Formal SignWriting
draft-slevinski-formal-signwriting-04
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| Last updated | 2018-01-20 | ||
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draft-slevinski-formal-signwriting-04
Sutton-Slevinski Collaboration S. Slevinski
Internet-Draft Center for Sutton Movement Writing
Intended status: Informational January 20, 2018
Expires: July 24, 2018
Formal SignWriting
draft-slevinski-formal-signwriting-04
Abstract
Sutton SignWriting is the universal and complete solution for written
sign language, ISO 15924 script code "Sgnw". It has been applied by
a wide and deep international community of sign language users.
Sutton SignWriting is an international standard for writing sign
languages by hand or with computers. From education to research,
from entertainment to religion, SignWriting has proven useful because
people are using it to write signed languages.
Formal SignWriting is one particular computerized design for Sutton
SignWriting that envisions a sign as a two part word. Each word is
written as a string of characters that can be recognized and
processed by regular expressions. The design has been optimized for
display, searching, sorting, text flow, and other character
processing.
Where as American Sign Language is a natural language, Formal
SignWriting is a formal language. A formal language is useful in
mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.
This memo defines a conceptual character encoding map for the
Internet community. It is published for reference, examination,
implementation, and evaluation. Distribution of this memo is
unlimited.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
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time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on July 24, 2018.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Table of Contents
1. Sutton SignWriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Formal SignWriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1. Complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2. Universal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.3. Empowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.4. Possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1. Formal SignWriting in ASCII (FSW) . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2. SignWriting in Unicode (SWU) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3. Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.1. Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.2. Token Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.3. Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.4. Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4. Two-Part Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.1. Spatial Signbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.2. Temporal Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5. Styling String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5.1. Entire Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.5.2. Individual Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5.3. SVG Class Names and ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6. Query Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6.1. Searching the Spatial Signbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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2.6.2. Searching the Temporal Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6.3. Including the Styling String . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3. Technology Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1. Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.1. Windows, Linux, and Mac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.2. Mac and iOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.3. Android . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2. Fonts and CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3. Scalar Vector Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.1. Font Based SVG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.2. Stand Alone SVG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4. HTML and CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.1. Centering and Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.2. Coloring Symbols and Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4.3. Other Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4.4. Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4. Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1. Formal SignWriting to Query String . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2. Query String to Regular Expression . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5. Unicode Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1. Official Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2. 17 New Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1. Sutton SignWriting
Sutton SignWriting is the universal and complete solution for written
sign language. It has been applied by a wide and deep international
community of sign languages including: American Sign Language,
Arabian Sign Languages, Australian Sign Language, Bolivian Sign
Language, Brazilian Sign Language, British Sign Language, Catalan
Sign Language, Colombian Sign Language, Czech Sign Language, Danish
Sign Language, Dutch Sign Language, Ethiopian Sign Language, Finnish
Sign Language, Flemish Sign Language, French-Belgian Sign Language,
French Sign Language, German Sign Language, Greek Sign Language,
Irish Sign Language, Italian Sign Language, Japanese Sign Language,
Malawi Sign Language, Malaysian Sign Language, Maltese Sign Language,
Mexican Sign Language, Nepalese Sign Language, New Zealand Sign
Language, Nicaraguan Sign Language, Norwegian Sign Language, Peruvian
Sign Language, Philippines Sign Language, Polish Sign Language,
Portugese Sign Language, Quebec Sign Language, South African Sign
Language, Spanish Sign Language, Swedish Sign Language, Swiss Sign
Language, Taiwanese Sign Language, and Tunisian Sign Language.
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Sutton SignWriting is an international standard for writing sign
languages by hand or with computers. From education to research,
from entertainment to religion, SignWriting has proven useful because
people are using it to write signed languages.
1.1. Script
Sign language is vastly different than spoken language. Instead of
the sequential sounds of the voice, there is a 3 dimensional space
with simultaneous action. Sutton SignWriting creates 2-dimensional
writing that is visually icon and full of featural information. This
is true on the symbol level and on the sign level. A symbol
represents phonemic information and is full of featural information
to better understand the phonemes of the symbols. A sign is a
2-dimensional arrangement of symbols and is full of featural
information to better understand the morphemes of the signs.
Punctuation is represented by a single symbol and separates a series
of signs into structured sentences. Line breaks should not occur
before punctuation.
When written vertically, SignWriting can use 3 different lanes: left,
middle, and right. The middle lane is the default lane and
punctuation is always used in the middle lane. No matter the lane,
the center of a sign is aligned with the center of the lane. The
left and right lanes are used to represent body weight shifts and are
represented by a horizontal offset from the middle lane. Body weight
shifts are important to the grammar of sign languages, used for two
different grammatical aspects: 1) role shifting during sign language
storytelling, and 2) spatial comparisons of two items under
discussion. One "role" or "item" is placed on the right side of the
body (right lane), and the other on the left side of the body (left
lane), and the weight shifts back and forth between the two, with the
narrator in the middle (middle lane).
1.2. Symbols
The Sutton SignWriting Symbols are the building blocks of Sutton
SignWriting. The symbols are arranged in 2 dimensions to create the
sign images. The symbols are organized with a 16-bit coded character
set and a layered hierarchy. The symbols are defined in the
International SignWriting Alphabet 2010 (ISWA 2010). The ISWA 2010
is a product of the Sutton-Slevinski collaboration.
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2. Formal SignWriting
Formal SignWriting is one particular computerized encoding for Sutton
SignWriting. The design is based on character processing with
regular expressions. With Formal SignWriting, each sign is written
as a two-part word of time and space.
Where as American Sign Language is a natural language, Formal
SignWriting is a formal language. A formal language is useful in
mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.
2.1. Design Principles
Formal SignWriting was created using four design principles:
completeness, universality, empowerment, and possiblity.
2.1.1. Complete
Sutton SignWriting is a complex script with unique requirements and
processing. Formal SignWriting supports all of the structures
inherent to the script.
2.1.2. Universal
Sutton SignWriting can be used to write any sign language, natural or
constructed. Formal SignWriting supports all sign languages without
requiring the addition of new characters or updated fonts.
2.1.3. Empowering
Sutton SignWriting is flexible enough to let each writer decide how
they want to write their signs. Formal SignWriting enable the
writers to decide for themselves the spelling of their respective
signs.
2.1.4. Possible
Sutton SignWriting is a practical script that makes it possible to
write sign language. Formal SignWriting is a practical encoding
because it works with existing font technologies across operating
systems.
