD YANG module defined in
   [RFC8520] for signaling the IoT device (D)TLS profile.  This document
   defines the YANG module "reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile", which has the
   following tree structure:

module: reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile
  augment /mud:mud/mud:from-device-policy:
    +--rw client-profile
       +--rw tls-profiles* [profile-name]
          +--rw profile-name              string
          +--rw protocol-version?         uint16
          +--rw supported_versions*       uint16
          +--rw grease_extension?         boolean
          +--rw encryption-algorithms*    encryption-algorithm
          +--rw compression-methods*      compression-method
          +--rw extension-types*          extension-type
          +--rw acceptlist-ta-certs*      ct:trust-anchor-cert-cms
          +--rw SPKI-pin-sets*            SPKI-pin-set
          +--rw SPKI-hash-algorithm       ct:hash-algorithm-t
          +--rw psk-key-exchange-modes*   psk-key-exchange-mode
          +--rw supported-groups*         supported-group
          +--rw signature-algorithms*     signature-algorithm
          +--rw client-public-keys
          |  +--rw key-exchange-algorithms*     key-exchange-algorithm
          |  +--rw client-public-key-lengths*   client-public-key-length
          +--rw actions
             +--rw forwarding    identityref

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4.2.  YANG Module

module reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile {
   yang-version 1.1;
   namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile";
   prefix mud-tls-profile;

   import ietf-crypto-types {
     prefix ct;
     reference "draft-ietf-netconf-crypto-types-01:
                Common YANG Data Types for Cryptography";
   }

   import ietf-inet-types {
     prefix inet;
     reference "Section 4 of RFC 6991";
   }

   import ietf-mud {
     prefix mud;
     reference "RFC 8520";
   }

   import ietf-access-control-list {
     prefix ietf-acl;
     reference
       "RFC 8519: YANG Data Model for Network Access
                  Control Lists (ACLs)";
   }

   organization
     "IETF Operations and Management Area Working Group Working Group";
   contact
      "Editor:  Konda, Tirumaleswar Reddy
               <mailto:TirumaleswarReddy_Konda@McAfee.com>";

   description
     "This module contains YANG definition for configuring
      aliases for resources and filtering rules using DOTS
      data channel.

      Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
      authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

      Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
      without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
      to the license terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License

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      set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
      Relating to IETF Documents
      (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

      This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
      the RFC itself for full legal notices.";

   revision 2019-06-12 {
     description
       "Initial revision.";
   }

   typedef compression-method {
     type uint8;
     description "Compression method.";
   }

   typedef extension-type {
     type uint16;
     description "Extension type.";
   }

   typedef encryption-algorithm {
     type uint16;
     description "Encryption algorithms.";
   }

   typedef supported-group {
     type uint16;
     description "supported DHE or ECDHE group.";
   }

   typedef SPKI-pin-set {
     type binary;
     description "Subject Public Key Info pin set.";
   }

   typedef signature-algorithm {
     type uint16;
     description "Signature algorithm";
   }

   typedef key-exchange-algorithm {
     type uint8;
     description "key exchange algorithm";
   }

   typedef psk-key-exchange-mode {

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     type uint8;
     description "pre-shared key exchange mode";
   }

   typedef client-public-key-length {
     type uint8;
     description "client public key length";
   }

   augment "/mud:mud/mud:from-device-policy" {
     container client-profile {
       list tls-profiles {
         key "profile-name";
         description
          "(D)TLS version profiles supported by the client";
        leaf profile-name {
          type string {
            length "1..64";
          }
          description
            "The name of (D)TLS profile; space and special
            characters are not allowed.";
         }
         leaf protocol-version {
           type uint16;
           description "Legacy protocol version.";
         }
         leaf-list supported_versions {
           type uint16;
           description
             "TLS versions supported by the client indicated
              in the supported_versions extension in (D)TLS 1.3.";
         }
         leaf Grease_extension {
           type boolean;
           description
            "If set to 'true', Grease extension values are offered by
             the client.";
         }
         leaf-list encryption-algorithms {
           type encryption-algorithm;
           description "Encryption algorithms";
         }
         leaf-list compression-methods {
           type compression-method;
            description "Compression methods";
         }
         leaf-list extension-types {

