SRv6 Deployment Consideration
draft-tian-spring-srv6-deployment-consideration-06
| Document | Type | Active Internet-Draft (individual) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Hui Tian , Feng Zhao , Chongfeng Xie , Tong Li , Jichun Ma , Robbins Mwehair , Edmore Chingwena , Qingbang Xu , Shuping Peng , Tianran Zhou , Qiangzhou Gao | ||
| Last updated | 2022-10-24 | ||
| RFC stream | (None) | ||
| Intended RFC status | (None) | ||
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| Stream | Stream state | (No stream defined) | |
| Consensus boilerplate | Unknown | ||
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draft-tian-spring-srv6-deployment-consideration-06
Network Working Group H. Tian
Internet-Draft F. Zhao
Intended status: Informational CAICT
Expires: 27 April 2023 C. Xie
China Telecom
T. Li
J. Ma
China Unicom
R. Mwehaire
MTN Uganda Ltd.
E. Chingwena
MTN Group Limited
Q. Xu
Agricultural Bank of China
S. Peng, Ed.
T. Zhou
Q. Gao
Huawei Technologies
24 October 2022
SRv6 Deployment Consideration
draft-tian-spring-srv6-deployment-consideration-06
Abstract
SRv6 has significant advantages over SR-MPLS and has attracted more
and more attention and interest from network operators and verticals.
Smooth network migration towards SRv6 is a key focal point and this
document provides network design and migration guidance and
recommendations on solutions in various scenarios. Deployment cases
with SRv6 are also introduced.
Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 27 April 2023.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
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provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Advantages of SRv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. IP Route Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. End-to-end Service Auto-start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. On-Demand Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. Simplified Service Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4.1. Carrier's Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4.2. LDP over TE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. Compatibility Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1. Fast Reroute (FRR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2. Traffic Engineering (TE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3. Service Function Chaining (SFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.4. IOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. Solutions for mitigating the compatibility challenges . . . . 11
4.1. Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.1. Binding SID (BSID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.2. PCEP FlowSpec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2. SFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.1. Stateless SFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2.2. Stateful SFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3. Light Weight IOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4. Postcard Telemetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Design Guidance for SRv6 Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1. Locator and Address Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2. PSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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6. Incremental Deployment Guidance for SRv6 Migration . . . . . 16
7. Migration Guidance for SRv6/SR-MPLS Co-existence Scenario . . 16
8. Deployment cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.1. China Telecom Si'chuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8.2. China Unicom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8.3. MTN Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8.4. Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
12. Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
13. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1. Introduction
SRv6 is the instantiation of Segment Routing deployed on the IPv6
data plane[RFC8200]. Therefore, in order to support SRv6, the
network must first be enabled for IPv6. Over the past several years,
IPv6 has been actively promoted all over the world, and the
deployments of IPv6 have been ever-increasing which provides the
basis for the deployments of SRv6.
With IPv6 as its data plane, for network migration towards SRv6, both
software and hardware need to be upgraded. Compared with other new
protocols, only IGP and BGP need to be extended to support SRv6,
which significantly simplifies the software upgrade required. While
the hardware needs to support the new SRv6 header SRH[RFC8754], the
design of SRv6 assures compatibility with the existing IPv6 network
as an SRv6 SID is designed as a 128-bit IPv6 address and the
encapsulation of an SRv6 packet is the same as an IPv6 packet. When
only L3VPN over SRv6 BE (Best-Effort) is deployed, there will be no
SRH. Therefore, no additional hardware capabilities are required but
only software upgrade for protocol extensions.
As the number of services supported by SRv6 increase, e.g. SFC,
network slicing, iOAM etc., more SIDs in the SRH may impose new
requirements on the hardware. Besides upgrading the hardware,
various solutions have already been proposed to relieve the imposed
pressure on the hardware, such as Binding SID (BSID) etc. to
guarantee the compatibility with the existing network. On the other
hand SRv6 has many more advantages over SR-MPLS for the network
migration to support new services.
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This document summarizes the advantages of SRv6 and provides network
migration guidance and recommendations on solutions in various
scenarios.
2. Advantages of SRv6
Compared with SR-MPLS, SRv6 has significant advantages especially in
large scale networking scenarios.
2.1. IP Route Aggregation
The increasing complexity of service deployment is of concern for
network operators, especially in large-scale networking scenarios.
With solutions such as multi-segment PW and Option A [RFC4364], the
number of service-touch points has increased, and the services, with
associated OAM features cannot be deployed end-to-end.
* With Seamless MPLS or SR-MPLS, since the MPLS label itself does
not have reachability information, it must be attached to a
routable address. The 32-bit host route needs to leak across
domains. For an extreme case, as shown in Figure 1a, in a large
scale networking scenario, millions of host route LSPs might need
to be imported, which places big challenges on the capabilities of
the edge nodes.
* With SRv6, owing to its native IP feature of route aggregation as
shown in Figure 1b, the aggregated routes can be imported across
network domains. For large scale networking, only very few
aggregated routes are needed in order to start end-to-end
services, which also reduces the scalability requirements on the
edge nodes.