2.2. Characters
Any sign can be written as a string of characters. Formal
SignWriting has two sets of characters that can be used: Formal
SignWriting in ASCII (FSW) and SignWriting in Unicode (SWU). These
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sets are isomorphic with an easy bi-directional conversion between
the two sets.
+-----------------+------------------+--------------------+
| Description | FSW Characters | SWU Characters |
+-----------------+------------------+--------------------+
| Sequence Marker | A | U+1D800 |
+-----------------+------------------+--------------------+
| Signbox Markers | B, L, M, R | U+1D801 to U+1D804 |
+-----------------+------------------+--------------------+
| Numbers | 250 to 749 | U+1D80C to U+1D9FF |
+-----------------+------------------+--------------------+
| Symbols | S10000 to S38b07 | U+40001 to U+4F428 |
+-----------------+------------------+--------------------+
Table 1
2.2.1. Formal SignWriting in ASCII (FSW)
Formal SignWriting in ASCII (FSW) was released in January 2012 and
has been stable since. FSW only uses characters from the ASCII
subset of "ABLMRS0123456789xabcdef".
2.2.2. SignWriting in Unicode (SWU)
SignWriting in Unicode (SWU) was first published in October 2016 and
officially submitted to the Unicode Technical Committee in July 2017.
SWU is not part of the Unicode standard.
SignWriting in Unicode is an experimental Unicode design that is
promoted by the Center for Sutton Movement Writing. This alternate
encoding replaces the Sutton SignWriting block in Unicode and uses
plane 4 for the SignWriting symbols.
2.3. Building Blocks
The mathematical words of Formal SignWriting are plain text strings
of characters.
2.3.1. Regular Expressions
Regular Expressions define string matching criteria. Regular
Expressions offer fast processing and wide support on the various
platforms.
Formal SignWriting is defined with regular expressions. Formal
languages and regular expressions are used to solve fundamental
problems.
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Regular Expression Basics
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| Characters | Description | Example |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| * | Match a literal 0 or | ABC* matches AB, ABC, |
| | more times | ABCC, ... |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| + | Match a literal 1 or | ABC+ matches ABC, ABCC, |
| | more times | ABCCC, ... |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| ? | Match a literal 0 or 1 | ABC? matches AB or ABC |
| | times | |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| {#} | Match a literal "#" | AB{2} matches ABB |
| | times | |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| [ ] | Match any single literal | [ABC] matches A, B, or C |
| | from a list | |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| [ - ] | Match any single literal | [A-C] matches A, B, or C |
| | in a range | |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| ( ) | Creates a group for | A(BC)+ matches ABC, |
| | matching | ABCBC, ABCBCBC, ... |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
| ( | ) | Matches one of several | (AB|BC|CD) will match AB, |
| | alternatives | BC, or CD |
+------------+--------------------------+---------------------------+
Table 2
2.3.2. Token Patterns
The Formal SignWriting encoding model makes explicit those features
which can be effectively and efficiently processed. The mathematical
names are structured with 11 different tokens. They can be grouped
in 4 layers: the 5 structural makers (A, B, L, M, R), the 3 base
symbol ranges (w, s, P), the 2 modifier indexes (i, o), and the
numbers (n).
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The Tokens of Formal SignWriting
+-------+-------------------------------+
| Token | Description |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| A | Sequence Marker |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| B | Signbox Marker |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| L | Left Lane Marker |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| M | Middle Lane Marker |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| R | Right Lane Marker |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| w | Writing BaseSymbols |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| s | Detailed Location BaseSymbols |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| P | Punctuation BaseSymbols |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| i | Fill Modifiers |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| o | Rotation Modifiers |
+-------+-------------------------------+
| n | Number from 250 to 749 |
+-------+-------------------------------+
Table 3
These tokens are used in patterns to form written sign language.
2.3.3. Symbols
Symbols can be described with 3 tokens: base symbol, fill modifier,
and rotation modifier.
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Symbol Tokens
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Token | Description |
| Pattern | |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| w | Writing BaseSymbols. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| s | Detailed Location BaseSymbols. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| P | Punctuation BaseSymbols. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| i | Fill Modifiers. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| o | Rotation Modifiers. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| wio | A writing symbol as 3 tokens of writing base, fill |
| | modifier and rotation modifier. Writing symbols can be |
| | used in the spatial signbox or the temporal prefix. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| [ws]io | A writing symbol or a detailed location symbol as 3 |
| | tokens of base, fill modifier, and rotation modifier. |
| | Writing symbols and detail location symbols can be used |
| | in the temporal prefix. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| Pio | A punctuation symbol as 3 tokens of punctuation base, |
| | fill modifier, and rotation modifier. Punctuation |
| | symbols divide signs into sentences. |
+---------+---------------------------------------------------------+
Table 4
There are a variety of symbol types that are used for different
purposes.
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Symbol Types and Descriptions
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Type | Description |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| all symbols | All symbols used in Formal SignWriting. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| writing | Symbols that can be used in the spatial signbox or |
| | the temporal prefix. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| hand | Various handshapes |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| movement | Contact symbols, small finger movements, straight |
| | arrows, curved arrows and circles. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| dynamic | Dynamic symbols are used to give the "feeling" or |
| | "tempo" to movement. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| head | Symbols for the head and face. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| hcenter | Used to determine the horizontal center of a sign. |
| | Same as the head type. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| vcenter | Use to determine the vertical center of a sign. |
| | Includes the head and trunk types. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| trunk | Symbols for torso movement, shoulders, and hips. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| limb | Symbols for limbs and fingers. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| location | Detailed location symbols can only be used in the |
| | temporal prefix. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| punctuation | Punctual symbols are used to divide signs into |
| | sentences. |
+-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
Table 5
Symbol types occur in specific ranges depending on the characters
involved.
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Symbol Types and Ranges
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| Type | FSW | SWU |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| all symbols | S100 - S38b | U+40001 -U+4F480 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| writing | S100 - S37e | U+40001 -U+4EFA0 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| hand | S100 - 204 | U+40001 -U+461E0 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| movement | S205 - S2f6 | U+461E1 -U+4BCA0 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| dynamic | S2f7 - S2fe | U+4BCA1 -U+4BFA0 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| head | S2ff - S36c | U+4BFA1 -U+4E8E0 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| hcenter | S2ff - S36c | U+4BFA1 -U+4E8E0 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| vcenter | S2ff - S375 | U+4BFA1 -U+4EC40 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| trunk | S36d - S375 | U+4E8E1 -U+4EC40 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| limb | S376 - S37e | U+4EC41 -U+4EFA0 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| location | S37f - S386 | U+4EFA1 -U+4F2A0 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
| punctuation | S387 - S38b | U+4F2A1 -U+4F480 |
+-------------+-------------+------------------+
Table 6
2.3.3.1. FSW Symbols
Symbol keys are 6 characters long. The first character of a symbol
key is always "S". The next 3 characters identify the symbol base.
