IPv6 Addresses for Ad Hoc Networks
draft-templin-6man-mla-30
This document is an Internet-Draft (I-D).
Anyone may submit an I-D to the IETF.
This I-D is not endorsed by the IETF and has no formal standing in the
IETF standards process.
| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (individual) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Fred Templin | ||
| Last updated | 2025-11-11 | ||
| Replaces | draft-templin-6man-ula-uuid | ||
| RFC stream | (None) | ||
| Intended RFC status | (None) | ||
| Formats | |||
| Stream | Stream state | (No stream defined) | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| RFC Editor Note | (None) | ||
| IESG | IESG state | I-D Exists | |
| Telechat date | (None) | ||
| Responsible AD | (None) | ||
| Send notices to | (None) |
draft-templin-6man-mla-30
Network Working Group F. L. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft Boeing Research & Technology
Updates: rfc4007, rfc5889, rfc6724 (if approved) 11 November 2025
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: 15 May 2026
IPv6 Addresses for Ad Hoc Networks
draft-templin-6man-mla-30
Abstract
Ad Hoc networks present an IPv6 addressing challenge due to the
undetermined neighborhood properties of their interfaces. IPv6 nodes
must assign locally-unique and topology-independent IPv6 addresses
when topology-oriented IPv6 address delegation services are either
absent or only intermittently available. This document introduces a
new IPv6 address type (termed the "Multilink Local Address (MLA)")
that nodes can autonomously assign to interfaces to support Ad Hoc
network operations.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 15 May 2026.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. IPv6 Ad Hoc Network Local Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Assigning an MLA to an Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. MLAs in the Scoped Addressing Architecture . . . . . . . . . 5
5. MLAs for Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Address Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Appendix A. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1. Introduction
When two or more IPv6 [RFC8200] nodes come together to form an Ad Hoc
network, they must be able to assign unique addresses to their
interfaces and exchange IPv6 packets with peers even if there is no
Internetworking infrastructure present. A classical example is a
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) where wireless nodes within a common
radio frequency locality discover multihop routes to support peer-to-
peer communications. However, arbitrary collections of fixed nodes
interconnected by sparse collections of physical links also qualify.
See [RFC5889] for further characteristics of Ad Hoc networks.
Ad Hoc networks often include IPv6 nodes that configure interface
attachments to links with undetermined connectivity properties such
that multihop traversal may be necessary to span the network. The
transitive property of connectivity for conventional shared media
links is therefore not assured, while nodes must still be able to
configure IPv6 addresses that are unique within the local Ad Hoc
network. This is true even for nodes that configure multiple
interface attachments to the same Ad Hoc network as a localized
multihop/multilink forwarding domain.
By its nature, the term "Ad Hoc network" implies logical groupings
whereas the historical term "site" suggested physical boundaries such
as a building or a campus. In particular, Ad Hoc networks can self-
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
organize autonomously even if they overlap with other (logical)
networks, split apart to form multiple smaller networks or join
together to form larger networks. Clustering can be applied as a
means to divide larger MANETs into smaller logical groupings, noting
that Ad Hoc network ecosystems are often in a constant state of flux
and likely to change over time. An address type that can be used by
nodes that move freely between logical Ad Hoc network boundaries is
therefore necessary.
The term "Ad Hoc" used throughout this document extends to include
isolated local IPv6 networks where peer to peer communications may
require multihop and/or multilink traversal regardless of whether the
network is particularly mobile or spontaneously organized. For any
such isolated network (i.e., one for which Internetworking proxy/
servers are either absent or only intermittently available), a
topology-independent IPv6 addressing scheme that allows peer nodes to
communicate internally is necessary. Therefore, all nodes that
connect to such isolated IPv6 networks should be prepared to operate
according to this multilink Ad Hoc addressing model when necessary.
Each node then coordinates multihop forwarding services at an
IPv6-based architectural sublayer termed the "adaptation layer" below
the Internetworking layer but above the true link layer.