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/------Metro------\ /----Core----\ /------Metro-------\
LB PE1 ASBR ASBR PE2 LB
1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
+--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+
|A | |B | |ER| | | |PE| | | |PE| | | |ER| |B | |A |
+--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+
SR-LSP SR-LSP SR-LSP SR-LSP SR-LSP
|<--->|<---------->| |<--------->| |<--------->|<--->|
BGP-LSP
|<---------------------------------------------------------->|
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
+IP + +IP + +IP + +IP + +IP + +IP + +IP + +IP + +IP +
+ETH+ +VPN+ +VPN+ +VPN+ +VPN+ +VPN+ +VPN+ +VPN+ +ETH+
+---+ +BGP+ +BGP+ +BGP+ +BGP+ +BGP+ +BGP+ +BGP+ +---+
+SR + +SR + +ETH+ +SR + +ETH+ +SR + +SR +
+ETH+ +ETH+ +---+ +ETH+ +---+ +ETH+ +ETH+
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
(a) SR-MPLS
/------Metro------\ /----Core----\ /------Metro-------\
LOC PE1 ASBR ASBR PE2 LOC
A1::100:: A2::200::
+--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+
|A | |B | |ER| | | |PE| | | |PE| | | |ER| |B | |A |
+--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+
\_____A1::/80____/ \__A0::/80__/ \____A2::/80____/
Aggregated Route Aggregated Route Aggregated Route
+---+ +----------+ +----------+ +----------+ +---+
+IP + + IP + + IP + + IP + +IP +
+ETH + +w./wo.SRH + +w./wo.SRH + +w./wo.SRH + +ETH+
+---+ + ETH + + ETH + + ETH + +---+
+----------+ +----------+ +----------+
(b) SRv6
Figure 1. Large-scale Networking with (a) SR-MPLS vs. (b) SRv6
2.2. End-to-end Service Auto-start
In the SR cross-domain scenario, in order to set up end-to-end SR
tunnels, the SIDs in each domain need to be imported to other
domains.
* With SR-MPLS, SRGB and Node SID need overall network-wide
planning, and in the cross-domain scenario, it is difficult or
sometimes even impossible to perform as the node SIDs in different
domains may collide. BGP Prefix SID can be used for the cross-
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domain SID import, but the network operator must be careful when
converting the SID to avoid SID collision. Moreover, the pre-
allocated SRGB within each domain needs to consider the total
number of devices in all other domains, which raises difficulties
for the network-wide planning.
* With SRv6, owing to its native IP feature of route reachability,
if the IPv6 address space is carefully planned, and the aggregated
routes are imported by using BGP4+ (BGP IPv6), the services will
auto-start in the cross-domain scenario.
2.3. On-Demand Upgrade
The MPLS label itself does not hold any reachability information, so
it must be attached to a routable address, which means that the
matching relationship between the label and FEC needs to be
maintained along the path.
SR-MPLS uses the MPLS data plane. When the network migrates to SR-
MPLS, there are two ways, as shown in Figure 2:
1. MPLS/SR-MPLS Dual stack: the entire network is upgraded first and
then deploy SR-MPLS.
2. MPLS and SR-MPLS interworking: mapping servers are deployed at
some of the intermediate nodes and then removed once the entire
network is upgraded
Regardless of which migration option is chosen, big changes in a wide
area is required at the initial stage therefore causing a long time-
to-market.
In contrast, the network can be migrated to SRv6 on demand. Wherever
the services need to be turned on, only the relevant devices need to
be upgraded to enable SRv6, and all other devices only need to
support IPv6 forwarding and need not be aware of SRv6. When Traffic
Engineering (TE) services are needed, only the key nodes along the
path need to be upgraded to support SRv6.
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(~~~~~~MPLS/SR-MPLS~~~~~~~)
( +---+ +---+ +---+ )
MPLS Migration Options Option 1 ( |SM | |SM | |SM | )
--->( +---+ +---+ +---+ )
/ ( +---+ +---+ +---+ )
(~~~~~~~~~~MPLS~~~~~~~~~~~) / ( |SM | |SM | |SM | )
( +---+ +---+ +---+ ) / ( +---+ +---+ +---+ )
( | M | | M | | M | ) / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
( +---+ +---+ +---+ ) \
( +---+ +---+ +---+ ) \ (~~MPLS~~|~~~~~SR-MPLS~~~~~)
( | M | | M | | M | ) \ ( +---+ | +---+ +---+ )
( +---+ +---+ +---+ ) \ ( | M | | |SM | |SM | )
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --->( +---+ | +---+ +---+ )
Option 2 ( +---+ | +---+ +---+ )
( | M | | |SM | |SM | )
( +---+ | +---+ +---+ )
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SRv6 Migration
(~~~~~~~~~~MPLS~~~~~~~~~~~) (~~~~~~SRv6 on demand~~~~~)
( +---+ +---+ +---+ ) ( +---+ +---+ +---+ )
( | M | | M | | M | ) ( |S6 | | M | | M | )
( +---+ +---+ +---+ ) ----------> ( +---+ +---+ +---+ )
( +---+ +---+ +---+ ) ( +---+ +---+ +---+ )
( | M | | M | | M | ) ( | M | | M | |S6 | )
( +---+ +---+ +---+ ) ( +---+ +---+ +---+ )
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Figure 2. MPLS Domain Migration vs. SRv6 On-Demand Upgrade
2.4. Simplified Service Deployment
With SRv6, the service deployment can be significantly simplified in
some scenarios.