The last two characters identify the fill and rotation modifiers
respectively.
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Symbol Key Definition
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Regular Expression | Description |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
| S | Start of symbol key |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
| [123][0-9a-f]{2} | Symbol key base |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
| [0-5] | Fill modifier |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
| [0-9a-f] | Rotation modifier |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
| S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f] | Symbol key definition |
+--------------------------------+-----------------------+
Table 7
2.3.3.2. SWU Symbols
The 37,811 symbols of the International SignWriting Alphabet 2010 are
uniquely idendified with Unicode characters in the range U+40001 to
U+4F428.
A simple formula transforms a symbol key into a codepoint. Given a
symbol key as variable "key", in JavaScript the function is defined
as:
var code = ((parseInt(key.slice(1,4),16) - 256) * 96) +
((parseInt(key.slice(4,5),16))*16) + parseInt(key.slice(5,6),16) +
1;
2.3.4. Numbers
The numbers encode the ruler principle with characters. The ruler
principle is built in automatically for scripts written sequentially
in one dimension. The number characters are needed to specify the
spatial relationship between symbols.
Both FSW and SWU use a restricted range of 500 numbers between 250
and 749.
Cartesian Coordinates can be described with 2 tokens: number and
number. These numbers represent the X and Y coordinates
respectively.
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Coordinate Tokens
+----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Token Patterns | Description |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| n | Number from 250 to 749 |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| nn | Coordinate with X and Y values as 2 numbers |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------+
Table 8
2.3.4.1. FSW Numbers
Formal SignWriting in ASCII has two definitions for a number. The
more general definition simply defines 3 digits together with a
potential range of 1000. A more explicit definition correctly
restricts the numbers to 500 possibilities in the 250 to 749 range.
The general coordinate definition is adequate for processing.
An X,Y coordinate is created by using the letter "x" to join two FSW
numbers.
General 3 digit number definition: [0-9]{3}
General coordinate definition: [0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3}
Explicit number definition from 250 to 749:
(2[5-9][0-9]|[3-6][0-9]{2}|7[0-4][0-9])
Explicit coordinate definition: (2[5-9][0-9]|[3-6][0-9]{2}|7[0-4][0-
9])x(2[5-9][0-9]|[3-6][0-9]{2}|7[0-4][0-9])
2.3.4.2. SWU Numbers
SignWriting in Unicode has a single definition for a number. Each
number is uniquely idendified with Unicode characters in the range
U+1D80C to U+1D9FF. A coordinate is defined as 2 numbers together.
2.4. Two-Part Word
Formal SignWriting envisions a sign as a two-part word of time and
space. The two-dimensional appearance of a sign is written in the
spatial signbox as an objective arrangement. The one-dimensional
order of a sign is written in the temporal prefix as a subjective
analysis.
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2.4.1. Spatial Signbox
The spatial signbox is a two-dimensional cluster of symbols. The
position of each symbol is determined by the writer and defined using
Cartesian Coordinates that represent the top-left of the symbol
image. Formal numbers range from 250 to 749.
2-dimensional space does not have a normative 1-dimensional order.
When symbols overlap, the relative order of the overlapping symbols
is important. Symbols written first appear underneath symbols that
are written later. Otherwise, the exact string order of the spatial
symbols is unpredictable. The spatial signbox is neither formatting
nor style and represents meaning that is beyond the temporal prefix.
Y Axis
| 250
|
|
|
|
|
X Axis |
-----------+------------
250 | 749
|
|
|
|
|
| 749
The Spatial Signbox can be described with 8 tokens.
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Spatial Signbox Tokens
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Token Pattern | Description |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| B | Signbox Marker |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| L | Left Lane Marker |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| M | Middle Lane Marker |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| R | Right Lane Marker |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| w | Writing BaseSymbols |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| i | Fill Modifiers |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| o | Rotation Modifiers |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| n | Number from 250 to 749 |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| wio | A writing symbol as 3 tokens of writing base, |
| | fill modifier and rotation modifier |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| nn | Coordinate with X and Y values as 2 numbers |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| wionn | A spatial symbol as 5 tokens, with 3 tokens for |
| | a writing symbol and 2 tokens for coordinates |
| | of top left placement |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| (wionn)* | Zero or more spatial symbols |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Bnn(wionn)* | A Signbox with a preprocessed maximum |
| | coordinate and a list of spatial symbols used |
| | for horizontal writing |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| [LMR] | A lane marker: either left, middle or right. |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| [LMR]nn(wionn)* | A Signbox in either the left, middle, or right |
| | lane with a preprocessed maximum coordinate and |
| | a list of spatial symbols used for vertical |
| | writing |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------------------+
Table 9
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The spatial signbox is assigned to a lane, has a preprocessed maximum
coordinate and zero or more writing symbols with X and Y coordinates
for each symbol.
2.4.1.1. Bounding Box
The symbols do not have a consistent width or height. The center of
a symbol can be safely assumed to be at half-width and half-height.
A bounding box for a symbol is based on the symbol width and height.
Each symbol has a defined width and height in a text file with 37,811
lines. Alternately, the symbol width and height can be calculated by
analyzing the glyphs in a TTF font file, using JavaScript or other
language.
The bounding box of a sign is a tight box around the symbols. The
bounding box is used to determine the width and height of a sign.
The center of a bounding box is coordinate 500,500.
The bounding box of a sign consists of four values: Minimum X,
Minimum Y, Maximum X and Maximum Y. The values of the bounding box
is taken straight from the coordinates in an Formal SignWriting word.
2.4.1.2. Maximum Coordinate
The maximum coordinate for a Signbox is pre-calculated to simplify
layout for width, height, and center. For each symbol, the width of
height of that symbol is added to the coordinate position of that
symbol. These new coordinate values represent the bottom-right
coordinate of each symbol bounding box. The maximum X value is
joined with the maximum Y value to determine the maximum coordinate.
2.4.1.3. Centering a Sign
To simplify layout and improve 2-dimensional searching, every sign
has a normalized center based on symbol type, size, and mathematical
formula. The vertical center is based on the center of the bounding
box around the head symbols. The horizontal center is based on the
center of the bounding box around the head and trunk symbols. If a
sign doesn't contain head or trunk symbols, then the bounding box of
all symbols is used. For the symbol ranges see Table 6
Once the center of a sign has been determined, the symbols are moved
so that the center is coordinate 500,500.