Section 6 of the "IP Addressing Model in Ad Hoc Networks" [RFC5889]
states that: "an IP address configured on this (Ad Hoc) interface
should be unique, at least within the routing domain" and: "no on-
link subnet prefix is configured on this (Ad Hoc) interface". The
section then continues to explain why IPv6 Link-Local Addresses
(LLAs) are of limited utility on links with undetermined
connectivity, to the point that they cannot be used exclusively
within Ad Hoc network domains. (Note that [RFC5498] provides IANA
allocations for MANET protocols as a complementary publication.)
[RFC5889] suggests Global Unicast [RFC4291] (aka "GUA") and Unique-
Local [RFC4193] (aka "ULA") addresses as Ad Hoc network addressing
candidates. However, GUAs and ULAs are topology-oriented address
types that must be obtained through either administrative actions or
an address autoconfiguration service based on IPv6 proxy/servers that
connect Ad Hoc networks to larger Internetworks. (In particular
topology-oriented address types are typically obtained through DHCPv6
messages and/or Router Advertisement Prefix Information Options with
prefix length shorter than 128.) Since such Internetworking services
may not always be available, however, this document asserts that a
topology-independent and unique Ad Hoc network local IPv6 address
type is needed. The address type may include multiple sub-types,
some of which may be coordinated with address registration services
and others that may be partially or fully self-generated.
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
The key feature of these Ad Hoc network adaptation layer IPv6
addresses is that they must have excellent statistical uniqueness
properties such that there is little/no chance of conflicting with an
address assigned by another node. The addresses need not include
topology-oriented prefixes, since the (newly-formed) Ad Hoc networks
may not (yet) connect to established Internetworking topologies.
Ad Hoc network nodes must be able to use adaptation layer IPv6
addresses for continuous local communications and/or to coordinate
topology-oriented addresses for assignment on other interfaces. A
new "Multilink Local" scope for the IPv6 scoped addressing
architecture [RFC4007] with scope greater than LLA but lesser than
ULA/GUA is therefore needed. This document therefore defines a new
unique local unicast address variant known as the "Multilink Local
Address (MLA)".
MLAs that require global uniqueness assurance shall be based on the
Hierarchical Host Identity Tag (HHIT) construct specified in
[RFC9374]. When assigned to a (virtual) interface, the HHIT/MLA
becomes a valid IPv6 address with multilink-local scope.
2. IPv6 Ad Hoc Network Local Addressing
The IPv6 addressing architecture specified in [RFC4007], [RFC4193]
and [RFC4291] defines the supported IPv6 unicast/multicast/anycast
address types with various scopes. The IPv6 address assignment
policy is further clarified in [RFC9812].
ULAs and GUAs are typically obtained through Stateless Address
AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) [RFC4862] and/or the Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) [RFC8415], but these
services require the presence of IPv6 Internetworking infrastructure
which may not be continuously or even intermittently available in
spontaneously-formed Ad Hoc networks.
Interface attachments to Ad Hoc networks have the interesting
property that a multihop router R will often need to forward packets
between nodes A and B even though R uses the same interface in the
inbound and outbound directions. Since nodes A and B may not be able
to communicate directly even though both can communicate directly
with R, the transitive property for link connectivity is not assured
and the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) Redirect service cannot
guarantee reliable direct paths. Conversely, R may need to forward
packets between nodes A and B via different interfaces within an Ad
Hoc network that includes multiple distinct links/regions. Due to
these indeterminant multilink properties, exclusive use of IPv6 LLAs
is also out of scope.
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
This document therefore introduces a new IPv6 MLA address type based
on a well-formed IPv6 prefix "TBD::/N" (see: IANA Considerations).