2.4.1. Carrier's Carrier
When the customer of the VPN service carrier (Provider Carrier) is
itself a VPN service carrier (Customer Carrier), it becomes the
scenario of Carrier's Carrier. For this scenario, with SRv6, the
service deployment can be significantly simplified.
To achieve better scalability, the CEs of the Provider Carrier (i.e.
the PEs of the Customer Carriers) only distribute the internal
network routes to the PEs of the Provider Carrier. The customers'
routes of the Customer Carriers (i.e. from CE3 and CE4) will not be
distributed into the network of the Provide Carrier. Therefore, LDP
or Labeled BGP will be run between the CEs of the Provider Carrier
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(i.e. CE1 and CE2 in the Figure 3) and the PEs of the Provider
Carrier (i.e. PE1 and PE2 in the Figure 3), and LDP will be run
between the CEs of the Provider Carrier (i.e. the PEs of the Customer
Carriers) and the PEs of the Customer Carrier (i.e. PE3 and PE4 in
the Figure 3). MP-BGP will be run between the PEs of the Customer
Carrier. The overall service deployment is very complex.
If SRv6 is deployed by the Customer Carrier and the Provider Carrier,
no LDP will be ever needed. The Locator routes and Loopback routes
of the Customer Carriers can be distributed into the network of the
Provider Carrier via BGP, and within each carrier's network only IGP
is needed. The end-to-end VPN services can be provided just based on
the IPv6 interconnections, and the customer carrier is just like a
normal CE to the provider carrier, which significantly simplified the
VPN service deployment.
Customer Carrier Provider Carrier Customer Carrier
/------------\ /-------------\ /-----------\
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
|CE3|--|PE3| |CE1|--|PE1| |PE2|--|CE2| |PE4|--|CE4|
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
MPLS IGP/LDP IGP/LDP MP-IBGP IGP/LDP IGP/LDP
or Labeled BGP or Labeled BGP
SR-MPLS IGP Labeled BGP MP-IBGP Labeled BGP IGP
SRv6 IGP BGP MP-IBGP BGP IGP
|<--------->||<---->||<---------->||<--->||<--------->|
MP-IBGP
|<--------------------------------------------------->|
Figure 3. Service deployment with MPLS, SR-MPLS and SRv6
2.4.2. LDP over TE
In a MPLS network, generally RSVP-TE is deployed in the P nodes of
the network, and LDP is running between these P nodes and the PE
nodes. Customers access to VPN services via the PE nodes. This
scenario is called LDP over TE, which is a typical deployment for
carriers who want to achieve the TE capability over MPLS network
while keep scalability. However, such network configuration and
service deployment are very complex.
With SRv6 which can provide both TE capability and IP reachability,
the service deployment can be significantly simplified. Only IGP and
BGP are needed in the network to launch VPN services.
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+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
|CE1|---------|PE1|------|P1 |\-------/|P2 |------|PE2|--------|CE2|
+---+ +---+ +---+ \ / +---+ +---+ +---+
/
+---+ +---+ +---+ / \ +---+ +---+ +---+
|CE3|---------|PE3|------|P3 |/-------\|P4 |------|PE4|--------|CE4|
+---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+
MPLS LDP RSVP-TE LDP
SR-MPLS IGP (SR-MPLS)
SRv6 IGP (SRv6)
|<-------->|<------------>|<------->|
MP-BGP
|<--------------------------------->|
Figure 4. Service deployment with (a) MPLS/SR-MPLS vs. (b) SRv6
3. Compatibility Challenges
By adopting SR Policy, state in the network devices can be greatly
reduced, which ultimately evolves the network into a stateless
fabric. However, it also brings compatibility challenges on the
legacy devices. In particular, the legacy devices need to upgrade
software and/or hardware in order to support the processing of SRH.
Furthermore, as the segments in the segment list increase the SR
Policy incrementally expands, the encapsulation header overhead
increases, which imposes high performance requirements on the
performance of hardware forwarding (i.e. the capability of the
chipset).
This section identifies the challenges for legacy devices imposed by
SRv6 in the following SPRING use cases.
3.1. Fast Reroute (FRR)
FRR is deployed to cope with link or node failures by precomputing
backup paths. By relying on SR, Topology Independent Loop-free
Alternate Fast Re-route (TI-LFA)
[I-D.ietf-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa] provides a local repair
mechanism with the ability to activate the data plane switch-over on
to a loop-free backup path irrespective of topologies prior and after
the failure.
Using SR, there is no need to create state in the network in order to
enforce FRR behavior. Correspondingly, the Point of Local Repair,
i.e. the protecting router, needs to insert a repair list at the head
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of the segment list in the SRH, encoding the explicit post-
convergence path to the destination. This action will increase the
length of the segment list in the SRH as shown in Figure 1.