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           type extension-type;
           description "Extension Types";
         }
         leaf-list acceptlist-ta-certs {
           type ct:trust-anchor-cert-cms;
           description
             "A list of trust anchor certificates used by the client.";
         }
         leaf-list SPKI-pin-sets {
            type SPKI-pin-set;
            description
             "A list of SPKI pin sets pre-configured on the client
              to validate self-signed server certificate or
              raw public key.";
         }
         leaf SPKI-hash-algorithm {
           type ct:hash-algorithm-t;
           description
             "cryptographic hash algorithm used to generate the
              SPKI pinset.";
         }
         leaf-list psk-key-exchange-modes {
           type psk-key-exchange-mode;
           description
             "pre-shared key exchange modes";
         }
         leaf-list supported-groups {
            type supported-group;
            description
             "A list of DHE or ECDHE groups supported by the client.";
         }
         leaf-list signature-algorithms {
            type signature-algorithm;
            description
             "A list signature algorithms the client can validate
              in X.509 certificates.";
         }
         container client-public-keys {
           leaf-list key-exchange-algorithms {
             type key-exchange-algorithm;
             description
             "Key exchange algorithms supported by the client";
           }
           leaf-list client-public-key-lengths {
             type client-public-key-length;
             description
             "client public key lengths";
           }

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         }
         container actions {
           description
           "Definitions of action for this profile.";
           leaf forwarding {
             type identityref {
               base ietf-acl:forwarding-action;
             }
             mandatory true;
             description
             "Specifies the forwarding action for the (D)TLS profile.";
             reference
             "RFC 8519: YANG Data Model for Network Access
                           Control Lists (ACLs)";
           }
         }
       }
     }
   }
}

5.  (D)TLS 1.3 handshake

   In (D)TLS 1.3, full (D)TLS handshake inspection is not possible since
   all (D)TLS handshake messages excluding the ClientHello message are
   encrypted.  (D)TLS 1.3 has introduced new extensions in the handshake
   record layers called Encrypted Extensions.  Using these extensions
   handshake messages will be encrypted and network devices (such as a
   firewall) are incapable deciphering the handshake, thus cannot view
   the server certificate.  However, a few parameters in the ServerHello
   are still visible such as the chosen cipher.  Note that Client Key
   Exchange message has been removed from (D)TLS 1.3.

5.1.  Encrypted SNI

   To increase privacy, encrypted SNI [I-D.ietf-tls-sni-encryption]
   prevents passive observation of the TLS Server Name Indication and to
   effectively provide privacy protection, SNI encryption needs to be
   used in conjunction with DNS encryption (e.g., DNS-over-(D)TLS or
   DNS- over-HTTPS).  Firewall inspecting the (D)TLS 1.3 handshake
   cannot decrypt encrypted SNI.  If an IoT device is configured to use
   public DNS-over-(D)TLS or DNS- over-HTTPS servers, the policy
   enforcement point is moved to that public server, which cannot
   enforce the MUD policy based on domain names (Section 8 of
   [RFC8520]).  Thus the use of a public DNS-over-(D)TLS or DNS- over-
   HTTPS server is incompatible with MUD.  A local DNS server is
   necessary to allow MUD policy enforcement on the local network

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   ([I-D.ietf-doh-resolver-associated-doh] and
   [I-D.reddy-dprive-bootstrap-dns-server]).

5.2.  Full (D)TLS 1.3 handshake inspection

   Middle-box needs to act as a (D)TLS 1.3 proxy to observe the
   parameters of (D)TLS handshakes from IoT devices and gain good
   visibility into TLS 1.3 parameters.  The following steps explain the
   mechanism to automatically bootstrap IoT devices with local network's
   CA certificates and to enable the middle-box to act as a (D)TLS 1.3
   proxy.

   o  Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructures (BRSKI) discussed
      in [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] provides a solution for
      secure automated bootstrap of devices.  BRSKI specifies means to
      provision credentials on devices to be used to operationally
      access networks.  In addition, BRSKI provides an automated
      mechanism for the bootstrap distribution of CA certificates from
      the Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST) [RFC7030] server.  The
      IoT device can use BRSKI to automatically bootstrap the IoT device
      using the IoT manufacturer provisioned X.509 certificate, in
      combination with a registrar provided by the local network and IoT
      device manufacturer's authorizing service (MASA).

      1.  The IoT device authenticates to the local network using the
          IoT manufacturer provisioned X.509 certificate.  The IoT
          device can request and get a voucher from the MASA service via
          the registrar.  The voucher is signed by the MASA service and
          includes the local network's CA public key.

      2.  The IoT device validates the signed voucher using the
          manufacturer installed trust anchor associated with the MASA,
          stores the CA's public key and validates the provisional TLS
          connection to the registrar.

      3.  The IoT device requests the full EST distribution of current
          CA certificates (Section 5.9.1 in
          [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]) from the registrar
          operating as a BRSKI-EST server.  The IoT device stores the CA
          certificates as Explicit Trust Anchor database entries.  The
          IoT device uses the Explicit Trust Anchor database to validate
          the server certificate.

      4.  The middle-box uses the "supported_versions" TLS extension
          (defined in TLS 1.3 to negotiate the supported TLS versions
          between client and server) to determine the TLS version.
          During the (D)TLS handshake, If (D)TLS version 1.3 is used,
          the middle-box ((D)TLS proxy) modifies the certificate

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          provided by the server and signs it with the private key from
          the local CA certificate.  The middle-box has visibility into
          further exchanges between the IoT device and server which
          enables it to inspect the (D)TLS 1.3 handshake, enforce the
          MUD (D)TLS profile and can inspect subsequent network traffic.

