Elliptic Curve Groups modulo a Prime (ECP Groups) for IKE and IKEv2
draft-solinas-rfc4753bis-01

INTERNET-DRAFT                                                     D. Fu
Obsoletes: 4753 (if approved)                                 J. Solinas
Intended status: Informational                                       NSA
Expires: May 18, 2010                                  November 18, 2009

                      ECP Groups for IKE and IKEv2
                     <draft-solinas-rfc4753bis-01.txt>

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Abstract

    This document describes three Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
    groups for use in the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) and Internet Key
    Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) protocols in addition to previously
    defined groups.  These groups are based on modular arithmetic rather
    than binary arithmetic.  These groups are defined to align IKE and
    IKEv2 with other ECC implementations and standards, particularly NIST
    standards.  In addition, the curves defined here can provide more
    efficient implementation than previously defined ECC groups.  This
    document obsoletes RFC 4753.

Table of Contents

    1. Introduction ....................................................2
    2. Requirements Terminology ........................................3
    3. Additional ECC Groups ...........................................3
       3.1. 256-bit Random ECP Group ...................................3
       3.2. 384-bit Random ECP Group ...................................4
       3.3. 521-bit Random ECP Group ...................................5
    4. Security Considerations .........................................6
    5. Alignment with Other Standards ..................................6
    6. IANA Considerations .............................................6
    7. ECP Key Exchange Data Formats ...................................7
    8. Test Vectors ....................................................7
       8.1. 256-bit Random ECP Group ...................................7
       8.2. 384-bit Random ECP Group ...................................8
       8.3. 521-bit Random ECP Group ..................................10
    9. Changes from RFC 4753...........................................11
   10. References .....................................................12

1.  Introduction

    This document describes default Diffie-Hellman groups for use in IKE
    and IKEv2 in addition to the Oakley groups included in [IKE] and the
    additional groups defined since [IANA-IKE].  This document assumes
    that the reader is familiar with the IKE protocol and the concept of
    Oakley Groups, as defined in RFC 2409 [IKE].

    RFC 2409 [IKE] defines five standard Oakley Groups: three modular
    exponentiation groups and two elliptic curve groups over GF[2^N].
    One modular exponentiation group (768 bits - Oakley Group 1) is
    mandatory for all implementations to support, while the other four
    are optional.  Nineteen additional groups subsequently have been
    defined and assigned values by IANA.  All of these additional groups
    are optional.

    The purpose of this document is to expand the options available to
    implementers of elliptic curve groups by adding three ECP groups
    (elliptic curve groups modulo a prime).  The reasons for adding such
    groups include the following.

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    - The groups proposed afford efficiency advantages in software
      applications since the underlying arithmetic is integer arithmetic
      modulo a prime rather than binary field arithmetic.  (Additional
      computational advantages for these groups are presented in [GMN].)

    - The groups proposed encourage alignment with other elliptic curve
      standards.  The proposed groups are among those standardized by
      NIST, the Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group (SECG), ISO,
      and ANSI.  (See Section 5 for details.)

    - The groups proposed are capable of providing security consistent
      with the Advanced Encryption Standard [AES].

    In summary, due to the performance advantages of elliptic curve
    groups in IKE implementations and the need for further alignment with
    other standards, this document defines three elliptic curve groups
    based on modular arithmetic.

    These groups were originally proposed in [RFC4753].  This document
    changes the format of the shared key produced by a Diffie-Hellman
    exchange using these groups.  Section 9 provides more details of the
    changes from [RFC4753].  This document obsoletes RFC 4753.

2.  Requirements Terminology

    The keywords "MUST" and "SHOULD" that appear in this document are to
    be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

3.  Additional ECC Groups

    The notation adopted in RFC 2409 [IKE] is used below to describe the
    groups proposed.