3.2. Traffic Engineering (TE)
TE enables network operators to control specific traffic flows going
through configured explicit paths. There are loose and strict
options. With the loose option, only a small number of hops along
the path is explicitly expressed, while the strict option specifies
each individual hop in the explicit path, e.g. to encode a low
latency path from one network node to another.
With SRv6, the strict source-routed explicit paths will result in a
long segment list in the SRH as shown in Figure 1, which places high
requirements on the devices.
3.3. Service Function Chaining (SFC)
The SR segments can also encode instructions, called service
segments, for steering packets through services running on physical
service appliances or virtual network functions (VNF) running in a
virtual environment [I-D.ietf-spring-sr-service-programming]. These
service segments can also be integrated in an SR policy along with
node and adjacency segments. This feature of SR will further
increase the length of the segment list in the SRH as shown in
Figure 1.
In terms of SR awareness, there are two types of services, i.e. SR-
aware and SR-unaware services, which both impose new requirements on
the hardware. The SR-aware service needs to be fully capable of
processing SR traffic, while for the SR-unaware services, an SR proxy
function needs to be defined.
If the Network Service Header (NSH) based SFC [RFC8300] has already
been deployed in the network, the compatibility with existing NSH is
required.
3.4. IOAM
IOAM, i.e. "in-situ" Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
(OAM), encodes telemetry and operational information within the data
packets to complement other "out-of-band" OAM mechanisms, e.g. ICMP
and active probing. The IOAM data fields, i.e. a node data list,
hold the information collected as the packets traverse the IOAM
domain [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data], which is populated iteratively
starting with the last entry of the list.
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The IOAM data can be embedded into a variety of transports. To
support the IOAM on the SRv6 data plane, the O-flag in the SRH is
defined [I-D.ietf-6man-spring-srv6-oam], which implements the "punt a
timestamped copy and forward" or "forward and punt a timestamped
copy" behavior. The IOAM data fields, i.e. the node data list, are
encapsulated in the IOAM TLV in SRH, which further increases the
length of the SRH as shown in Figure 1.
+-----------+
|IPv6 packet|
+-----------+
/ /
+-----------+ / IOAM Info /
|IPv6 packet| / /
+-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+
|IPv6 packet| / / / /
+-----------+ +-----------+ / / / /
|IPv6 packet| / / / SF Chain / / SF Chain /
+-----------+ +-----------+ / TE Path / / / / /
|IPv6 packet| /TI-LFA Path/ / / / / / /
+-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+
|SA,DA | |SA,DA | |SA,DA | |SA,DA | |SA,DA |
+-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+
SRv6 BE SRv6 BE+ SRv6 TE SRv6 SFC SRv6 SFC+
TI-LFA IOAM
Figure 1. Evolution of SRv6 SRH
Compatibility challenges for legacy devices can be summarized as
follows:
* Legacy devices need to upgrade software and/or hardware in order
to support the processing of SRH
* As the SRH expands, the encapsulation overhead increases and
correspondingly the effective payload decreases
* As the SRH expands, the hardware forwarding performance reduces
which requires higher capabilities of the chipset
4. Solutions for mitigating the compatibility challenges
This section provides solutions to mitigate the challenges outlined
in section 2.
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4.1. Traffic Engineering
With strict traffic engineering, the resultant long SID list in the
SRH raises high requirements on the hardware chipset, which can be
mitigated by the following solutions.
4.1.1. Binding SID (BSID)
Binding SID [RFC8402] involves a list of SIDs and is bound to an SR
Policy. The node(s) that imposes the bound policy needs to store the
SID list. When a node receives a packet with its active segment as a
BSID, the node will steer the packet in to the bound policy
accordingly.
To reduce the long SID list of a strict TE explicit path, BSID can be
used at selective nodes, maybe according to the processing capacity
of the hardware chipset. BSID can also be used to impose the repair
list in the TI-LFA as described in Section 2.1.
4.1.2. PCEP FlowSpec
When the SR architecture adopts a centralized model, the SDN
controller (e.g. Path Computation Element (PCE)) only needs to apply
the SR policy at the head-end. There is no state maintained at
midpoints and tail-ends. Eliminating state in the network (midpoints
and tail-points) is a key benefit of utilizing SR. However, it also
leads to a long SID list for expressing a strict TE path.
PCEP FlowSpec [I-D.ietf-pce-pcep-flowspec] provides a trade-off
solution. PCEP FlowSpec is able to disseminate Flow Specifications
(i.e. filters and actions) to indicate how the classified traffic
flows will be treated. In an SR-enabled network, PCEP FlowSpec can
be applied at the midpoints to enforce traffic engineering policies
where it is needed. In that case, state needs to be maintained at
the corresponding midpoints of a TE explicit path, but the SID list
can be shortened.
4.2. SFC
Currently two approaches are proposed to support SFC over SRv6, i.e.
stateless SFC [I-D.ietf-spring-sr-service-programming] and stateful
SFC [I-D.ietf-spring-nsh-sr].
