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Key Consistency for Oblivious HTTP by Double-Checking
draft-schwartz-ohai-consistency-doublecheck-02

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Expired".
Author Benjamin M. Schwartz
Last updated 2022-07-01
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draft-schwartz-ohai-consistency-doublecheck-02
ohai                                                      B. M. Schwartz
Internet-Draft                                                Google LLC
Intended status: Standards Track                             1 July 2022
Expires: 2 January 2023

         Key Consistency for Oblivious HTTP by Double-Checking
             draft-schwartz-ohai-consistency-doublecheck-02

Abstract

   The assurances provided by Oblivious HTTP depend on the client's
   ability to verify that it is using the same Gateway, Target, and
   KeyConfig as many other users.  This specification defines a protocol
   to enable this verification.

About This Document

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   Status information for this document may be found at
   https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-schwartz-ohai-consistency-
   doublecheck/.

   Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
   https://github.com/bemasc/access-services.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 2 January 2023.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     4.1.  Oblivious Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     4.2.  Oblivious Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.3.  Client  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Example: Oblivious DoH  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   6.  Performance Implications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     6.1.  Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     6.2.  Thundering Herds  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     7.1.  In scope  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       7.1.1.  Forgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       7.1.2.  Deanonymization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       7.1.3.  Abusive traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     7.2.  Out of scope  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

1.  Introduction

   Oblivious HTTP [I-D.ietf-ohai-ohttp] identifies four parties to each
   exchange: the Client, Relay, Gateway and Target.  When used properly,
   Oblivious HTTP enables the Client to send requests to the Target in
   such a way that the Target and Gateway cannot tell whether two
   requests came from the same Client, and the Relay cannot see the
   contents of the requests.

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   The Target and Gateway are tightly coupled, as the Gateway can see
   and modify all cleartext data to and from the Target.  For ease of
   description, we will refer to the Target and Gateway collectively
   (including the URI and KeyConfig for the Gateway and the URI of the
   Target) as the "Service".

   Oblivious HTTP's threat model assumes that at least one of the Relay
   and the Service is acting properly, i.e. complying with the protocol
   and keeping certain information confidential.  If either Relay or
   Service misbehaves, the only effect must be a denial of service.

   In order for these security guarantees to hold, several preconditions
   must be met:

   1.  The Client must be one of many users who might be using the
       Relay.  Otherwise, use of the Relay reveals the user's identity
       to the Gateway.

   2.  The Client must hold an authentic KeyConfig for the Gateway.
       Otherwise, the Client could be speaking to the Relay,
       impersonating the Gateway.

   3.  All users of the Relay must be equally likely to use this
       Service, regardless of their prior activity.  Otherwise, the
       encrypted request identifies the Client to the Service.

   4.  (optional) The Gateway must not learn the IP addresses of the
       Clients, collectively.  Otherwise, the Gateway might be able to
       deanonymize requests by correlating them with external
       information about the Clients.

   This specification defines behaviors for the Client, Relay, and
   Service that achieve preconditions 2-4.  (This specification does not
   address precondition 1.)

   This specification assumes that the Service is identified by an
   Access Description [I-D.schwartz-masque-access-descriptions], which
   we call the "Service Description".  For this specification to meet
   its goals, the Service Description's URL must have been distributed
   to clients in a globally consistent fashion.  For example, the
   Service Description URL might be the default value of a software
   setting, or it might be published on a third party's website.  This
   specification allows clients to convert the static, long-lived
   Service Description URL into a fresh Service Description without
   losing the privacy guarantees of Oblivious HTTP.

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   In principle, Services could achieve a similar effect by distributing
   their Service Descriptions directly through this globally consistent
   channel.  However, these ad hoc pubication channels may not be fast
   enough to support frequent updates (e.g., key rotations), especially
   if updates require user intervention.

   This draft combines elements of the "Direct Discovery", "Single Proxy
   Discovery", and "Independent Verification" strategies defined in
   [I-D.wood-key-consistency].

2.  Conventions and Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Overview

   In the Key Consistency Double-Check procedure, the Client emits two
   HTTP GET requests: one to the Relay, and one through the Relay to the
   Service Description Host using CONNECT-UDP.  (The Service Description
   Host, Gateway, and Target are most commonly expected to be a single
   origin.)  The Relay will forward the first request to the Service
   Description Host if the response is not in cache.

             +--------+       +-------+       +-------------+
             |        |<=====>|       |<----->|   Service   |
             | Client |       | Relay |       | Description |
             |        |<=====================>|    Host     |
             +--------+       +-------+       +-------------+

             Figure 1: Overview of Key-Consistency Double-Check

   The Relay caches the response, ensuring that all clients share it
   during its freshness lifetime.  The client checks this against the
   authenticated response from the Service Description Host, preventing
   forgeries.