3.1.  256-bit Random ECP Group

    IKE and IKEv2 implementations SHOULD support an ECP group with the
    following characteristics.  The curve is based on the integers modulo
    the generalized Mersenne prime p given by

                   p = 2^(256)-2^(224)+2^(192)+2^(96)-1

    The equation for the elliptic curve is:

                   y^2 = x^3 - 3 x + b

Field Size:
  256

Group Prime/Irreducible Polynomial:
  FFFFFFFF 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF

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Group Curve b:
  5AC635D8 AA3A93E7 B3EBBD55 769886BC 651D06B0 CC53B0F6 3BCE3C3E 27D2604B

Group Order:
  FFFFFFFF 00000000 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF BCE6FAAD A7179E84 F3B9CAC2 FC632551

    The group was chosen verifiably at random using SHA-1 as specified in
    [IEEE-1363] from the seed:

       C49D3608 86E70493 6A6678E1 139D26B7 819F7E90

    The generator for this group is given by g=(gx,gy) where

gx:
  6B17D1F2 E12C4247 F8BCE6E5 63A440F2 77037D81 2DEB33A0 F4A13945 D898C296

gy:
  4FE342E2 FE1A7F9B 8EE7EB4A 7C0F9E16 2BCE3357 6B315ECE CBB64068 37BF51F5

3.2.  384-bit Random ECP Group

    IKE and IKEv2 implementations SHOULD support an ECP group with the
    following characteristics.  The curve is based on the integers modulo
    the generalized Mersenne prime p given by

                   p = 2^(384)-2^(128)-2^(96)+2^(32)-1

    The equation for the elliptic curve is:

                   y^2 = x^3 - 3 x + b

Field Size:
  384

Group Prime/Irreducible Polynomial:
  FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFE
  FFFFFFFF 00000000 00000000 FFFFFFFF

Group Curve b:
  B3312FA7 E23EE7E4 988E056B E3F82D19 181D9C6E FE814112 0314088F 5013875A
  C656398D 8A2ED19D 2A85C8ED D3EC2AEF

Group Order:
  FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C7634D81 F4372DDF
  581A0DB2 48B0A77A ECEC196A CCC52973

    The group was chosen verifiably at random using SHA-1 as specified in
    [IEEE-1363] from the seed:

       A335926A A319A27A 1D00896A 6773A482 7ACDAC73

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    The generator for this group is given by g=(gx,gy) where

gx:
  AA87CA22 BE8B0537 8EB1C71E F320AD74 6E1D3B62 8BA79B98 59F741E0 82542A38
  5502F25D BF55296C 3A545E38 72760AB7

gy:
  3617DE4A 96262C6F 5D9E98BF 9292DC29 F8F41DBD 289A147C E9DA3113 B5F0B8C0
  0A60B1CE 1D7E819D 7A431D7C 90EA0E5F

3.3.  521-bit Random ECP Group

    IKE and IKEv2 implementations SHOULD support an ECP group with the
    following characteristics.  The curve is based on the integers modulo
    the Mersenne prime p given by

                   p = 2^(521)-1

    The equation for the elliptic curve is:

                   y^2 = x^3 - 3 x + b

Field Size:
  521

Group Prime/Irreducible Polynomial:
  01FFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
  FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
  FFFF

Group Curve b:
  0051953E B9618E1C 9A1F929A 21A0B685 40EEA2DA 725B99B3 15F3B8B4 89918EF1
  09E15619 3951EC7E 937B1652 C0BD3BB1 BF073573 DF883D2C 34F1EF45 1FD46B50
  3F00

Group Order:
  01FFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
  FFFA5186 8783BF2F 966B7FCC 0148F709 A5D03BB5 C9B8899C 47AEBB6F B71E9138
  6409

    The group was chosen verifiably at random using SHA-1 as specified in
    [IEEE-1363] from the seed:

       D09E8800 291CB853 96CC6717 393284AA A0DA64BA

    The generator for this group is given by g=(gx,gy) where

gx:
  00C6858E 06B70404 E9CD9E3E CB662395 B4429C64 8139053F B521F828 AF606B4D
  3DBAA14B 5E77EFE7 5928FE1D C127A2FF A8DE3348 B3C1856A 429BF97E 7E31C2E5
  BD66

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gy:
  01183929 6A789A3B C0045C8A 5FB42C7D 1BD998F5 4449579B 446817AF BD17273E
  662C97EE 72995EF4 2640C550 B9013FAD 0761353C 7086A272 C24088BE 94769FD1
  6650

4.  Security Considerations

    Since this document proposes groups for use within IKE and IKEv2,
    many of the security considerations contained within [IKE] and
    [IKEv2] apply here as well.

    The groups proposed in this document correspond to the symmetric key
    sizes 128 bits, 192 bits, and 256 bits.  This allows the IKE key
    exchange to offer security comparable with the AES algorithms [AES].

5.  Alignment with Other Standards

    The following table summarizes the appearance of these three elliptic
    curve groups in other standards.