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4.2.1. Stateless SFC
A service can also be assigned an SRv6 SID which is integrated into
an SR policy and used to steer traffic to it. In terms of the
capability of processing the SR information in the received packets,
there are two types of services, i.e. SR-aware service and SR-unware
service. An SR-aware service can process the SRH in the received
packets. An SR-unaware service, i.e. legacy service, is not able to
process the SR information in the traffic it receives, and may drop
the received packets. In order to support such services in an SRv6
domain, the SR proxy is introduced to handle the processing of SRH on
behalf of the SR-unware service. The service SID associated with the
SR-unaware service is instantiated on the SR proxy, which is used to
steer traffic to the service.
The SR proxy intercepts the SR traffic destined for the service via
the locally instantiated service SID, removes the SR information, and
sends the non-SR traffic out on a given interface to the service.
When receiving the traffic coming back from the service, the SR proxy
will restore the SR information and forwards it to the next segment
in the segment list.
4.2.2. Stateful SFC
The NSH and SR can be integrated in order to support SFC in an
efficient and cost-effective manner while maintaining separation of
the service and transport planes.
In this NSH-SR integration solution, NSH and SR work jointly and
complement each other. Specifically, SR is responsible for steering
packets along a given Service Function Path (SFP) while NSH is for
maintaining the SFC instance context, i.e. Service Path Identifier
(SPI), Service Index (SI), and any associated metadata.
When a service chain is established, a packet associated with that
chain will be first encapsulated with an NSH and then an SRH, and
forwarded in the SR domain. When the packet arrives at an SFF and
needs to be forwarded to an SF, the SFF performs a lookup based on
the service SID associated with the SF to retrieve the next-hop
context (a MAC address) between the SFF and SF. Then the SFF strips
the SRH and forwards the packet with NSH carrying metadata to the SF
where the packet will be processed as specified in [RFC8300]. In
this case, the SF is not required to be capable of the SR operation,
neither is the SR proxy. Meanwhile, the stripped SRH will be updated
and stored in a cache in the SFF, indexed by the NSH SPI for the
forwarding of the packet coming back from the SF.
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4.3. Light Weight IOAM
In most cases, after the IPv6 Destination Address (DA) is updated
according to the active segment in the SRH, the SID in the SRH will
not be used again. However, the entire SID list in the SRH will
still be carried in the packet along the path till a PSP/USP is
enforced.
The light weight IOAM method [I-D.li-spring-passive-pm-for-srv6-np]
makes use of the used segments in the SRH to carry the IOAM
information, which saves the extra space in the SRH and mitigate the
requirements on the hardware.
4.4. Postcard Telemetry
Existing in-situ OAM techniques incur encapsulation and header
overhead issues as described in section 2. Postcard-based Telemetry
with Packet Marking for SRv6 on-path
OAM[I-D.song-ippm-postcard-based-telemetry], provides a solution that
avoids the extra overhead for encapsulating telemetry-related
instruction and metadata in SRv6 packets.
5. Design Guidance for SRv6 Network
5.1. Locator and Address Planning
Address Planning is a very important factor for s successful network
design, especially an IPv6 network, which will directly affect the
design of routing, tunnel, and security. A good address plan can
bring big benefit for service deployment and network operation.
If a network has already deployed IPv6 and set up IPv6 subnets, one
of the subnets can be selected for the SRv6 Locator planning, and the
existing IPv6 address plan will not be impacted.
If a network has not yet deployed IPv6 and there has not been an
address plan, it needs to perform the IPv6 address planning first
taking the following steps,
1. to decide the IPv6 address planning principles
2. to choose the IPv6 address assignment methods
3. to assign the IPv6 address in a hierarchical manner
For an SRv6 network, in the first step for IPv6 address planning, the
following principles are suggested to follow,
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1. Unification: all the IPv6 addresses SHOULD be planned altogether,
including service addresses for end users, platform addresses
(for IPTV, DHCP servers), and network addresses for network
devices interconnection.
2. Uniqueness: every single address SHOULD be unique.
3. Separation: service addresses and network addresses SHOULD be
planned separately; the SRv6 Locator subnet, the Loopback
interface addresses and the link addresses SHOULD be planned
separately.
4. Aggregatability: when being distributed across IGP/BGP domains,
the addresses in the preassigned subnets (e.g. SRv6 Locator
subnet, the Loopback interface subnet) SHOULD be aggregatable,
which will make the routing easier.
5. Security: fast tracability of the assigned addresses SHOULD be
facilitated, which will make the traffic filtering easier.
6. Evolvablity: enough address space SHOULD be reserved for each
subset for future service development.
Considering the above-mentioned IPv6 address planning principles, it
has been adopted in some deployment cases to set Locator length
96bits, function length 20bits, and args 12bits.
5.2. PSP
When Locator is imported in ISIS, the system will automatically
assign END SID with Flavors such as PSP (Penultimate Segment Pop) and
distribute the Locator subnet route through ISIS.
The Flavor PSP, that is, SRH is popped at penultimate segment,
provides the following benefits,
1. Reduce the load of ultimate segment endpoint. Ultimate segment
endpoint tends to have heavy load since it needs to handle the
inner IP/IPv6/Ethernet payload and demultiplex the packet to the
right overlay service.
