Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without Server-Side State
draft-salowey-tls-ticket-07

Network Working Group                                         J. Salowey
Internet-Draft                                                   H. Zhou
Expires: July 29, 2006                                     Cisco Systems
                                                               P. Eronen
                                                                   Nokia
                                                           H. Tschofenig
                                                                 Siemens
                                                        January 25, 2006

 Transport Layer Security Session Resumption without Server-Side State
                    draft-salowey-tls-ticket-07.txt

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).

Abstract

   This document describes a mechanism which enables the Transport Layer
   Security (TLS) server to resume sessions and avoid keeping per-client
   session state.  The TLS server encapsulates the session state into a
   ticket and forwards it to the client.  The client can subsequently

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   resume a session using the obtained ticket.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     3.1   Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     3.2   SessionTicket TLS extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.3   NewSessionTicket handshake message . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.4   Interaction with TLS session ID  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.  Recommended Ticket Construction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   5.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     5.1   Invalidating Sessions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.2   Stolen Tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.3   Forged Tickets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.4   Denial of Service Attacks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.5   Ticket Protection Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.6   Ticket Lifetime  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.7   Alternate Ticket Formats and Distribution Schemes  . . . . 11
     5.8   Identity Privacy, Anonymity and Unlinkability  . . . . . . 11
   6.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   7.  IANA considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   8.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     8.1   Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     8.2   Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 16

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1.  Introduction

   This document defines a way to resume a Transport Layer Security
   (TLS) session without requiring session-specific state at the TLS
   server.  This mechanism may be used with any TLS ciphersuite.  This
   document applies to both TLS 1.0 defined in [RFC2246] and TLS 1.1
   defined in [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc2246-bis].  The mechanism makes use of
   TLS extensions defined in [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc3546bis] and defines a new
   TLS message type.

   This mechanism is useful in the following types of situations:

      1.  servers that handle a large number of transactions from
          different users
      2.  servers that desire to cache sessions for a long time
      3.  ability to load balance requests across servers
      4.  embedded servers with little memory

2.  Terminology

   Within this document the term 'ticket' refers to a cryptographically
   protected data structure which is created by the server and consumed
   by the server to rebuild session specific state.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Protocol

   This specification describes a mechanism to distribute encrypted
   session state information in the form of a ticket.  The ticket is
   created by a TLS server and sent to a TLS client.  The TLS client
   presents the ticket to the TLS server to resume a session.
   Implementations of this specification are expected to support both
   mechanisms.  Other specifications can take advantage of the session
   tickets, perhaps specifying alternative means for distribution or
   selection.  For example a separate specification may describe an
   alternate way to distribute a ticket and use the TLS extension in
   this document to resume the session.  This behavior is beyond the
   scope of the document and would need to be described in a separate
   specification.

3.1  Overview

   The client indicates that it supports this mechanism by including a
   SessionTicket TLS extension in the ClientHello message.  The

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   extension will be empty if the client does not already possess a
   ticket for the server.  The extension is described in Section 3.2

   If the server wants to use this mechanism, it stores its session
   state (such as ciphersuite and master secret) to a ticket that is
   encrypted and integrity-protected by a key known only to the server.
   The ticket is distributed to the client using the NewSessionTicket
   TLS handshake message described in Section 3.3.  This message is sent
   during the TLS handshake before the ChangeCipherSpec message after
   the server has successfully verified the client's Finished message.

         Client                                               Server

         ClientHello                   -------->
        (empty SessionTicket extension)
                                                         ServerHello
                                     (empty SessionTicket extension)
                                                        Certificate*
                                                  ServerKeyExchange*
                                                 CertificateRequest*
                                      <--------      ServerHelloDone
         Certificate*
         ClientKeyExchange
         CertificateVerify*
         [ChangeCipherSpec]
         Finished                     -------->
                                                    NewSessionTicket
                                                  [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                      <--------             Finished
         Application Data             <------->     Application Data

   The client caches this ticket along with the master secret and other
   parameters associated with the current session.  When the client
   wishes to resume the session, it includes the ticket in the
   SessionTicket extension within ClientHello message.  The server then
   decrypts the received ticket, verifies that the ticket validity,
   retrieves the session state from the contents of the ticket and uses
   this state to resume the session.  The interaction with the TLS
   Session ID is described in Section 3.4.  If the server successfully
   verifies the client's ticket then it may renew the ticket by
   including a NewSessionTicket handshake message after the ServerHello.