4.  Requirements

4.1.  Oblivious Service

   The Oblivious Service MUST publish an Access Description
   [I-D.schwartz-masque-access-descriptions] containing the
   "ohttp.gateway" key, e.g.:

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   {
     "ohttp": {
       "gateway": {
         "uri": "https://example.com/ohttp/",
         "key": "(KeyConfig in Base64)"
       }
     }
   }

   This Access Description is called the Service Description, and its
   origin is called the Service Description Host.  This origin MUST
   support HTTP/3 [RFC9114], so that it can be accessed via the proxy's
   CONNECT-UDP service (see Section 4.2).

   The Service Description Host MUST include a "strong validator" ETag
   (Section 2 of [RFC7232]) in any response to a GET request for this
   Service Description, and MUST support the "If-Match" HTTP request
   header (Section 3 of [RFC7232]).  The response MUST indicate "Cache-
   Control: public, no-transform, s-maxage=(...), immutable"
   [RFC9111][RFC8246].  For efficiency reasons, the max age SHOULD be at
   least 60 seconds, and preferably much longer.

   If the Service Description changes, and the resource receives a
   request whose "If-Match" header identifies a previously served
   version that has not yet expired, it MUST return a success response
   containing the previous version.  This response MAY indicate "Cache-
   Control: private".

4.2.  Oblivious Relay

   The Oblivious Relay MUST also provide CONNECT-UDP service
   [I-D.ietf-masque-connect-udp], and SHOULD also offer DNS over HTTPS
   [RFC8484], to enable the use of HTTPS records [SVCB] with CONNECT-
   UDP.  This corresponds to an Access Description that includes the
   "ohttp.relay", "udp", and "dns" keys:

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   {
     "dns": {
       "template": "https://doh.example.com/dns-query{?dns}",
     },
     "udp": {
       "template":
           "https://proxy.example.org/masque{?target_host,target_port}"
     },
     "ohttp": {
       "relay": {
         "template": "https://relay.example.org/ohttp{?request_uri}"
       }
     }
   }

             Figure 2: Example Relay Access Service Description

   The Oblivious Relay MUST allow use of the GET method to retrieve
   small JSON responses, and SHOULD make ample cache space available in
   order to avoid eviction of Service Descriptions.  The Relay SHOULD
   share cache state among all clients, to ensure that they use the same
   Service Descriptions for each Oblivious Service.  If the cache must
   be partitioned for architectural or performance reasons, operators
   SHOULD keep the number of users in each partition as large as
   possible.

   Oblivious Relays MUST preserve the ETag response header on cached
   responses, and MUST add an Age header ([RFC9111], Section 5.1) to all
   proxied responses.  Oblivious Relays MUST respect the "Cache-Control:
   immutable" directive, and MUST NOT revalidate fresh immutable cache
   entries in response to any incoming requests.  (Note that this is
   different from the general recommendation in Section 2.1 of
   [RFC8246]).  Oblivious Relays also MUST NOT accept PUSH_PROMISE
   frames from the target.

   Relays SHOULD employ defenses against malicious attempts to fill the
   cache.  Some possible defenses include:

   *  Rate-limiting each client's use of GET requests.

   *  Prioritizing preservation of cache entries that have been served
      to many clients, if eviction is required.

   Oblivious Relays that are not intended for general-purpose proxy
   usage MAY impose strict transfer limits or rate limits on HTTP
   CONNECT and CONNECT-UDP usage.

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   If the Relay offers a DNS over HTTPS resolver, it MUST NOT enable
   EDNS Client Subnet support [RFC7871].

4.3.  Client

   The Client is assumed to know an "https" URI of the relevant Service
   Description.  Before using that Service Description, it MUST perform
   the following "double-check" procedure:

   1.  Send a GET request to the Oblivious Relay's template
       (ohttp.proxy.template) with request_uri set to the Service
       Description URI.

   2.  Record the response (A).

   3.  Check that response A's "Cache-Control" values indicates "public"
       and "immutable".

   4.  Establish a CONNECT-UDP tunnel through the proxy to the Service
       Description URI's origin.

   5.  Fetch the Service Description URI through this tunnel, using a
       GET request with "If-Match" set to response A's ETag.

   6.  Record the response (B).

   7.  Check that responses A and B were successful and the contents are
       identical, otherwise fail.

   This procedure ensures that the Service Description is authentic and
   will be shared by all users of this proxy.  Once response A or B
   expires, the client MUST refresh it before continuing to use this
   Service Description, and MUST repeat the "double-check" process if
   either response changes.

   Clients MUST perform each fetch to the origin (step 4) as a fully
   isolated request.  Any state related to this origin (e.g. cached DNS
   records, CONNECT-UDP tunnels, QUIC transport state, TLS session
   tickets, HTTP cookies) MUST NOT be shared with prior or subsequent
   requests.