2. Support of incremental deployment on existing network where the
ultimate segment endpoint is low-end device that is not fully
capable of handling SRH.
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6. Incremental Deployment Guidance for SRv6 Migration
Incremental deployment is the key for a smooth network migration to
SRv6. In order to quickly launch SRv6 network services and enjoy the
benefits brought by SRv6, the recommended incremental SRv6 deployment
steps are given as follows. These are based on practical deployment
experience earned from the use cases described in
[I-D.matsushima-spring-srv6-deployment-status].
The referenced network topology is shown in Figure 5.
/---- Path 1 ----\
+------+ +----+ +---/--+ +---\--+ +----+ +------+
|Site 1|----|PE 1|----|ASBR 1| IP Core |ASBR 2|----|PE 2|----|Site 2|
+------+ +----+ +---\--+ +---/--+ +----+ +------+
\---- Path 2 ----/
Figure 5. Reference Network Topology
Step1. All the network devices are upgraded to support IPv6.
Step 2. According to service demands, only a set of selected PE
devices are upgraded to support SRv6 in order to immediately deploy
SRv6 overlay VPN services. For instance, in Figure 3, PE1 and PE2
are SRv6-enabled.
Step 3. Besides the PE devices, some P devices are upgraded to
support SRv6 in order to deploy loose TE which enables network path
adjustment and optimization. SFC is also a possible service provided
by upgrading some of the network devices.
Step 4. All the network devices are upgraded to support SRv6. In
this case, it is now possible to deploy strict TE, which enables the
deterministic networking and other strict security inspection.
7. Migration Guidance for SRv6/SR-MPLS Co-existence Scenario
As the network migration to SRv6 is progressing, in most cases
SRv6-based services and SR-MPLS-based services will coexist.
As shown in Figure 6, in the Non-Standalone (NSA) case specified by
3GPP Release 15, 5G networks will be supported by existing 4G
infrastructure. 4G eNB connects to CSG 2, 5G gNB connects to CSG 1,
and EPC connects to RSG 1.
To support the 4G services, network services need to be provided
between CSG 2 and RSG 1 for interconnecting 4G eNB and EPC, while for
the 5G services, network services need to be deployed between CSG 1
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and RSG 1 for interconnecting 5G gNB and EPC. Meanwhile, to support
X2 interface between the eNB and gNB, network services also need to
be deployed between the CSG 1 and CSG 2.
+-----+
| eNB |------\
+-----+ \
+-----+
|CSG 2|-------+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
/+-----+ |ASG 1|-------------|RSG 1|------| EPC |
+-----+ +--/--+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| gNB |-----|CSG 1| Domain 1 | Domain 2 |
+-----+ +--\--+ +-----+ +-----+
\+-----+ |ASG 2|-------------|RSG 2|
|CSG 3|-------+-----+ +-----+
+-----+
Figure 6. A 3GPP Non-Standalone deployment case
As shown in Figure 6, in most of the current network deployments,
MPLS-based network services may have already existed between CSG 2
and RSG 1 for interconnecting 4G eNB and EPC for 4G services.
When 5G services are to be supported, more stringent network services
are required, e.g. low latency and high bandwidth. SRv6-based
network services could be deployed between CSG 1 and RSG 1 for
interconnecting 5G gNB and EPC.
In order to perform smooth network migration, a dual-stack solution
can be adopted which deploys both SRv6 and MPLS stack in one node.
With the dual-stack solution, only CSG 1 and RSG 1 need to be
upgraded with SRv6/MPLS dual stack. In this case, CSG 1 can
immediately start SRv6-based network services to RSG 1 for support of
5G services, but continue to use MPLS-based services to CSG 2 for X2
interface communications. The upgrade at CSG 1 will not affect the
existing 4G services supported by the MPLS-based network services
between CSG 2 and RSG 1. RSG1 can provide MPLS services to CSG2 for
4G services as well as SRv6 services to CSG 1 for 5G services.
8. Deployment cases
With the current network, the launch of leased line service is slow,
the network operation and maintainence is complex, and the
configuration points are many. SRv6 can solve the issues above.
There have already been several successful SRv6 deployments following
the incremental deployment guidance shown in Section 3.
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8.1. China Telecom Si'chuan
China Telecom Si'chuan (Si'chuan Telecom) has enabled SRv6 at the PE
node of the Magic-Mirror DC in Mei'shan, Cheng'du, Pan'zhihua and
other cities. The SRv6 BE tunnel has been deployed through the 163
backbone network which has the IPv6 capability. It enables the fast
launch of the Magic-Mirror video service, the interconnection of the
DCs in various cities, and the isolation of video services. The
deployment case is shown in Figure 7.