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         ClientHello
         (SessionTicket extension)      -------->
                                                          ServerHello
                                      (empty SessionTicket extension)
                                                     NewSessionTicket
                                                   [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                       <--------             Finished
         [ChangeCipherSpec]
         Finished                      -------->
         Application Data              <------->     Application Data

   A recommended ticket format is given in Section 4.

   If the server cannot or does not want to honor the ticket then it can
   initiate a full handshake with the client.

3.2  SessionTicket TLS extension

   The SessionTicket TLS extension is based on [I-D.ietf-tls-
   rfc3546bis].  The format of the ticket is an opaque structure used to
   carry session specific state information.  This extension may be sent
   in the ClientHello and ServerHello.

   If the client possesses a ticket that it wants to use to resume a
   session then it includes the ticket in the SessionTicket extension in
   the ClientHello.  If the client does not have a ticket and it is
   prepared to receive one in the NewSessionTicket handshake message
   then it MUST include a zero length ticket in the SessionTicket
   extension.  If the client is not prepared to receive a ticket in the
   NewSessionTicket handshake message then it MUST NOT include a
   SessionTicket extension unless it is sending a non-empty ticket it
   received through some other means from the server.

   The server uses an zero length SessionTicket extension to indicate to
   the client that it will send a new session ticket using the
   NewSessionTicket handshake message described in Section 3.3.  The
   server MUST send this extension in the ServerHello if it wishes to
   issue a new ticket to the client using the NewSessionTicket handshake
   message.  The server MUST NOT send this extension if it does not
   receive on in the ClientHello.

   If the server fails to verify the ticket then it falls back to
   performing a full handshake.  If the ticket is accepted by the server
   but the handshake fails the client SHOULD delete the ticket.

   The SessionTicket extension has been assigned the number TBD1.  The
   format of the SessionTicket extension is given at the end of this
   section.

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      struct {
          opaque ticket<0..2^16-1>;
      } SessionTicket;

3.3  NewSessionTicket handshake message

   This message is sent by the server during the TLS handshake before
   the ChangeCipherSpec message.  This message MUST be sent if the
   server included a SessionTicket extension in the ServerHello.  This
   message MUST NOT be sent if the server did not include a
   SessionTicket extension in the ServerHello.  In the case of a full
   handshake, the server MUST verify the client's Finished message
   before sending the ticket.  The client MUST NOT treat the ticket as
   valid until it has verified the server's Finished message.  If the
   server determines that it does not want to include a ticket after it
   has included the SessionTicket extension in the ServerHello then it
   sends a zero length ticket in the NewSessionTicket handshake message.

   If the server successfully verifies the client's ticket then it MAY
   renew the ticket by including a NewSessionTicket handshake message
   after the ServerHello in the abbreviated handshake.  The client
   should start using the new ticket as soon as possible after it
   verifies the Server's finished message for new connections.  Note
   that since the updated ticket is issued before the handshake
   completes it is possible that the client may not put the new ticket
   into use before it initiates new connections.  The server MUST NOT
   assume the client actually received the updated ticket until it
   successfully verifies the client's Finished message.

   The NewSessionTicket handshake message has been assigned the number
   TBD2 and its definition is given at the end of this section.  The
   ticket_lifetime_hint field contains a hint from the server about how
   long the ticket should be stored.  The value indicates the lifetime
   in seconds as a 32 bit unsigned integer in network byte order.  A
   value of zero is reserved to indicate that the lifetime of the ticket
   is unspecified.  A client SHOULD delete the ticket and associated
   state when the time expires.  It MAY delete the ticket earlier based
   on local policy.  A server MAY treat a ticket as valid for a shorter
   or longer period of time than what is stated in the
   ticket_lifetime_hint.