                            256-bit        384-bit        521-bit
                            Random         Random         Random
    Standard                ECP Group      ECP Group      ECP Group
    -----------             ------------   ------------   ------------

    NIST     [DSS]          P-256          P-384          P-521

    ISO/IEC  [ISO-15946-1]  P-256

    ISO/IEC  [ISO-18031]    P-256          P-384          P-521

    ANSI     [X9.62-1998]   Sect. J.5.3,
                            Example 1
    ANSI     [X9.62-2005]   Sect. L.6.4.3  Sect. L.6.5.2  Sect. L.6.6.2

    ANSI     [X9.63]        Sect. J.5.4,   Sect. J.5.5    Sect. J.5.6
                            Example 2

    SECG     [SEC2]         secp256r1      secp384r1      secp521r1

    See also [NIST], [ISO-14888-3], [ISO-15946-2], [ISO-15946-3], and
    [ISO-15946-4].

6.  IANA Considerations

    IANA has updated its registries of Diffie-Hellman groups for IKE in
    [IANA-IKE] and for IKEv2 in [IANA-IKEv2] to include the groups
    defined above.

    In [IANA-IKE], the groups appear as entries in the list of
    Diffie-Hellman groups given by Group Description (attribute class 4).

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    The descriptions are "256-bit random ECP group", "384-bit random ECP
    group", and "521-bit random ECP group".  In each case, the group type
    (attribute class 5) has the value 2 (ECP, elliptic curve group over
    GF[P]).

    In [IANA-IKEv2], the groups appear as entries in the list of IKEv2
    transform type values for Transform Type 4 (Diffie-Hellman groups).

    Upon adoption of this document as an RFC, these entries in both
    [IANA-IKE] and [IANA-IKEv2] should be updated.  The update should
    consist of changing the reference from [RFC4753] to this document.

7.  ECP Key Exchange Data Formats

    In an ECP key exchange, the Diffie-Hellman public value passed in a
    KE payload consists of two components, x and y, corresponding to the
    coordinates of an elliptic curve point.  Each component MUST have bit
    length as given in the following table.

       Diffie-Hellman group                component bit length
       ------------------------            --------------------

       256-bit Random ECP Group                   256
       384-bit Random ECP Group                   384
       521-bit Random ECP Group                   528

    This length is enforced, if necessary, by prepending the value with
    zeros.

    The Diffie-Hellman public value is obtained by concatenating the x
    and y values.

    The Diffie-Hellman shared secret value consists of the x value of the
    Diffie-Hellman common value.

    These formats should be regarded as specific to ECP curves and may
    not be applicable to EC2N curves.

8.  Test Vectors

    The following are examples of the IKEv2 key exchange payload for each
    of the three groups specified in this document.

    We denote by g^n the scalar multiple of the point g by the integer n;
    it is another point on the curve.  In the literature, the scalar
    multiple is typically denoted ng; the notation g^n is used in order
    to conform to the notation used in [IKE] and [IKEv2].

8.1.  256-bit Random ECP Group

    IANA assigned the ID value 19 to this Diffie-Hellman group.

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    We suppose that the initiator's Diffie-Hellman private key is

i:
  C88F01F5 10D9AC3F 70A292DA A2316DE5 44E9AAB8 AFE84049 C62A9C57 862D1433

    Then the public key is given by g^i=(gix,giy) where

gix:
  DAD0B653 94221CF9 B051E1FE CA5787D0 98DFE637 FC90B9EF 945D0C37 72581180

giy:
  5271A046 1CDB8252 D61F1C45 6FA3E59A B1F45B33 ACCF5F58 389E0577 B8990BB3

    The KEi payload is as follows.

  00000048 00130000 DAD0B653 94221CF9 B051E1FE CA5787D0 98DFE637 FC90B9EF
  945D0C37 72581180 5271A046 1CDB8252 D61F1C45 6FA3E59A B1F45B33 ACCF5F58
  389E0577 B8990BB3

    We suppose that the response Diffie-Hellman private key is

r:
  C6EF9C5D 78AE012A 011164AC B397CE20 88685D8F 06BF9BE0 B283AB46 476BEE53

    Then the public key is given by g^r=(grx,gry) where

grx:
  D12DFB52 89C8D4F8 1208B702 70398C34 2296970A 0BCCB74C 736FC755 4494BF63

gry:
  56FBF3CA 366CC23E 8157854C 13C58D6A AC23F046 ADA30F83 53E74F33 039872AB

    The KEr payload is as follows.