After a node creates an MLA, it can use the address within the
context of spontaneously-organized Ad Hoc networks in which two or
more nodes come together in the absence of stable supporting
infrastructure and can still exchange IPv6 packets with little or no
chance of address collisions. The node can limit MLA usage to
bootstrapping the assignment of topology-oriented IPv6 addresses
through other means mentioned earlier. The node can instead extend
its MLA usage to longer term patterns such as sustained
communications with single-hop neighbors on a local link or even
between multihop peers in an Ad Hoc network.
3. Assigning an MLA to an Interface
IPv6 MLAs are topology-independent and can therefore be assigned to a
virtual interface of the node with a /128 prefix length (i.e., as a
singleton address). The node can then begin to use an MLA as the
Source/Destination Address of IPv6 packets that are forwarded over an
interface attachment to an Ad Hoc network multihop forwarding region.
A node can specifically assign an MLA to a loopback interface to
support the operation of Ad Hoc network routing protocols and also to
an Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI) Interface
[I-D.templin-6man-omni3] to support extended communications with
remote peers over an OMNI virtual link.
MLAs may then serve as a basis for multihop forwarding and/or for
local neighborhood discovery over other IPv6 interface types. Due to
their uniqueness properties, the node can assign MLAs as optimistic
addresses per [RFC4429], however it should take actions to deconflict
if it detects in-service duplication.
4. MLAs in the Scoped Addressing Architecture
With reference to a debate that concluded in the earliest years of
the third millennium, a case could be made for reclaiming the
deprecated site-local address prefix "fec0::/10" for use as a top-
level MLA prefix. However, some implementations still honor the
deprecation and continue to regard the prefix as a defunct historical
artifact.
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
[RFC3879] documents the deprecation rationale including the assertion
that "Site is an Ill-Defined Concept". However, the concept of an Ad
Hoc network is a coherent logical one based on time-varying
(multilink) connectivity and not necessarily one constrained by
physical boundaries. Especially in Ad Hoc networks that employ a
proactive local routing protocol the list of available adaptation
layer addresses in each network is continuously updated for temporal
consistency.
For example, an IPv6 node may connect to multiple distinct Ad Hoc
networks with a first set of interfaces connected to network "A", a
second set of interfaces connected to network "B", etc. According to
the scoped IPv6 addressing architecture [RFC4007], the node would
assign a separate MLA to virtual interfaces associated with each Ad
Hoc network interface set A, B, etc. and maintain separate Ad Hoc
network multihop routing protocol instances for each set. MLAs A, B,
etc. then provide a basis for unique router IDs for the separate
routing protocol instances, but the IPv6 node may elect to
redistribute discovered adaptation layer routes between the
instances. The uniqueness properties of MLAs must therefore
transcend logical Ad Hoc network boundaries to the extent that global
uniqueness assurances are necessary when the scope for MANET dynamics
extends to the entire Internet.
A means for entering Ad Hoc network local IPv6 Zone Identifiers in
user interfaces is necessary according to [RFC9844]. Examples of an
Ad Hoc network local unicast address qualified by a zone identifier
are as follows:
TBD::884e:9d2a:73fc:2d94%netA
TBD::c63d:9724:fca:1237%netB
This document updates the IPv6 scoped addressing architecture
[RFC4007] by introducing a "Multilink-Local" unicast addressing
scope. In particular, this document adds a third unicast address
scope to Section 4 of [RFC4007] as follows:
* Multilink-Local scope, for uniquely identifying a node's attached
Ad Hoc networks.
The size relationship among scopes is further updated as:
* For unicast scopes, link-local is a smaller scope than Multilink-
Local, which is a smaller scope than global.
In [RFC4007], Section 5 under: "Zones of the different scopes are
instantiated as follows", add the new bullet:
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
* Each Ad Hoc network and the interfaces attached to that Ad Hoc
network comprise a single zone of Multilink-Local scope (for
unicast).