      5.  The IoT device uses the Explicit Trust Anchor database to
          validate the server certificate.

   The proposed technique empowers the middle-box to reject (D)TLS 1.3
   sessions that violate the MUD (D)TLS profile.

6.  MUD File Example

   This example below contains (D)TLS profile parameters for a IoT
   device.  JSON encoding of YANG modelled data [RFC7951] is used to
   illustrate the example.

   {
      "ietf-mud:mud": {
        "mud-version": 1,
         "mud-url": "https://example.com/IoTDevice",
         "last-update": "2019-18-06T03:56:40.105+10:00",
         "cache-validity": 100,
         "is-supported": true,
         "systeminfo": "IoT device name",
         "reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile:from-device-policy": {
           "client-profile": {
             "tls-version-profile" : [
              {
                    "protocol-version" : 771,
                    "supported_versions_ext" : "FALSE",
                    "encryption-algorithms" : [31354, 4865, 4866, 4867],
                    "extension-types" : [10],
                    "supported-groups" : [29],
                    "actions": {
                      "forwarding": "accept"
                    }
              }
             ]
           }
         }
       }
   }

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7.  Security Considerations

   Security considerations in [RFC8520] need to be taken into
   consideration.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests IANA to register the following URIs in the
   "ns" subregistry within the "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:

         URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:reddy-opsawg-mud-tls-profile
         Registrant Contact: The IESG.
         XML: N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

9.  Acknowledgments

   Thanks to Shashank Jain and Harsha Joshi for the discussion and
   comments.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-netconf-crypto-types]
              Watsen, K. and H. Wang, "Common YANG Data Types for
              Cryptography", draft-ietf-netconf-crypto-types-10 (work in
              progress), July 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-dtls13]
              Rescorla, E., Tschofenig, H., and N. Modadugu, "The
              Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Protocol Version
              1.3", draft-ietf-tls-dtls13-32 (work in progress), July
              2019.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-grease]
              Benjamin, D., "Applying GREASE to TLS Extensibility",
              draft-ietf-tls-grease-03 (work in progress), July 2019.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.

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   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
              January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.

   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8446]  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.

   [RFC8519]  Jethanandani, M., Agarwal, S., Huang, L., and D. Blair,
              "YANG Data Model for Network Access Control Lists (ACLs)",
              RFC 8519, DOI 10.17487/RFC8519, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8519>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]
              Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Behringer, M., and K.
              Watsen, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructures
              (BRSKI)", draft-ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra-24 (work
              in progress), July 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-doh-resolver-associated-doh]
              Hoffman, P., "Associating a DoH Server with a Resolver",
              draft-ietf-doh-resolver-associated-doh-03 (work in
              progress), March 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-sni-encryption]
              Huitema, C. and E. Rescorla, "Issues and Requirements for
              SNI Encryption in TLS", draft-ietf-tls-sni-encryption-04
              (work in progress), November 2018.

   [I-D.reddy-dprive-bootstrap-dns-server]
              K, R., Wing, D., Richardson, M., and M. Boucadair, "A
              Bootstrapping Procedure to Discover and Authenticate DNS-
              over-(D)TLS and DNS-over-HTTPS Servers", draft-reddy-
              dprive-bootstrap-dns-server-04 (work in progress), June
              2019.

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   [malware]  Anderson, B., Paul, S., and D. McGrew, "Deciphering
              Malware's use of TLS (without Decryption)", July 2016,
              <https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01639>.

   [RFC7030]  Pritikin, M., Ed., Yee, P., Ed., and D. Harkins, Ed.,
              "Enrollment over Secure Transport", RFC 7030,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7030, October 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7030>.

   [RFC7478]  Holmberg, C., Hakansson, S., and G. Eriksson, "Web Real-
              Time Communication Use Cases and Requirements", RFC 7478,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7478, March 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7478>.

   [RFC7951]  Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
              RFC 7951, DOI 10.17487/RFC7951, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7951>.

   [RFC8445]  Keranen, A., Holmberg, C., and J. Rosenberg, "Interactive
              Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network
              Address Translator (NAT) Traversal", RFC 8445,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8445, July 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8445>.

   [RFC8520]  Lear, E., Droms, R., and D. Romascanu, "Manufacturer Usage
              Description Specification", RFC 8520,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8520, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8520>.

Authors' Addresses

   Tirumaleswar Reddy
   McAfee, Inc.
   Embassy Golf Link Business Park
   Bangalore, Karnataka  560071
   India

   Email: kondtir@gmail.com

   Dan Wing
   Citrix Systems, Inc.
   4988 Great America Pkwy
   Santa Clara, CA  95054
   USA

   Email: danwing@gmail.com

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