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2.4.2. Temporal Prefix
The temporal prefix is a one-dimensional list of symbols that is
written by an author. The arrangement of the symbols is based on a
particular theory of sorting. The order of the symbols in the
temporal prefix is significant because sorting is possible with a
binary string comparison. The temporal prefix is neither formatting
nor style and represents meaning not found in the spatial signbox.
Signs are written in 2-dimensional space which does not have a
normative 1-dimensional order. Any 1-dimensional order of
2-dimensional space is subjective. Some 1-dimensional orders may be
canonical according to a particular theory, but there are a variety
of theories on setting a 1-dimensional order.
The temporal prefix will use the same symbols that are used in the
spatial signbox, but it does not need to use all of them and it is
not limited to only those symbols. The temporal prefix is a list of
writing symbols and/or detailed location symbols that identify
temporal order and additional analysis. A valid sequence must
contain at least one symbol and can not contain punctuation.
The temporal prefix allows for sorting that is universally supported
through binary string comparison.
There are several theories on the best way to structure a temporal
prefix. The most productive is based on the SignSpelling Sequence
theory of Valerie Sutton. A temporal prefix is structured as a
series of beginning handshapes, followed by transitional movements
and dynamics that lead to the next set of handshapes. This pattern
continues until the end of the sign. The last section of the
temporal prefix should contain symbols of of type "head", "trunk",
and "limb".
Detailed location symbols of type "location" can be used in a
temporal prefix, but are rarely (if ever) needed for general writing.
A temporal prefix can be described with 5 tokens.
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Temporal Prefix Tokens
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Token | Description |
| Patterns | |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| A | Sequence Marker |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| w | Writing BaseSymbols |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| s | Detailed Location BaseSymbols |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| i | Fill Modifiers |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| o | Rotation Modifiers |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| (A([ws]io)+)? | An optional temporal prefix to be used as a |
| | prefix for a Signbox |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
Table 10
The temporal prefix starts with a sequence marker and includes an
ordered list of writing symbols and detailed locations.
2.5. Styling String
The styling string of Formal SignWriting uses a lite markup to define
a variety of styling options. The styling string is the same for FSW
and SWU. The entire sign can be customized for padding, coloring,
and size. Individual symbols within a sign can be customized for
coloring and size. For SVG output, class names and IDs can be
defined. A styling string can be added to the end of any Formal
SignWriting string to style a particular sign.
Colors can be written as CSS color names or as color hex values.
CSS Color Names: [a-zA-Z]+
Color Hex Values: [0-9a-fA-F]{3}([0-9a-fA-F]{3})?
The styling string is divided into 3 sections: one for the entire
sign, one for individual symbols, and one for SVG class names and ID.
The styling string starts with a single dash, after which is the
section about the entire sign. A second dash, if present, marks the
start of the section about the individual symbols. A third dash, if
present, marks the start of the section about the SVG class names and
ID. The order of the styling options is important.
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Styling String: -C?(P[0-9]{2})?(G_([0-9a-fA-F]{3}([0-9a-fA-
F]{3})?|[a-zA-Z]+)_)?(D_([0-9a-fA-F]{3}([0-9a-fA-F]{3})?|[a-zA-
Z]+)(,([0-9a-fA-F]{3}([0-9a-fA-F]{3})?|[a-zA-
Z]+))?_)?(Z([0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?|x))?(-(D[0-9]{2}_([0-9a-fA-F]{3}([0-
9a-fA-F]{3})?|[a-zA-Z]+)(,([0-9a-fA-F]{3}([0-9a-fA-F]{3})?|[a-zA-
Z]+))?_)*(Z[0-9]{2},[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?(,[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})?)*)?(--
?[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,100}( -?[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-
Z0-9-]{0,100})*!([a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,100}!)?)?
2.5.1. Entire Sign
There are several options for styling an entire sign.
C Colorize
P Padding
G Background
D Detail colors
Z Zoom level
2.5.1.1. Colorize
Colorizing a sign will set the color of each symbol based on its
classification.
Hand 0000CC
Movement CC0000
Dynamic FF0099
Head 006600
Body 000000
Detailed Location 884411
Punctuation FF9900
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+----------------+----------------------------------+
| Styling String | Description |
+----------------+----------------------------------+
| -C | Colorize the symbols of the sign |
+----------------+----------------------------------+
Table 11
2.5.1.2. Padding
Padding is applied around the entire sign. A two-digit number is
used to set the padding.
+----------------+--------------------------------+
| Styling String | Description |
+----------------+--------------------------------+
| -P01 | A padding of 1 around the sign |
+----------------+--------------------------------+
Table 12
2.5.1.3. Background
By default, the background of a sign is transparent. The background
color can be set with a CSS color name or with a color hex value.
The color name or value must be surrounded by underscores.
+----------------+-----------------------------------+
| Styling String | Description |
+----------------+-----------------------------------+
| -G_lightblue_ | Background color of light blue. |
+----------------+-----------------------------------+
| -G_f00_ | Background color as 3 hex values. |
+----------------+-----------------------------------+
| -G_ff0000_ | Background color as 6 hex values. |
+----------------+-----------------------------------+
Table 13
2.5.1.4. Detail Colors
By default, each symbol has a line color of black and a fill color of
white. The line color for all of the symbols can be set with a CSS
color name or with a color hex value. The color name or value must
be surrounded by underscores. Setting the fill color is optional.
To set the fill color, put a comma and the fill color after the line
color but before the closing underscore.
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+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Styling String | Description |
+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| -D_red_ | Line color of red. |
+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| -D_red,yellow_ | Line color of red with a fill color of yellow. |
+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
Table 14
2.5.1.5. Zoom Level
By default, a sign is set to zoom level 1. The zoom level can be set
with an integer or a decimal number.
Alternatively, the zoom level can be set to lower-case 'x', for
extendable. The SVG created will not specify the width or height, so
that the sign image will fill whatever container it is placed inside.
+----------------+--------------------------+
| Styling String | Description |
+----------------+--------------------------+
| -Z2 | Zoom level of 2 |
+----------------+--------------------------+
| -Z15.7 | Zoom level of 15.7 |
+----------------+--------------------------+
| -Zx | Zoom level of extendable |
+----------------+--------------------------+
Table 15
2.5.2. Individual Symbols
There are two options for styling individual symbols. Individual
symbols are identified by a two-digit number, which identifies the
order the symbol appears in the Signbox.