5. MLAs for Ad Hoc Networks
This document updates [RFC5889] to add a new address type "Multilink-
Local" to the list of IPv6 address types found in Section 1 as:
* For IPv6, these addresses may be global [RFC3587], Unique-Local
[RFC4193], Multilink-Local [RFCXXXX] or Link-Local [RFC4291].
6. Address Selection
"Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)"
[RFC6724] provides a policy table that specifies precedence values
and preferred Source Address prefixes for specific Destination
Addresses. "Preference for IPv6 ULAs over IPv4 addresses in RFC6724"
[I-D.ietf-6man-rfc6724-update] updates the policy table entries for
ULAs, IPv4 Addresses and the 6to4 prefix (2002::/16).
This document proposes a further update to the policy table for IPv6
MLAs. The proposed update appears in the table below:
draft-ietf-6man-rfc6724-update Updated
Prefix Precedence Label Prefix Precedence Label
::1/128 50 0 ::1/128 50 0
::/0 40 1 ::/0 40 1
::ffff:0:0/96 20 4 ::ffff:0:0/96 20 4
2002::/16 5 2 2002::/16 5 2
2001::/32 5 5 2001::/32 5 5
fc00::/7 30 13 fc00::/7 30 13
::/96 1 3 ::/96 1 3
fec0::/10 1 11 fec0::/10 1 11
3ffe::/16 1 12 3ffe::/16 1 12
TBD::/N 4 14 (*)
(*) value(s) changed in update
Figure 1: Policy Table Update for Multilink Local Addresses
With the proposed updates, this new MLA address type appears as a
lesser precedence than IPv6 GUAs, IPv6 ULAs and IPv4 addresses but as
a greater precedence than deprecated IPv6 prefixes.
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
7. Requirements
IPv6 nodes assign unique MLAs to an IPv6 virtual interface (e.g., an
OMNI interface) configured over underlying interface attachments to
Ad Hoc networks. If the node becomes aware that a tentative self-
generated MLA is already in use by another node, it instead generates
and assigns a new MLA. If the node becomes aware that an MLA for
which it holds a certificate through an official registration service
is already in use by another node, it should log and report the
incident to the registration service authority.
IPv6 routers MAY forward IPv6 packets with adaptation layer MLA
Source or Destination Addresses over multiple hops within the same Ad
Hoc network as an adaptation layer function.
IPv6 routers MUST NOT forward packets with adaptation layer MLA
Source or Destination Addresses to a link outside the packet's Ad Hoc
network of origin, although MLAs MAY occur as network layer IPv6
Source or Destination Addresses in packets forwarded between disjoint
MANETs via the virtual overlay.
8. Implementation Status
In progress.
9. IANA Considerations
IANA considerations will be updated with specific requirements for
MLA delegations prior to publication.
10. Security Considerations
IPv6 MLAs include either very large pseudo-random bit strings with
ample statistical unique properties or bit strings that are
algorithmically generated and coordinated with a registration service
for administratively-ensured uniqueness. In the latter case, the
only apparent opportunity for duplication would be through either
intentional or unintentional misconfiguration.
Certain MLA types may have cryptographically generated portions tied
to a certificate with the node's public key while other portions of
the address identify a registration service where address proof-of-
ownership can be confirmed. This stands in contrast to autonomously
assigned and fully self-generated MLAs while relying entirely on
statistical uniqueness properties.
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
An IPv6 node that configures an MLA and assigns it to a virtual
interface with an optimistic expectation of uniqueness should
therefore be prepared to deconflict legitimate duplications.
11. Acknowledgements
This work was inspired by continued investigations into 5G MANET
operations in cooperation with the Virginia Tech National Security
Institute (VTNSI).
Emerging discussions both in-person and on the IPv6 maintenance
(6man) and MANET mailing lists continue to shape updated versions of
this document. The author acknowledges all whose useful comments
have helped further the understanding of this proposal.