5.  Example: Oblivious DoH

   In this example, the client has been configured with an Oblivious DoH
   server and an Oblivious Relay.  The Oblivious DoH server is
   identified by a Service Description at "https://doh.example.com/
   config.json" with the following contents:

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   {
     "dns": {
       "template": "https://doh.example.com/dns-query{?dns}",
     },
     "ohttp": {
       "gateway": {
         "uri": "https://example.com/ohttp/",
         "key": "(KeyConfig in Base64)"
       }
     }
   }

   The Oblivious Relay is identified as "proxy.example.org", which
   implies an Access Description at "https://proxy.example.org/.well-
   known/access-services".  This resource's contents are:

   {
     "dns": {
       "template": "https://proxy.example.org/dns-query{?dns}",
     },
     "udp": {
       "template":
           "https://proxy.example.org/masque{?target_host,target_port}"
     },
     "ohttp": {
       "relay": {
         "template": "https://relay.example.org/ohttp{?request_uri}"
       }
     }
   }

   The following exchanges then occur between the client and the proxy:

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  HEADERS
  :method = GET
  :scheme = https
  :authority = relay.example.org
  :path = /ohttp?request_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fdoh.example.com%2Fconfig.json
  accept: application/access-services+json

                        HEADERS
                        :status = 200
                        cache-control: public, immutable, \
                            no-transform, s-maxage=86400
                        age: 80000
                        etag: ABCD1234
                        content-type: application/access-services+json
                        [Service Description contents here]

  HEADERS
  :method = CONNECT
  :protocol = connect-udp
  :scheme = https
  :authority = proxy.example.org
  :path = /masque?target_host=doh.example.com,target_port=443
  capsule-protocol = ?1

                                HEADERS
                                :status = 200
                                capsule-protocol = ?1

   The client now has a CONNECT-UDP tunnel to doh.example.com, over
   which it performs the following GET request using HTTP/3:

   HEADERS
   :method = GET
   :scheme = https
   :authority = doh.example.com
   :path = /config.json
   if-match = ABCD1234

                         HEADERS
                         :status = 200
                         cache-control: public, immutable, \
                             no-transform, s-maxage=86400
                         etag: ABCD1234
                         content-type: application/access-services+json
                         [Service Description contents here]

   Having successfully fetched the Service Description from both
   locations, the client confirms that:

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   *  The responses are identical.

   *  The cache-control response from the proxy contained the "public"
      and "immutable" directives.

   The client can now use the KeyConfig in this Service Description to
   reach the Oblivious DoH server, by converting DNS-over-HTTPS requests
   into Binary HTTP requests for "https://doh.example.com/dns-query",
   encrypting them to ohttp.gateway.key, and POSTing the encrypted
   requests to "https://relay.example.org/
   ohttp?request_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fohttp%2F".

6.  Performance Implications

6.1.  Latency

   Suppose that the Client-Relay Round-Trip Time (RTT) is A, and the
   Relay-Service Description Host RTT is B.  Suppose additionally that
   the Client has a persistent connection to the Relay that is already
   running.  Then the procedure described in Section 4.3 requires:

   *  A for the GET request to the Relay

      -  +B if the requested Service Description is not in cache

      -  +B if the Relay does not have a TLS session ticket for the
         Service Description Host

   *  A for the CONNECT-UDP request to the Relay

   *  A + B for the QUIC handshake to the Service Description Host

   *  A + B for the GET request to the Service Description Host

   This is a total of 4A + 4B in the worst case.  However, clients can
   reduce the latency by issuing the requests to the Relay in parallel,
   and by using CONNECT-UDP's "false start" support.  The Service
   Description Host can also optimize performance, by issuing long-lived
   TLS session tickets.  With these optimizations, the expected total
   time is 2A + 2B.

   This procedure only needs to be repeated if the Service Description
   has expired.  To enable regular key rotation and operational
   adjustments, a cache lifetime of 24 hours may be suitable.  Clients
   MAY perform this procedure in advance of an expiration to avoid a
   delay.

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6.2.  Thundering Herds

   All clients of the same Relay and Service will have locally cached
   Service Descriptions with the same expiration time.  When this entry
   expires, all active clients will send refresh GET requests to the
   proxy at their next request.  Relays SHOULD use "request coalescing"
   to avoid duplicate cache-refresh requests to the target.

   If the Service Description has changed, these clients will initiate
   GET requests through the Relay to the Service Description Host to
   double-check the new contents.  Relays and Service Description Hosts
   MAY use an HTTP 503 response with a "Retry-After" header to manage
   load spikes.