  00000048 00130000 D12DFB52 89C8D4F8 1208B702 70398C34 2296970A 0BCCB74C
  736FC755 4494BF63 56FBF3CA 366CC23E 8157854C 13C58D6A AC23F046 ADA30F83
  53E74F33 039872AB

    The Diffie-Hellman common value (girx,giry) is

girx:
  D6840F6B 42F6EDAF D13116E0 E1256520 2FEF8E9E CE7DCE03 812464D0 4B9442DE

giry:
  522BDE0A F0D8585B 8DEF9C18 3B5AE38F 50235206 A8674ECB 5D98EDB2 0EB153A2

    The Diffie-Hellman shared secret value is girx.

8.2.  384-bit Random ECP Group

    IANA assigned the ID value 20 to this Diffie-Hellman group.

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    We suppose that the initiator's Diffie-Hellman private key is

i:
  099F3C70 34D4A2C6 99884D73 A375A67F 7624EF7C 6B3C0F16 0647B674 14DCE655
  E35B5380 41E649EE 3FAEF896 783AB194

    Then the public key is given by g^i=(gix,giy) where

gix:
  667842D7 D180AC2C DE6F74F3 7551F557 55C7645C 20EF73E3 1634FE72 B4C55EE6
  DE3AC808 ACB4BDB4 C88732AE E95F41AA

giy:
  9482ED1F C0EEB9CA FC498462 5CCFC23F 65032149 E0E144AD A0241815 35A0F38E
  EB9FCFF3 C2C947DA E69B4C63 4573A81C

    The KEi payload is as follows.

  00000068 00140000 667842D7 D180AC2C DE6F74F3 7551F557 55C7645C 20EF73E3
  1634FE72 B4C55EE6 DE3AC808 ACB4BDB4 C88732AE E95F41AA 9482ED1F C0EEB9CA
  FC498462 5CCFC23F 65032149 E0E144AD A0241815 35A0F38E EB9FCFF3 C2C947DA
  E69B4C63 4573A81C

    We suppose that the response Diffie-Hellman private key is

r:
  41CB0779 B4BDB85D 47846725 FBEC3C94 30FAB46C C8DC5060 855CC9BD A0AA2942
  E0308312 916B8ED2 960E4BD5 5A7448FC

    Then the public key is given by g^r=(grx,gry) where

grx:
  E558DBEF 53EECDE3 D3FCCFC1 AEA08A89 A987475D 12FD950D 83CFA417 32BC509D
  0D1AC43A 0336DEF9 6FDA41D0 774A3571

gry:
  DCFBEC7A ACF31964 72169E83 8430367F 66EEBE3C 6E70C416 DD5F0C68 759DD1FF
  F83FA401 42209DFF 5EAAD96D B9E6386C

    The KEr payload is as follows.

  00000068 00140000 E558DBEF 53EECDE3 D3FCCFC1 AEA08A89 A987475D 12FD950D
  83CFA417 32BC509D 0D1AC43A 0336DEF9 6FDA41D0 774A3571 DCFBEC7A ACF31964
  72169E83 8430367F 66EEBE3C 6E70C416 DD5F0C68 759DD1FF F83FA401 42209DFF
  5EAAD96D B9E6386C

    The Diffie-Hellman common value (girx,giry) is

girx:
  11187331 C279962D 93D60424 3FD592CB 9D0A926F 422E4718 7521287E 7156C5C4
  D6031355 69B9E9D0 9CF5D4A2 70F59746

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giry:
  A2A9F38E F5CAFBE2 347CF7EC 24BDD5E6 24BC93BF A82771F4 0D1B65D0 6256A852
  C983135D 4669F879 2F2C1D55 718AFBB4

    The Diffie-Hellman shared secret value is girx.

8.3.  521-bit Random ECP Group

    IANA assigned the ID value 21 to this Diffie-Hellman group.