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      struct {
          HandshakeType msg_type;
          uint24 length;
          select (HandshakeType) {
              case hello_request:       HelloRequest;
              case client_hello:        ClientHello;
              case server_hello:        ServerHello;
              case certificate:         Certificate;
              case server_key_exchange: ServerKeyExchange;
              case certificate_request: CertificateRequest;
              case server_hello_done:   ServerHelloDone;
              case certificate_verify:  CertificateVerify;
              case client_key_exchange: ClientKeyExchange;
              case finished:            Finished;
              case session_ticket:      NewSessionTicket; /* NEW */
          } body;
      } Handshake;

      struct {
          uint32 ticket_lifetime_hint;
          opaque ticket<0..2^16-1>;
      } NewSessionTicket;

3.4  Interaction with TLS session ID

   If a server is planning on issuing a SessionTicket to a client that
   does not present one it SHOULD include an empty Session ID in the
   ServerHello.  If the server includes a non-empty session ID then it
   is indicating intent to use stateful session resume.  If the client
   receives a SessionTicket from the server then it discards any Session
   ID that was sent in the ServerHello.

   When presenting a ticket the client MAY generate and include a
   Session ID in the TLS ClientHello.  If the server accepts the ticket
   and the Session ID is not empty then it MUST respond with the same
   Session ID present in the ClientHello.  This allows the client to
   easily differentiate when the server is resuming a session or falling
   back to a full handshake.  Since the client generates a Session ID
   the server MUST NOT rely upon the Session ID having a particular
   value when validating the ticket.  If a ticket is presented by the
   client the server MUST NOT attempt to use the Session ID in the
   ClientHello for stateful session resume.  Alternatively, the client
   MAY include an empty Session ID in the ClientHello.  In this case the
   client ignores the Session ID sent in the ServerHello and determines
   if the server is resuming a session by the subsequent handshake
   messages.

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4.  Recommended Ticket Construction

   This section describes a recommended format and protection for the
   ticket.  Note that the ticket is opaque to the client so the
   structure is not subject to interoperability concerns, so
   implementations may diverge from this format.  If implementations do
   diverge from this format they must take security concerns seriously.
   Clients MUST NOT examine the ticket under the assumption that it
   complies with this document.

   The server uses two different keys, one 128-bit key for AES [AES] in
   CBC mode [CBC] encryption and one 128-bit key for HMAC-SHA1 [RFC2104]
   [SHA1].

   The ticket is structured as follows:

      struct {
          opaque key_name[16];
          opaque iv[16];
          opaque encrypted_state<0..2^16-1>;
          opaque mac[20];
      } ticket;

   Here key_name serves to identify a particular set of keys used to
   protect the ticket.  It enables the server to easily recognize
   tickets it has issued.  The key_name should be randomly generated to
   avoid collisions between servers.  One possibility is to generate new
   random keys and key_name every time the server is started.

   The actual state information in encrypted_state is encrypted using
   128-bit AES in CBC mode with the given IV.  The MAC is calculated
   using HMAC-SHA1 over key_name (16 octets)and IV (16 octets), followed
   by the length of the encrypted_state field (2 octets) and its
   contents (variable length).

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      struct {
          ProtocolVersion protocol_version;
          CipherSuite cipher_suite;
          CompressionMethod compression_method;
          opaque master_secret[48];
          ClientIdentity client_identity;
          uint32 timestamp;
      } StatePlaintext;

      enum {
         anonymous(0),
         certificate_based(1),
         psk(2)
     } ClientAuthenticationType;

      struct {
          ClientAuthenticationType client_authentication_type;
          select (ClientAuthenticationType) {
              case anonymous: struct {};
              case certificate_based:
                  ASN.1Cert certificate_list<0..2^24-1>;
              case psk:
                  opaque psk_identity<0..2^16-1>;

          }
       } ClientIdentity;

   The structure StatePlaintext stores the TLS session state including
   the master_secret.  The timestamp within this structure allows the
   TLS server to expire tickets.  To cover the authentication and key
   exchange protocols provided by TLS the ClientIdentity structure
   contains the authentication type of the client used in the initial
   exchange (see ClientAuthenticationType).  To offer the TLS server
   with the same capabilities for authentication and authorization a
   certificate list is included in case of public key based
   authentication.  The TLS server is therefore able to inspect a number
   of different attributes within these certificates.  A specific
   implementation might choose to store a subset of this information or
   additional information.  Other authentication mechanisms, such as
   Kerberos [RFC2712], would require different client identity data.