D Detail colors
Z Zoom level
2.5.2.1. Detail Colors
By default, each symbol has a line color of black and a fill color of
white. The line color for an individual symbol can be set with a CSS
color name or with a color hex value. The color name or value must
be surrounded by underscores. Setting the fill color is optional.
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To set the fill color, put a comma and the fill color after the line
color but before the closing underscore.
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Styling String | Description |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| --D01_red_ | First symbol line color of red. |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| --D01_red,yellow_ | First symbol line color of red with a fill |
| | color of yellow. |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| --D01_red_D02_green_ | First symbol line color of red and second |
| | symbol line color of green. |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
Table 16
2.5.2.2. Zoom Level
By default, each symbol is set to zoom level 1. The zoom level of
individual symbols can be set with an integer or a decimal number.
Additionally, an offset coordinate can be specified with an
individual symbol's zoom level. The offset coordinate of 500x500 is
considered no offset for either the x or y value.
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Styling String | Description |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| --Z03,2 | Third symbol zoom level of 2 |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| --Z04,15.7 | Fourth symbol zoom level of 15.7 |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| --Z04,1.5,480x500 | Fourth symbol zoom level of 1.5 with a -20 |
| | offset applied to the X value of the symbol's |
| | placement coordinate. |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
Table 17
2.5.3. SVG Class Names and ID
When using SVG, there are two additional styling options of class
names and ID.
{class names}! SVG Class Names
{ID}! SVG ID
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Both class names and ID use a restricted ASCII subset.
class names -?[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,100}( -?[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-
Z0-9-]{0,100})*
ID [a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,100}
Each SVG can be created with a list of class names separated by
spaces, ending in an exclamation (!) mark. After the class names
exclamation mark, an ID can be written followed by another
exclamation mark.
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Styling String | Description |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ---glowing! | A class name of "glowing" |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ---flashing | Two class names of "flashing" and |
| primary! | "primary". |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ---!cursor! | SVG created with an ID of "cursor" |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| ---flashing!cursor! | SVG created with a class name of "flashing" |
| | and an ID of "cursor" |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
Table 18
2.6. Query Language
The query language of Formal SignWriting allows for precise searching
of signs written in either FSW or SWU. A query string is a concise
representation for a much larger and detailed set of regular
expressions. The regular expressions can be used to quickly and
accurately search large files and databases containing Formal
SignWriting.
A filter and repeat pattern of searching is used as a series of match
criteria. A file, database, or text input is searched using a
sequence of steps. Each step applies a single match criteria.
Matching results are collated and the next search criteria is
applied. The pattern of searching the previous results continues
until all regular expressions have been used.
The query language of Formal SignWriting is different for FSW and
SWU, but allows for the same searching strategies. Any FSW string
and SWU string can easily be converted into several different query
string, depending on the search parameters.
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There are two main sections of a query string. The first searches
the spatial signbox. The second searches the temporal prefix. Both
sections use the same definition for a symbol or a range.
The symbol search can match an exact symbol, or a set of symbols with
an unspecified fill or rotation.
With FSW, the fill and rotation modifiers of a symbol key can be
replaced with the "u" character as a wildcard. The "u" stands for
unknown and will match all values rather than a specific character.
With SWU, the letters "f' or "r" can be written after a symbol to
indicate an unspecified fill or rotation respectively.
The range search can match a range of base symbols. The base symbol
range consists of 2 values: the starting base symbol and the ending
base symbol. Every symbol between these 2 base symbols will be
matched.
Symbol Search in FSW: S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-fu]
Symbol Search in SWU (UTF-16): ((\uD8C0[\uDC01-\uDFFF])|([\uD8C1-\uD
8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])|(\uD8FD[\uDC00-\uDC80]))f?r?
Range Search in FSW: R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2}
Symbol Search in SWU (UTF-16): R((\uD8C0[\uDC01-\uDFFF])|([\uD8C1-\u
D8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])|(\uD8FD[\uDC00-\uDC80]))((\uD8C0[\uDC01-\uDF
FF])|([\uD8C1-\uD8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])|(\uD8FD[\uDC00-\uDC80]))
At the end of the query string is an optional styling string flag
represented by a dash (-). If present, the Formal SignWriting
strings will include any styling strings. If the styling string flag
isn't included, the query string will only find plain text Formal
SignWriting strings without the styling string.
The full query string definition allows for the possibility of
searching the temporal prefix and the spatial signbox at the same
time.
Query String in FSW: Q((A(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-fu]|R[123][0-
9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2})+)?T)?(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-
fu]([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})?|R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-
f]{2}([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})?)*(V[0-9]+)?-?
Query String in SWU (UTF-16): Q((A(((\uD8C0[\uDC01-\uDFFF])|([\uD8C1
-\uD8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])|(\uD8FD[\uDC00-\uDC80]))f?r?|R((\uD8C0[\u
DC01-\uDFFF])|([\uD8C1-\uD8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])|(\uD8FD[\uDC00-\uDC
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80]))f?r?((\uD8C0[\uDC01-\uDFFF])|([\uD8C1-\uD8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])
|(\uD8FD[\uDC00-\uDC80]))f?r?)+)?T)?((R((\uD8C0[\uDC01-\uDFFF])|([
\uD8C1-\uD8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])|(\uD8FD[\uDC00-\uDC80]))f?r?((\uD8C
0[\uDC01-\uDFFF])|([\uD8C1-\uD8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])|(\uD8FD[\uDC00-
\uDC80]))f?r?(\uD836[\uDC0C-\uDDFF]\uD836[\uDC0C-\uDDFF])?)|(((\uD
8C0[\uDC01-\uDFFF])|([\uD8C1-\uD8FC][\uDC00-\uDFFF])|(\uD8FD[\uDC0
0-\uDC80]))f?r?(\uD836[\uDC0C-\uDDFF]\uD836[\uDC0C-\uDDFF])?))*(V[
0-9]+)?-?
2.6.1. Searching the Spatial Signbox
The spatial signbox is a list of symbols with 2-dimensional
placement. The query "Q" will find all signs regardless of the
symbols used or their placement.
It is possible to specify one or more symbols (or ranges of symbols)
that must be included in the Signbox to indicate a match. The order
of the symbols is not important. Each symbol (or range) can include
an optional coordinate. The coordinate is a restriction on the
match, such that a symbol must be used within a certain variance of
the coordinate to qualify as a match.
The variance is a number value, 0 or greater with a default value of
20. A variance of 0 will only find symbols used at an exact
coordinate. A variance of 5 will match the symbols used at a
coordinate, plus or minus 5 for both X and Y numbers.