    We suppose that the initiator's Diffie-Hellman private key is

i:
  0037ADE9 319A89F4 DABDB3EF 411AACCC A5123C61 ACAB57B5 393DCE47 608172A0
  95AA85A3 0FE1C295 2C6771D9 37BA9777 F5957B26 39BAB072 462F68C2 7A57382D
  4A52

    Then the public key is given by g^i=(gix,giy) where

gix:
  0015417E 84DBF28C 0AD3C278 713349DC 7DF153C8 97A1891B D98BAB43 57C9ECBE
  E1E3BF42 E00B8E38 0AEAE57C 2D107564 94188594 2AF5A7F4 601723C4 195D176C
  ED3E

giy:
  017CAE20 B6641D2E EB695786 D8C94614 6239D099 E18E1D5A 514C739D 7CB4A10A
  D8A78801 5AC405D7 799DC75E 7B7D5B6C F2261A6A 7F150743 8BF01BEB 6CA3926F
  9582

    The KEi payload is as follows.

  0000008C 00150000 0015417E 84DBF28C 0AD3C278 713349DC 7DF153C8 97A1891B
  D98BAB43 57C9ECBE E1E3BF42 E00B8E38 0AEAE57C 2D107564 94188594 2AF5A7F4
  601723C4 195D176C ED3E017C AE20B664 1D2EEB69 5786D8C9 46146239 D099E18E
  1D5A514C 739D7CB4 A10AD8A7 88015AC4 05D7799D C75E7B7D 5B6CF226 1A6A7F15
  07438BF0 1BEB6CA3 926F9582

    We suppose that the response Diffie-Hellman private key is

r:
  0145BA99 A847AF43 793FDD0E 872E7CDF A16BE30F DC780F97 BCCC3F07 8380201E
  9C677D60 0B343757 A3BDBF2A 3163E4C2 F869CCA7 458AA4A4 EFFC311F 5CB15168
  5EB9

    Then the public key is given by g^r=(grx,gry) where

grx:
  00D0B397 5AC4B799 F5BEA16D 5E13E9AF 971D5E9B 984C9F39 728B5E57 39735A21
  9B97C356 436ADC6E 95BB0352 F6BE64A6 C2912D4E F2D0433C ED2B6171 640012D9
  460F

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gry:
  015C6822 6383956E 3BD066E7 97B623C2 7CE0EAC2 F551A10C 2C724D98 52077B87
  220B6536 C5C408A1 D2AEBB8E 86D678AE 49CB5709 1F473229 6579AB44 FCD17F0F
  C56A

    The KEr payload is as follows.

  0000008c 00150000 00D0B397 5AC4B799 F5BEA16D 5E13E9AF 971D5E9B 984C9F39
  728B5E57 39735A21 9B97C356 436ADC6E 95BB0352 F6BE64A6 C2912D4E F2D0433C
  ED2B6171 640012D9 460F015C 68226383 956E3BD0 66E797B6 23C27CE0 EAC2F551
  A10C2C72 4D985207 7B87220B 6536C5C4 08A1D2AE BB8E86D6 78AE49CB 57091F47
  32296579 AB44FCD1 7F0FC56A

    The Diffie-Hellman common value (girx,giry) is

girx:
  01144C7D 79AE6956 BC8EDB8E 7C787C45 21CB086F A64407F9 7894E5E6 B2D79B04
  D1427E73 CA4BAA24 0A347868 59810C06 B3C715A3 A8CC3151 F2BEE417 996D19F3
  DDEA

giry:
  01B901E6 B17DB294 7AC017D8 53EF1C16 74E5CFE5 9CDA18D0 78E05D1B 5242ADAA
  9FFC3C63 EA05EDB1 E13CE5B3 A8E50C3E B622E8DA 1B38E0BD D1F88569 D6C99BAF
  FA43

    The Diffie-Hellman shared secret value is girx.

9.  Changes from RFC 4753

    Section 7 (ECP Key Exchange Data Formats) of [RFC4753] states that

           The Diffie-Hellman public value is obtained by concatenating
            the x and y values.

            The format of the Diffie-Hellman shared secret value is the
            same as that of the Diffie-Hellman public value.

    This document replaces the second of these two paragraphs with the
    following:

            The Diffie-Hellman shared secret value consists of the x
            value of the Diffie-Hellman common value.

    This change aligns the ECP key exchange format with that used in
    other standards.

    This change appeared earlier as an erratum to RFC 4753.  This
    document obsoletes that erratum.

    Section 8 (Test Vectors) of [RFC4753] provides three examples of
    Diffie-Hellman key agreement using the ECP groups.  This document

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    changes the last paragraph of each subsection of Section 8 to
    reflect the new format.