5.  Security Considerations

   This section addresses security issues related to the usage of a
   ticket.  Tickets must be sufficiently authenticated and encrypted to
   prevent modification or eavesdropping by an attacker.  Several
   attacks described below will be possible if this is not carefully
   done.

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   Implementations should take care to ensure that the processing of
   tickets does not increase the chance of denial of serve as described
   below.

5.1  Invalidating Sessions

   The TLS specification requires that TLS sessions be invalidated when
   errors occur.  [CSSC] discusses the security implications of this in
   detail.  In the analysis in this paper, failure to invalidate
   sessions does not pose a security risk.  This is because the TLS
   handshake uses a non-reversible function to derive keys for a session
   so information about one session does not provide an advantage to
   attack the master secret or a different session.  If a session
   invalidation scheme is used the implementation should verify the
   integrity of the ticket before using the contents to invalidate a
   session to ensure an attacker cannot invalidate a chosen session.

5.2  Stolen Tickets

   An eavesdropper or man-in-the-middle may obtain the ticket and
   attempt to use the ticket to establish a session with the server,
   however since the ticket is encrypted and the attacker does not know
   the secret key, a stolen ticket does not help an attacker resume a
   session.  A TLS server MUST use strong encryption and integrity
   protection for the ticket to prevent an attacker from using a brute
   force mechanism to obtain the tickets contents.

5.3  Forged Tickets

   A malicious user could forge or alter a ticket in order to resume a
   session, to extend its lifetime, to impersonate as another user or
   gain additional privileges.  This attack is not possible if the
   ticket is protected using a strong integrity protection algorithm
   such as a keyed HMAC-SHA1.

5.4  Denial of Service Attacks

   The key_name field defined in the recommended ticket format helps the
   server efficiently reject tickets that it did not issue.  However, an
   adversary could store or generate a large number of tickets to send
   to the TLS server for verification.  To minimize the possibility of a
   denial of service, the verification of the ticket should be
   lightweight (e.g., using efficient symmetric key cryptographic
   algorithms).

5.5  Ticket Protection Key Management

   A full description of the management of the keys used to protect the

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   ticket is beyond the scope of this document.  A list of RECOMMENDED
   practices is given below.

   o  The key should be generated securely following the randomness
      recommendations in [RFC4086]
   o  The key and cryptographic protection algorithms should be at least
      128 bits in strength
   o  The key should not be used for any other purpose than generating
      and verifying tickets
   o  The key should be changed regularly
   o  The key should be changed if the ticket format or cryptographic
      protection algorithms change

5.6  Ticket Lifetime

   The TLS server controls the lifetime of the ticket.  Servers
   determine the acceptable lifetime based on the operational and
   security requirements of the environments in which they are deployed.
   The ticket lifetime may be longer than the 24 hour lifetime
   recommended in [RFC2246].  TLS clients may be given a hint of the
   lifetime of the ticket.  Since the lifetime of a ticket may be
   unspecified a client has its own local policy which determines when
   it discards tickets.

5.7  Alternate Ticket Formats and Distribution Schemes

   If the ticket format or distribution scheme defined in this document
   is not used then great care must be taken in analyzing the security
   of the solution.  In particular if a confidential information, such
   as a secret key, is transferred to the client it MUST be done using
   secure communication so as to prevent attackers from obtaining or
   modifying the key.  Also the ticket MUST have its integrity and
   privacy protected with strong cryptographic techniques to prevent a
   breach in the security of the system.

5.8  Identity Privacy, Anonymity and Unlinkability

   This document mandates that the content of the ticket is
   confidentiality protected in order to avoid leakage of its content,
   such as user relevant information.  As such, it prevents disclosure
   of potentially sensitive information carried within the ticket.

   The initial handshake exchange, which was used to obtain the ticket,
   might not provide identity confidentiality of the client based on the
   properties of TLS.  Another relevant security threat is the ability
   for an on-path adversary to observe multiple TLS handshakes where the
   same ticket is used and to therefore conclude that they belong to the
   same communication endpoints.  Application designers that use the

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   ticket mechanism described in this document should consider that
   unlinkability [ANON] is not necessarily provided.