Symbol Search with Optional Coordinate: S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-
9a-fu]([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})?
Range Search with Optional Coordinate: R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-
f]{2}([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})?
Variance: (V[0-9]+)?
Spatial Signbox Search Query: Q(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-
fu]([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})?|R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-
f]{2}([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})?)*(V[0-9]+)?
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Spatial Signbox Query Examples
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Query | Description |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Q | All signs |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| QS100uu | Signs with the index handshape in the spatial |
| | signbox |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| QS100uu480x480 | Signs with the index handshape in the spatial |
| | signbox used near coordinate (480,480) |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| QS100uu480x480V0 | Signs with the index handshape in the spatial |
| | signbox used at the exact coordinate (480,480) |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| QS100uuR2fft36c | Signs with the index handshape and a symbol |
| | from the head & face range |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
Table 19
2.6.2. Searching the Temporal Prefix
The temporal prefix is a list of symbol keys. The query "QT" will
find all signs that include a temporal prefix.
It is possible to specify the start of the temporal prefix by
identifying a series of symbols and/or ranges. The query will start
with an "QA" and end with a "T", such as "QA...T". Between the "QA"
and "T", a series of symbol searches and/or range searches will
specify the desired start of the temporal prefix. The order of the
symbols and ranges is important.
Temporal Prefix Search Query: Q((A(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5u][0-9a-
fu]|R[123][0-9a-f]{2}t[123][0-9a-f]{2})+)?T)?
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Temporal Prefix Query Examples
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Query | Description |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| QT | All signs that include the temporal |
| | prefix |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| QAS100uuT | Signs with a temporal prefix that |
| | starts with the index handshape |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| QAS100uuR100t204S20500T | Signs with a temporal prefix that |
| | starts with the index handshape, |
| | followed by any handshape, followed by |
| | the single contact |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
Table 20
2.6.3. Including the Styling String
At the end of the query string is an optional styling string flag
represented by a dash (-). If present, the Formal SignWriting
strings will include any styling strings. If the styling string flag
isn't included, the query string will only find plain text Formal
SignWriting strings without the styling string.
Styling String Search Query: Q-
Styling String Search Only: -
Styling String Query Examples
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Query | Description |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Q- | All signs including the styling strings when present |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| - | Only find styling string without including the Formal |
| | SignWriting |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
Table 21
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3. Technology Integration
Formal SignWriting has been specifically designed to integrate with
standard technology on the phone, tablet, and desktop.
3.1. Fonts
The Sutton SignWriting Fonts are available as source SVG and as three
TrueType Font files.
Sutton SignWriting Fonts
Copyright (c) 1974-2017, Center for Sutton Movement Writing, inc
Licensed under the SIL Open Font License v1.1
The Sutton SignWriting TrueType fonts are available for download and
installation.
Installing the fonts using the instructions below is not required,
but it will improve the user experience. If the fonts are not
installed on the system, CSS declarations will install the fonts in
the browser cache.
3.1.1. Windows, Linux, and Mac
Installation is straight forward for Windows, Linux and Mac. Simply
download the TrueType fonts and install as usual.
Sutton SignWriting Line TrueType Font [SuttonSignWritingFontLine]
Sutton SignWriting Fill TrueType Font [SuttonSignWritingFontFill]
Sutton SignWriting One-D TrueType Font [SuttonSignWritingFontOneD]
3.1.2. Mac and iOS
Installation is possible for Mac OS X and iOS with a configuration
profile. The Sutton SignWriting Symbol configuration profile
includes 2 fonts for SVG: SuttonSignWritingLine and
SuttonSignWritingFill. The Sutton SignWriting One configuration
profile includes the font SuttonSignWritingOneD. With the
configuration profile installed, the Unicode Option 1 characters can
be used throughout the operating system, even as file and folder
names.
Sutton SignWriting Symbol Configuration Profile
[SuttonSignWritingFontSymbol]
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Sutton SignWriting One Configuration Profile
[SuttonSignWritingFontOne]
3.1.3. Android
Android can not install the fonts directly onto the system. The CSS
declarations below will install the fonts in the browser cache.
3.2. Fonts and CSS
The TrueType Fonts can be used without installing the fonts on any
platform by defining two font-face statements. Simply include the
following CSS in any HTML page to access the fonts. Make sure to
replace the URLs with the fully qualified links for the fonts.
@font-face {
font-family: "SuttonSignWritingLine";
src:
local('SuttonSignWritingLine'),
url('https://.../SuttonSignWritingLine.ttf') format('truetype');
}
@font-face {
font-family: "SuttonSignWritingFill";
src:
local('SuttonSignWritingFill'),
url('https://.../SuttonSignWritingFill.ttf') format('truetype');
}
@font-face {
font-family: "SuttonSignWritingOneD";
src:
local('SuttonSignWritingOneD'),
url('https://.../SuttonSignWritingOneD.ttf') format('truetype');
}
If the fonts are installed, then the system fonts will be used. If
the fonts are not installed when a SignWriting Font page is opened,
the CSS will cause the fonts to be automatically downloaded to the
browser's cache on the first visit. Once the fonts are installed in
the browser cache, they will remain there until the browser cache is
emptied. Any webside that uses this CSS can access the browser
installed font without requesting a new copy. The fonts are 18 MB,
so the first page view make take a few seconds or longer depending on
your download speed and processor.
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3.3. Scalar Vector Graphics
Sutton SignWriting is a 2-dimensional script. The sign images are
composed using Scalar Vector Graphic (SVG).
3.3.1. Font Based SVG
The conversion of Formal SignWriting to Scalar Vector Graphics
requires three parts: header, text, and symbols. Consider the FSW
string
"M518x533S1870a489x515S18701482x490S20500508x496S2e734500x468".
3.3.1.1. SVG Header
The header section contains the SVG definition along with the width,
height, and viewbox. The viewbox is a combination of the minimum X,
minimum Y, width, and height.
Minimum X: 482
Maximum X: 518
Width: 36
Minimum Y: 468
Maximum Y: 533
Height: 65
<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="36" height="65" viewBox="482 468 36 65">
If the width and height properties are not included, then the
resulting SVG will automatically expand in size to fill the
containing element on the screen.
<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
viewBox="482 468 36 65">
3.3.1.2. SVG Text
The SVG text section is included to make it possible to copy and
paste Formal SignWriting strings. The font-size is set to zero to
make the text invisible.
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<text style="font-size:0%;">
M518x533S1870a489x515S18701482x490S20500508x496S2e734500x468
</text>
3.3.1.3. SVG Symbols
Each symbol in the Signbox is a combination of the symbol key and the
positioning coordinate.