10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

    [IANA-IKE]     Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, Internet Key
                   Exchange (IKE) Attributes.
                   (http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipsec-registry)

    [IANA-IKEv2]   IKEv2 Parameters.
                   (http://www.iana.org/assignments/ikev2-parameters)

    [IKE]          Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
                   (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.

    [IKEv2]        Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
                   RFC 4306, December 2005.

    [RFC2119]      Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                   Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

    [RFC4753]      Bradner, S., "ECP Groups for IKE and IKEv2", BCP 14,
                   RFC 2119, March 1997.

10.2.  Informative References

    [AES]          U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of
                   Standards and Technology, Advanced Encryption Standard
                   (AES), FIPS PUB 197, November 2001.
                   (http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/index.html)

    [DSS]          U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of
                   Standards and Technology, Digital Signature Standard
                   (DSS), FIPS PUB 186-2, January 2000.
                   (http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/index.html)

    [GMN]          J. Solinas, Generalized Mersenne Numbers,
                   Combinatorics and Optimization Research Report 99-39,
                   1999.  (http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/)

    [IEEE-1363]    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
                   IEEE 1363-2000, Standard for Public Key Cryptography.
                   (http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1363/index.html)

    [ISO-14888-3]  International Organization for Standardization and
                   International Electrotechnical Commission, ISO/IEC

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                   14888-3:2006, Information Technology: Security
                   Techniques: Digital Signatures with Appendix:  Part 3
                   - Discrete Logarithm Based Mechanisms.

    [ISO-15946-1]  International Organization for Standardization and
                   International Electrotechnical Commission, ISO/IEC
                   15946-1:  2002-12-01, Information Technology: Security
                   Techniques: Cryptographic Techniques based on Elliptic
                   Curves: Part 1 - General.

    [ISO-15946-2]  International Organization for Standardization and
                   International Electrotechnical Commission, ISO/IEC
                   15946-2:  2002-12-01, Information Technology: Security
                   Techniques: Cryptographic Techniques based on Elliptic
                   Curves: Part 2 - Digital Signatures.

    [ISO-15946-3]  International Organization for Standardization and
                   International Electrotechnical Commission, ISO/IEC
                   15946-3:  2002-12-01, Information Technology: Security
                   Techniques: Cryptographic Techniques based on Elliptic
                   Curves: Part 3 - Key Establishment.

    [ISO-15946-4]  International Organization for Standardization and
                   International Electrotechnical Commission, ISO/IEC
                   15946-4:  2004-10-01, Information Technology: Security
                   Techniques: Cryptographic Techniques based on Elliptic
                   Curves: Part 4 - Digital Signatures giving Message
                   Recovery.

    [ISO-18031]    International Organization for Standardization and
                   International Electrotechnical Commission, ISO/IEC
                   18031:2005, Information Technology: Security
                   Techniques: Random Bit Generation.

    [NIST]         U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of
                   Standards and Technology.  Recommendation for Pair-
                   Wise Key Establishment Schemes Using Discrete
                   Logarithm Cryptography, NIST Special Publication
                   Publication 800-56A, March 2006.
                   (http://csrc.nist.gov/CryptoToolkit/KeyMgmt.html)

    [RFC3526]      Kivinen, T. and M. Kojo, "More Modular Exponential
                   (MODP) Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange
                   (IKE)", RFC 3526, May 5003.

    [RFC4753]      Fu, D. and J. Solinas, "ECP Groups for IKE and IKEv2",
                   RFC 4753, November 2006.

    [SEC2]         Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group.  SEC 2 -
                   Recommended Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters, v. 1.0,
                   2000.  (http://www.secg.org)

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    [X9.62-1998]   American National Standards Institute, X9.62-1998:
                   Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services
                   Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
                   Algorithm.  January 1999.

    [X9.62-2005]   American National Standards Institute, X9.62:2005:
                   Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services
                   Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
                   Algorithm (ECDSA).

    [X9.63]        American National Standards Institute.  X9.63-2001,
                   Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services
                   Industry: Key Agreement and Key Transport using
                   Elliptic Curve Cryptography.  November 2001.

Authors' Addresses

    David E. Fu
    National Information Assurance Research Laboratory
    National Security Agency

    Email: defu@orion.ncsc.mil

    Jerome A. Solinas
    National Information Assurance Research Laboratory
    National Security Agency

    Email: jasolin@orion.ncsc.mil

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