/---------163--------\
+------+ / \ +-------+
| Magic| +----+ +--/-+ +--\-+ +----+ | Magic |
|Mirror|----|PE 1|----|CR 1| IP Backbone |CR 2|----|PE 2|----|Mirror |
| DC 1 | +----+ +--\-+ +--/-+ +----+ | DC 2 |
+------+ \ / +-------+
+-\---+ +---/-+
|ASBR1|----CN2-----|ASBR2|
+-----+ +-----+
IGP/IBGP EBGP IGP/IBGP
|<------->|<-------------------------->|<-------->|
EBGP VPNv4 Peer
|<----------------------------------------------->|
L3VPN over SRv6
|<----------------------------------------------->|
Figure 7. China Telecom Si'chuan deployment case
As shown in Figure 7, IGP (some cities such as Chengdu deploy ISIS,
while other cities such as Panzhihua deploy OSPF) and IBGP are
deployed between PE and CR, and EBGP is deployed between CRs of
cities in order to advertise the aggregation route. EBGP VPNv4 peers
are set up between PEs in different cities to deliver VPN private
network routes.
The packet enters the SRv6 BE tunnel from the egress PE of DC, and
the packet is forwarded according to the Native IP of the 163
backbone network. When the packet reaches the peer PE, the SRH is
decapsulated, and then the IP packet is forwarded in the VRF
according to the service SID (for example, End.DT4).
In order to further implement the path selection, ASBRs can be
upgraded to support SRv6. Different SRv6 policies are configured on
the DC egress PE so that different VPN traffic reaches the peer PE
through the 163 backbone network and the CN2 backbone network
respectively.
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8.2. China Unicom
China Unicom has deployed SRv6 L3VPN over 169 IPv6 backbone network
from Guangzhou to Beijing to provide inter-domain Cloud VPN service.
The deployment case is shown in Figure 8.
/-------------\ /------------\ /-----------\
+-/-+ Guangzhou +-\-+ +-/-+ IPv6 +-\-+ +-/-+ Beijing +-\-+
|PE1| |CR1|---|CR2| Backbone |CR3|---|CR4| |PE2|
+-\-+ Metro +-/-+ +-\-+ 169 +-/-+ +-\-+ Metro +-/-+
\-------------/ \------------/ \-----------/
|<--OSPF/ISIS-->|<-EBGP->|<-Native IPv6->|<-EBGP->|<-OSPF/ISIS->|
|<----------------------- EBGP VPNv4 Peer --------------------->|
|<----------------------- L3VPN over SRv6 --------------------->|
Figure 8. China Unicom SRv6 L3VPN case
In Guangzhou and Beijing metro networks, routers exchange basic
routing information using IGP(OSPF/ISIS). The prefixes of IPv6
loopback address and SRv6 locator of routers are different, and both
of them need to be imported into the IGP. The 169 backbone is a
native IPv6 network. Between metro and backbone, the border routers
establish EBGP peer with each other, e.g. CR1 with CR2, CR3 with
CR4, to form basic connectivity. All of these constitute the
foundation of overlay services, and have not been changed.
PE1 and PE2 establish EBGP peer and advertise VPNv4 routes with each
other. If one site connects to two PEs, metro network will use multi
RD, community and local preference rules to choose one best route and
one backup.
After basic routing among networks and VPN routes between the two PEs
are all ready, two PEs encapsulate and forward VPN traffic within
SRv6 tunnel. The tunnel is SRv6 best effort (BE) tunnel. It
introduces only outer IPv6 header but not SRH header into traffic
packets. After encapsulation, the packet is treated as common IPv6
packet and forwarded to the egress PE, which performs decapsulation
and forwards the VPN traffic according to specific VRF.
Guangdong Unicom has also launched the SRv6 L3VPN among Guangzhou,
Shenzhen, and Dongguan, which has passed the interop test between
different vendors.
With SRv6 enabled at the PE devices, the VPN service can be launched
very quickly without impact on the existing traffic. With SRv6 TE
further deployed, more benefits of using SRv6 can be exploited.
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8.3. MTN Uganda
MTN Uganda has enabled SRv6 at the MPBN PE/P nodes. The SRv6 BE
tunnel has been deployed through the MPBN network which has the IPv6
capability. It enables the fast service provisoning for mobile
service, enterprise service and internal IT services, and also
improves service SLA such as service monitoring and availability.
The deployment case is shown in Figure 9.
+-----+
| eNB |----\
+-----+ \
+-----+ /------------\
|CSG 2|-----+-----+ +-----+ +--/--+ +--\--+
/+-----+ |ASG 1|------|RSG 1|------|ASBR1| |ASBR4|
+-----+ +--/--+ IPV6 +-----+ IPV6 +-----+ +-----+ IPV6 +-----+
| gNB |---|CSG 1| Domain 1 | Domain 1 | | Domain 2 |
+-----+ +--\--+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ IPCORE +-----+
\+-----+ |ASG 2|------|RSG 2|------|ASBR2| |ASBR3|
|CSG 3|-----+-----+ +-----+ +--\--+ +--/--+
+-----+ \------------/
|<--------------ISIS------------->|<---EBGP-->|<----ISIS----->|
Phase I:
|<-----RSVP TE----->|<--RSVP TE-->|<-OPTIONA->|<---SRv6 BE--->|
Phase II:
|<-----------------L2/3 EVPN over SRv6 Policy --------------->|
Figure 9. MTN Uganda Deployment Case
As shown in the Figure 9,
In the phase I, SRv6 BE was deployed in MPBN network. All services
in the MPBN will be carried through SRv6 BE in the core network. The
Option A is deployed between the IPRAN network and Core network.