Symbol 1: S1870a 489x515
Symbol 2: S18701 482x490
Symbol 3: S20500 508x496
Symbol 4: S2e734 500x468
Each spatial symbol is written as an SVG group and positioned by the
transformation translate.
<g transform="translate(489,515)">...</g>
<g transform="translate(482,490)">...</g>
<g transform="translate(508,496)">...</g>
<g transform="translate(500,468)">...</g>
Inside of each group, 2 text elements are written. The symbol fill
is written first using the SuttonSignWritingFill font with a plane 16
character. The symbol line is written second using the
SuttonSignWritingLine font with a plane 15 character. See
Section 2.3.3.2 for the formula to convert symbol keys to codepoints.
<text class="sym-fill"
style="font-family:'SuttonSignWritingFill';font-size:30px;fill:white;">
{plane 16 codepoint}
</text>
<text class="sym-line"
style="font-family:'SuttonSignWritingLine';font-size:30px;fill:black;">
{plane 15 codepoint}
</text>
3.3.2. Stand Alone SVG
It is possible to request completed SVG images from the SignWriting
Server [SignWritingServer]. The SVG images created by the
SignWriting Server are stand-alone graphics that do not use the
TrueType Fonts. The SVG images use path elements to define the
symbol lines and curves.
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The SVG header and SVG text for the server-side images are the same
as the standard FSW to SVG transformation. See Section 3.3.1
The SVG symbols section is structured differently. Multiple SVG
elements are contained within each sign SVG image. Each sub-SVG
element uses X and Y coordinates to place each symbol. Consider the
FSW string
"M518x533S1870a489x515S18701482x490S20500508x496S2e734500x468".
Symbol 1: S1870a 489x515
Symbol 2: S18701 482x490
Symbol 3: S20500 508x496
Symbol 4: S2e734 500x468
<svg x="489" y="515">...</svg>
<svg x="482" y="490">...</svg>
<svg x="508" y="496">...</svg>
<svg x="500" y="468">...</svg>
Inside of each sub-SVG element is a group (g) element with one or two
path elements. This inside information can only be requested from
the SignWriting Server or some other source of the symbol image data.
<g transform="translate(0.146473559361,17.7697467366) ... ">
<path class="sym-fill" fill="white" d="M700 1493 ... "/>
<path class="sym-line" fill="black" d="M1826 1480 ... "/>
</g>
3.4. HTML and CSS
Basic HTML structures and CSS rules can be used with Sutton
SignWriting for customization and layout.
3.4.1. Centering and Sizing
It is possible to center a symbol or sign within a div with a few CSS
rules. The symbol or sign will automatically shrink in size if the
containing div is smaller than the SVG image. Additionally, if the
SVG is created with the zoom level of extendable (styling string
"-Zx"), the symbol or sign will grow in size to fill as much of the
containing div as possible.
<div class="centered">
<svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" ...
</div>
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div.centered {
position: relative;
width: 10%;
height: 10%;
border: 1px solid black;
}
div.centered svg {
position: absolute;
display: block;
top:2.5%;
bottom: 2.5%;
left: 2.5%;
right: 2.5%;
margin: auto;
max-width: 95%;
max-height: 95%;
}
3.4.2. Coloring Symbols and Signs
Individual signs can be colored with CSS rules. The individual
classes of 'sym-line' and 'sym-fill' can be used to isolate each part
of a symbol, both positive and negative spaces, or the classes can be
ignored to create the shadow of a symbol that includes both aspects
of a symbol.
<svg class="primary" ...
<svg class="success" ...
<svg class="info" ...
<svg class="warning" ...
<svg class="danger" ...
<svg class="shadow" ...
<svg class="inverse" ...
svg.primary g text.sym-line { fill: #337ab7 !important; }
svg.success g text.sym-line { fill: #5cb85c !important; }
svg.info g text.sym-line { fill: #5bc0de !important; }
svg.warning g text.sym-line { fill: #f0ad4e !important; }
svg.danger g text.sym-line { fill: #d9534f !important; }
svg.shadow g text { fill: grey !important; }
svg.inverse g text.sym-line { fill: white !important; }
svg.inverse g text.sym-fill { fill: black !important; }
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3.4.3. Other Effects
Other CSS rules can be used for other effect. Please note that
transform property does not effect the document flow and should not
be used for general layout.
svg.shadowed {
text-shadow: -1px -1px 1px #fff, 1px 1px 1px #000;
}
svg.rotate {
transform: rotate(0.5turn);
}
svg.bigger {
transform: scale(2);
}
svg.skewed {
transform: skewX(30deg);
}
3.4.4. Sentences
SignWriting is written vertically using the vertical writing mode of
CSS. To create the center lane and to visually divide the columns of
text, several span elements are used. Each sign is contained in a
div with a width and height that matches the enclosed sign. To
properly align each sign with the center of its lane, the containing
div will either use "margin-right" or "border-left". With "border-
left", the rule must include "solid transparent" after the size.
<div class="signtext">
<span class="outside"><span class="middle"><span class="inside">
<div style="width:42px;height:77px;margin-right:2px;"><svg ...
<div style="width:38px;height:48px;margin-right:2px;"><svg ...
<div style="width:25px;height:9px;border-left:7px solid transparent;">
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div.signtext {
-webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr;
writing-mode: vertical-lr;
font-size: 0%;
border-left: 1px solid blue;
height: 100%;
}
span.outside { border-left: 1px solid blue; vertical-align: top; }
span.middle { vertical-align: bottom; }
span.inside { border-left: 1px dashed red; }
div.signtext div {
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
padding: 20px;
box-sizing: content-box;
}
4. Transformations
Formal SignWriting and the surrounding technologies have been created
to facilitate easy transformations between the various forms.
4.1. Formal SignWriting to Query String
Formal SignWriting strings have several natural transformations to
query string. The transformation can use the temporal prefix and/or
the spatial signbox. For each symbol, the query can include the
exact symbol key, or the query can use a general symbol key where the
fill and rotation modifiers are not explicitly defined. Consider the
Formal SignWriting string
"AS14c20S27106M518x529S14c20481x471S27106503x489".
Exact Temporal Prefix Symbols: QAS14c20S27106T
General Temporal Prefix Symbols: QAS14cuuS271uuT
Exact Spatial Signbox Symbols: QS14c20S27106
General Spatial Signbox Symbols: QS14cuuS271uu
Exact Spatial Signbox Symbols with Location:
QS14c20481x471S27106503x489
General Spatial Signbox Symbols with Location:
QS14cuu481x471S271uu503x489
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4.2. Query String to Regular Expression
The transformation from query string to regular expressions has been
fully implemented in the Sutton SignWriting JavaScript Library and
the SignWriting Server.