Honoring life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC4007] Deering, S., Haberman, B., Jinmei, T., Nordmark, E., and
B. Zill, "IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture", RFC 4007,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4007, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4007>.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4193>.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.
[RFC5889] Baccelli, E., Ed. and M. Townsley, Ed., "IP Addressing
Model in Ad Hoc Networks", RFC 5889, DOI 10.17487/RFC5889,
September 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5889>.
[RFC6724] Thaler, D., Ed., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
"Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 6724, DOI 10.17487/RFC6724, September 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6724>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
[RFC9374] Moskowitz, R., Card, S., Wiethuechter, A., and A. Gurtov,
"DRIP Entity Tag (DET) for Unmanned Aircraft System Remote
ID (UAS RID)", RFC 9374, DOI 10.17487/RFC9374, March 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9374>.
12.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-6man-rfc6724-update]
Buraglio, N., Chown, T., and J. Duncan, "Prioritizing
known-local IPv6 ULAs through address selection policy",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-6man-rfc6724-
update-25, 11 August 2025,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-6man-
rfc6724-update-25>.
[I-D.templin-6man-aero3]
Templin, F., "Automatic Extended Route Optimization
(AERO)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-templin-
6man-aero3-47, 20 October 2025,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-templin-6man-
aero3-47>.
[I-D.templin-6man-omni3]
Templin, F. L., "Transmission of IP Packets over Overlay
Multilink Network (OMNI) Interfaces", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-templin-6man-omni3-66, 1 November
2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
templin-6man-omni3-66>.
[RFC3879] Huitema, C. and B. Carpenter, "Deprecating Site Local
Addresses", RFC 3879, DOI 10.17487/RFC3879, September
2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3879>.
[RFC4429] Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
for IPv6", RFC 4429, DOI 10.17487/RFC4429, April 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4429>.
[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.
[RFC5498] Chakeres, I., "IANA Allocations for Mobile Ad Hoc Network
(MANET) Protocols", RFC 5498, DOI 10.17487/RFC5498, March
2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5498>.
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
[RFC6296] Wasserman, M. and F. Baker, "IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix
Translation", RFC 6296, DOI 10.17487/RFC6296, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6296>.
[RFC8415] Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
"Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.
[RFC9812] Carpenter, B., Krishnan, S., and D. Farmer, "Clarification
of IPv6 Address Allocation Policy", BCP 242, RFC 9812,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9812, October 2025,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9812>.
[RFC9844] Carpenter, B. and R. Hinden, "Entering IPv6 Zone
Identifiers in User Interfaces", RFC 9844,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9844, August 2025,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9844>.
Appendix A. Change Log
<< RFC Editor - remove prior to publication >>
Differences from earlier versions:
Draft -29 to -30
* Promote RFC9374 as the normative specification for
administratively coordinated MLAs.
Draft -28 to -29
* Updated abstract, introduction and references.
Draft -27 to -28
* Removed section on "Obtaining and Assigning IPv6 ULAs/GUAs" as
out of scope for this document.
* Version update.
Draft -26 to -27
* Significant updates to requirements.
* Relaxed "1x1" assignment of MLAs to a single MANET.
* Included references for candidate MLA types.
Draft -24 to -26
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft IPv6 MLAs November 2025
* Stress address deconfliction instead of deprecation when
address duplication is detected.
* Security considerations for MLA types that support remote
attestation.
* Discussion of site as an ill-defined concept in contrast to
"Multilink Local Scope".
Draft -23 to -24
* Change reference to RFC6296.
* Added more explanation about Ad Hoc Networks.
* MLAs now assigned only to a virtual interface associated with
the Ad-Hoc network and not the physical interfaces themselves.
* Added specifics of how this document updates other RFCs.
Author's Address
Fred L. Templin (editor)
Boeing Research & Technology
P.O. Box 3707
Seattle, WA 98124
United States of America
Email: fltemplin@acm.org
Templin Expires 15 May 2026 [Page 12]