7.  Security Considerations

7.1.  In scope

7.1.1.  Forgery

   A malicious Relay could attempt to learn the contents of the
   Oblivious HTTP request by forging a Service Description containing
   its own KeyConfig.  This is prevented by the client's requirement
   that the KeyConfig be served to it by the Service Description Host
   over HTTPS (Section 4.3).

7.1.2.  Deanonymization

   A malicious Service could attempt to link multiple Oblivious HTTP
   requests together by issuing each Client a unique, persistent
   KeyConfig.  This attack is prevented by the Client's requirement that
   the KeyConfig be fresh according to the Relay's cache (Section 4.3).

   A malicious Service could attempt to rotate its entry in the Relay's
   cache in several ways:

   *  Using HTTP PUSH_PROMISE frames.  This attack is prevented by
      disabling PUSH_PROMISE at the Relay (Section 4.2).

   *  By also acting as a Client and sending requests designed to
      replace the Service Description in the cache before it expires:

      -  By sending GET requests with a "Cache-Control: no-cache" or
         similar directive.  This is prevented by the response's "Cache-
         Control: public, immutable" directives, which are verified by
         the Client (Section 4.3), and by the Relay's obligation to to
         respect these directives strictly (Section 4.2).

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      -  By filling the cache with new entries, causing its previous
         Service Description to be evicted.  Section 4.2 describes some
         possible mitigations.

   A malicious Service could attempt to link different requests for the
   Service Description, in order to link the Oblivious HTTP requests
   that follow shortly after.  This is prevented by fully isolating each
   request (Section 4.3), and by disabling EDNS Client Subnet
   (Section 4.2).

7.1.3.  Abusive traffic

   A malicious client could use the proxy to send abusive traffic to any
   destination on the internet.  Abuse concerns can be mitigated by
   imposing a rate limit at the proxy (Section 4.2).

7.2.  Out of scope

   This specification assumes that the client starts with identities of
   the Relay and Service that are authentic and widely shared.  If these
   identities are inauthentic, or are unique to the client, then the
   security goals of this specification are not achieved.

   This specification assumes that at most a small fraction of Clients
   are acting on behalf of a malicious Service.  If a large fraction of
   the Clients are malicious, they could conspire to flood the Relay's
   cache with entries that seem popular, leading to rapid eviction of
   the malicious Service's Service Descriptions.  Similar concerns apply
   if a malicious Service can compel naive Clients to fetch a very large
   number of Service Descriptions.

   A Client's requests for the Service Description may become linkable
   if they have distinctive QUIC Initials, HTTP/3 Settings, RTT, or
   other protocol features observable through the Relay.  This
   specification does not offer specific mitigations for protocol
   fingerprinting.

8.  IANA Considerations

   No IANA action is requested.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

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   [I-D.ietf-masque-connect-udp]
              Schinazi, D., "Proxying UDP in HTTP", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-masque-connect-udp-15, 17 June
              2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              masque-connect-udp-15>.

   [I-D.ietf-ohai-ohttp]
              Thomson, M. and C. A. Wood, "Oblivious HTTP", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-ohai-ohttp-01, 15
              February 2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-ohai-ohttp-01>.

   [I-D.schwartz-masque-access-descriptions]
              Schwartz, B. M., "HTTP Access Service Description
              Objects", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              schwartz-masque-access-descriptions-01, 28 June 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-schwartz-
              masque-access-descriptions-01>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7232]  Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
              Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Conditional Requests", RFC 7232,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7232, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7232>.

   [RFC7871]  Contavalli, C., van der Gaast, W., Lawrence, D., and W.
              Kumari, "Client Subnet in DNS Queries", RFC 7871,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7871, May 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7871>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8246]  McManus, P., "HTTP Immutable Responses", RFC 8246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8246, September 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8246>.

   [RFC8484]  Hoffman, P. and P. McManus, "DNS Queries over HTTPS
              (DoH)", RFC 8484, DOI 10.17487/RFC8484, October 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8484>.

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   [RFC9111]  Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
              Ed., "HTTP Caching", STD 98, RFC 9111,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9111, June 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9111>.

   [RFC9114]  Bishop, M., Ed., "HTTP/3", RFC 9114, DOI 10.17487/RFC9114,
              June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9114>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.wood-key-consistency]
              Davidson, A., Finkel, M., Thomson, M., and C. A. Wood,
              "Key Consistency and Discovery", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-wood-key-consistency-02, 4 March
              2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-wood-
              key-consistency-02>.

   [SVCB]     Schwartz, B., Bishop, M., and E. Nygren, "Service binding
              and parameter specification via the DNS (DNS SVCB and
              HTTPS RRs)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              dnsop-svcb-https-10, 24 May 2022,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-dnsop-
              svcb-https-10>.

Acknowledgments

   TODO acknowledge.

Author's Address

   Benjamin M. Schwartz
   Google LLC
   Email: bemasc@google.com

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