The query language to regular expressions generator uses the
following regular expression structures as building blocks.
Temporal Prefix Prefix: (A(S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f])+)
Signbox Prefix: [BLMR]([0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})
Spatial Symbols: (S[123][0-9a-f]{2}[0-5][0-9a-f][0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})*
The Temporal Prefix Prefix is a structural marker followed by one or
more symbols. For the query string "QT", the prefix is required.
For the general "Q", the prefix is optional so "?" is appended to the
Temporal Prefix Prefix regular expression.
The Signbox Prefix is a combination of structural marker and
preprocessed maximum coordinate. Every constructed regular
expression will include the Signbox Prefix.
The Spatial Symbols is zero or more symbol definitions and associated
coordinates. The Spatial Symbols regular expression is used for
every search. For both "Q" and "QT", it is the only symbol matching
used. When searching for specific symbols and ranges, the general
Spatial Symbols definition will sandwich the specific search
definitions.
Searching for number ranges with regular expressions requires a
unique technique. This technique requires five steps.
Find a number between 122 and 455
1) 10's don't match and the min 1's are not zero ( last number to 9):
Match 12[2-9]
2) Bring up the 10's if hundreds are different: Match 1[3-9][0-9]
3) Bring up the 100's if different: Match [2-3][0-9][0-9]
4) Bring up the 10's: Match 4[0-4][0-9]
5) Bring up the 1's: Match 45[0-5]
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Final Match (12[2-9]|1[3-9][0-9]|[2-3][0-9][0-9]|4[0-4][0-9]|45[0-5])
For the styling string regular expression, see Section 2.5.
5. Unicode Considerations
In 2015, the Sutton SignWriting block was officially added to the
Unicode standard. This block contains characters for representing
the symbols of the ISWA 2010. Unfortunately, this encoding has
several unresolved issues. The presentation Issues with SignWriting
in Unicode 8 [Unicode8Issues] details why this encoding is
incomplete, broken, and fictional.
Discussions with the Unicode Technical Committee continue. The
latest document submission is Design Options for Sutton SignWriting
with examples and fonts [SuttonSignWritingOptions].
The Center for Sutton Movement Writing discourages the use of these
characters as defined in the Unicode standard. This information is
included for informational purposes only.
5.1. Official Characters
In 2015, the symbols of Sutton SignWriting were added to Unicode
version 8.
See Section 1.2 and Section 2.3.3
+----------------------------+--------------------+
| Description | Unicode Range |
+----------------------------+--------------------+
| Base Charcters | U+1D800 to U+1DA8B |
+----------------------------+--------------------+
| Fill Modifiers 2 to 6 | U+1DA9B to U+1DA9F |
+----------------------------+--------------------+
| Rotation Modifiers 2 to 16 | U+1DAA1 to U+1DAAF |
+----------------------------+--------------------+
Table 22
Each symbol key can be rewritten as 3 Unicode characters of a base, a
fill, and a rotation. Given a symbol key as variable "key", in
JavaScript the 3 characters can be derived with the following
statements:
var base = parseInt(key.substr(1,3),16) + parseInt('1D700',16);
var fill = parseInt(key.substr(4,1),16) + parseInt('1DA9A',16);
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var rotation = parseInt(key.substr(5,1),16) +
parseInt('1DAA0',16);
5.2. 17 New Characters
The addition of 17 Unicode characters to the official Unicode
standard can complete the script encoding and cover 2-dimensional
layout.
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Description | Formal SignWriting | Proposed Unicode |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Fill Modifier 1 | 0 | U+1DA9A |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Rotation Modifier 1 | 0 | U+1DAA0 |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Numbers | 0 to 9 | U+1DAB0 to U+1DAB9 |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Sequence Marker | A | U+1DABA |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Signbox Markers | B | U+1DABB |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Left Lane Markers | L | U+1DABC |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Middle Lane Markers | M | U+1DABD |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Right Lane Markers | R | U+1DABE |
+---------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
Table 23
Fill Modifier 1 and Rotation Modifier 1 are included to fix sorting
and simplify processing.
The 10 number characters express the concept of distance, important
for use with 2-dimensional scripts.
The 5 structural markers define cohesive units of the script.
6. IANA Considerations
None.
7. Security Considerations
None.
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8. References
[SignWritingServer]
Slevinski, S., "SignWriting Server",
<https://signpuddle.net>.
[SuttonSignWritingFontFill]
Slevinski, S., "Sutton SignWriting Fill TypeType Font", <h
ttps://cdn.rawgit.com/Slevinski/SuttonSignWriting/master/
assets/SuttonSignWritingFill.ttf>.
[SuttonSignWritingFontLine]
Slevinski, S., "Sutton SignWriting Line TypeType Font", <h
ttps://cdn.rawgit.com/Slevinski/SuttonSignWriting/master/
assets/SuttonSignWritingLine.ttf>.
[SuttonSignWritingFontOne]
Slevinski, S., "Sutton SignWriting One Configuration
Profile", <https://cdn.rawgit.com/Slevinski/SuttonSignWrit
ing/master/assets/SuttonSignWritingOne.mobileconfig>.
[SuttonSignWritingFontOneD]
Slevinski, S., "Sutton SignWriting One-D TypeType Font", <
https://cdn.rawgit.com/Slevinski/SuttonSignWriting/master/
assets/SuttonSignWritingOneD.ttf>.
[SuttonSignWritingFontSymbol]
Slevinski, S., "Sutton SignWriting Symbol Configuration
Profile", <https://cdn.rawgit.com/Slevinski/SuttonSignWrit
ing/master/assets/SuttonSignWritingSymbol.mobileconfig>.
[SuttonSignWritingOptions]
Slevinski, S., "Sutton SignWriting Design Options",
<http://www.unicode.org/L2/
L2017/17220-signwriting-design-opt.pdf>.
[SuttonSignWritingProject]
Slevinski, S., "Sutton SignWriting Project",
<https://github.com/Slevinski/SuttonSignWriting>.
[Unicode8Issues]
Slevinski, S., "Issues with SignWriting in Unicode 8",
<https://www.slideshare.net/StephenSlevinski/
sign-writing-in-unicode-8-issues>.
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Author's Address
Stephen E Slevinski Jr
Center for Sutton Movement Writing
Email: slevinski@signwriting.org
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