   While a full discussion of these topics is beyond the scope of this
   document, it should be noted that it is possible to issue a ticket
   using a TLS renegotiation handshake that occurs after a secure tunnel
   has been established by a previous handshake.  This may help address
   some privacy and unlinkability issues in some environments.

6.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank the following people for their help
   with preparing and reviewing this document: Eric Rescorla, Mohamad
   Badra, Tim Dierks, Nelson Bolyard, Nancy Cam-Winget, David McGrew,
   Rob Dugal, Russ Housley, Amir Herzberg, Bernard Aboba and members of
   the TLS working group.

   [CSSC] describes a solution that is very similar to the one described
   in this document and gives a detailed analysis of the security
   considerations involved.  [RFC2712] describes a mechanism for using
   Kerberos [RFC4120] in TLS ciphersuites, which helped inspire the use
   of tickets to avoid server state.  [I-D.cam-winget-eap-fast] makes
   use of a similar mechanism to avoid maintaining server state for the
   cryptographic tunnel.  [SC97] also investigates the concept of
   stateless sessions.

7.  IANA considerations

   IANA has assigned a TLS extension number of TBD1 (the value 35 is
   suggested) to the SessionTicket TLS extension from the TLS registry
   of ExtensionType values defined in [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc3546bis].

   IANA has assigned a TLS HandshakeType number TBD2 to the
   NewSessionTicket handshake type from the TLS registry of
   HandshakeType values defined in [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc2246-bis].

8.  References

8.1  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc2246-bis]
              Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The TLS Protocol Version
              1.1", draft-ietf-tls-rfc2246-bis-13 (work in progress),
              June 2005.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-rfc3546bis]
              Blake-Wilson, S., "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions", draft-ietf-tls-rfc3546bis-02 (work in

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              progress), October 2005.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2246]  Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
              RFC 2246, January 1999.

8.2  Informative References

   [AES]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Advanced
              Encryption Standard (AES)", Federal Information
              Processing Standards (FIPS) Publication 197,
              November 2001.

   [ANON]     Pfitzmann, A. and M. Hansen, "Anonymity, Unlinkability,
              Unobservability, Pseudonymity, and Identity Management - A
              Consolidated Proposal for Terminology", http://
              dud.inf.tu-dresden.de/literatur/
              Anon_Terminology_v0.26-1.pdf Draft 0.26, December 2005.

   [CBC]      National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation -
              Methods and Techniques", NIST Special Publication 800-38A,
              December 2001.

   [CSSC]     Shacham, H., Boneh, D., and E. Rescorla, "Client-side
              caching for TLS", Transactions on Information and
              System Security (TISSEC) , Volume 7, Issue 4,
              November 2004.

   [I-D.cam-winget-eap-fast]
              Cam-Winget, N., McGrew, D., Salowey, J., and H. Zhou, "EAP
              Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling (EAP-FAST)",
              draft-cam-winget-eap-fast-02 (work in progress),
              April 2005.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
              February 1997.

   [RFC2712]  Medvinsky, A. and M. Hur, "Addition of Kerberos Cipher
              Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 2712,
              October 1999.

   [RFC4086]  Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
              Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

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   [RFC4120]  Neuman, C., Yu, T., Hartman, S., and K. Raeburn, "The
              Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", RFC 4120,
              July 2005.

   [RFC4279]  Eronen, P. and H. Tschofenig, "Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4279,
              December 2005.

   [SC97]     Aura, T. and P. Nikander, "Stateless Connections",
              Proceedings of the First International Conference on
              Information and Communication Security (ICICS '97) , 1997.

   [SHA1]     National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
              Hash Standard (SHS)", Federal Information Processing
              Standards    (FIPS) Publication  180-2, August 2002.

Authors' Addresses

   Joseph Salowey
   Cisco Systems
   2901 3rd Ave
   Seattle, WA  98121
   US

   Email: jsalowey@cisco.com

   Hao Zhou
   Cisco Systems
   4125 Highlander Parkway
   Richfield, OH  44286
   US

   Email: hzhou@cisco.com

   Pasi Eronen
   Nokia Research Center
   P.O. Box 407
   FIN-00045 Nokia Group
   Finland

   Email: pasi.eronen@nokia.com

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   Hannes Tschofenig
   Siemens
   Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
   Munich, Bayern  81739
   Germany

   Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com

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