In the phase II, SRv6 Policy will be deployed E2E from IPRAN to Core.
Cross-domain path selection is available for mobile and enterprise
services. The service will be carried in SRv6 Policy through the
entire MPBN network.
L3VPN and L2VPN services will evolve to EVPN to simplify the network
operation and management.
8.4. Agricultural Bank of China (ABC)
ABC has deployed the network controller and SRv6 policy over its
backbone network to automatically optimize link traffic. The
deployment case is shown in Figure 10.
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+-----+ +----+ +----+ +-----+
|DC-PE|----|DC-P|----------------------|DC-P|----|DC-PE|
/+-----+ +----+ +----+ +-----+ \
/ | \ / | | \ / | \
+--/-+ | \ / | | \ / | +--\-+
| DC | | \/ | Backbone | \/ | | DC |
+--\-+ | /\ | | /\ | +--/-+
\ | / \ | | / \ | /
\+-----+ +----+ +----+ +-----+ /
|DC-PE|----|DC-P|----------------------|DC-P|----|DC-PE|
+-----+ +-\--+ +-/--+ +-----+
\ /
\+-----+ +-----+/
|BR-PE|---------|BR-PE|
+-----+ +-----+
Figure 10. ABC Deployment Case
In the original network deployment, SR-MPLS TE tunnels were used to
construct the backbone network. There are two problems. First,
these tunnels must be planned and configured manually. Second, the
SR-TE is based on MPLS and hard to be extended to a branch to
implement end-to-end traffic management.
Now, The SRv6 Policy is used to implement intelligent and centralized
path computation to carry services between data centers and between
branches and data centers. Multiple VPNs are divided by service, and
SRv6 policies are selected based on the combination of VPN and DSCP.
About 1800 SRv6 policies are deployed on the entire network.
Both SRv6 and VxLAN are deployed at DC-PE to implement tunnel
interworking between the DC network and the SRv6 backbone network.
SBFD is deployed to detect SRv6 policy connectivity. When a path
fails, traffic can be quickly switched to other normal paths.
The backbone network uses IFIT (In-situ Flow Information Telemetry)
to implement service-level SLA detection.
9. Contributors
The following people also gave a substantial contribution to the
content of this document and should be considered as coauthors:
Zhenbin Li, Huawei Technologies, lizhenbin@huawei.com
Yaqun Xiao, Huawei Technologies, xiaoyaqun@huawei.com
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10. IANA Considerations
There are no IANA considerations in this document.
11. Security Considerations
TBD.
12. Acknowledgement
The section on the PSP use cases is inspired from the discussions
over the mailing list. The authors would like to acknowledge the
constructive discussions from Daniel Voyer, Jingrong Xie, etc..
13. Contributors
Hailong Bai
China Unicom
China
Email:
Jichun Ma
China Unicom
China
Email:
Huizhi Wen
Huawei Technologies
China
Email: wenhuizhi@huawei.com
Ruizhao Hu
Huawei Technologies
China
Email: huruizhao@huawei.com
Jianwei Mao
Huawei
China
Email: maojianwei@huawei.com
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14. References
14.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-spring-srv6-network-programming]
Filsfils, C., Garvia, P. C., Leddy, J., Voyer, D.,
Matsushima, S., and Z. Li, "Segment Routing over IPv6
(SRv6) Network Programming", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-ietf-spring-srv6-network-programming-28, 29
December 2020, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-
ietf-spring-srv6-network-programming-28.txt>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4364] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, DOI 10.17487/RFC4364, February
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4364>.
[RFC5659] Bocci, M. and S. Bryant, "An Architecture for Multi-
Segment Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge", RFC 5659,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5659, October 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5659>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC8754] Filsfils, C., Ed., Dukes, D., Ed., Previdi, S., Leddy, J.,
Matsushima, S., and D. Voyer, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header
(SRH)", RFC 8754, DOI 10.17487/RFC8754, March 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8754>.
14.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header]
Filsfils, C., Dukes, D., Previdi, S., Leddy, J.,
Matsushima, S., and D. Voyer, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header
(SRH)", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-6man-
segment-routing-header-26, 22 October 2019,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-6man-segment-
routing-header-26.txt>.
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[I-D.ietf-6man-spring-srv6-oam]
Ali, Z., Filsfils, C., Matsushima, S., Voyer, D., and M.
Chen, "Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)
in Segment Routing Networks with IPv6 Data plane (SRv6)",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-6man-spring-
srv6-oam-13, 23 January 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-6man-spring-
srv6-oam-13.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data]
Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., and T. Mizrahi, "Data Fields
for In-situ OAM", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-ippm-ioam-data-17, 13 December 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-
data-17.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-pce-pcep-flowspec]
Dhody, D., Farrel, A., and Z. Li, "PCEP Extension for Flow
Specification", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-pce-pcep-flowspec-13, 14 October 2021,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-pce-pcep-
flowspec-13.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa]
Litkowski, S., Bashandy, A., Filsfils, C., Francois, P.,
Decraene, B., and D. Voyer, "Topology Independent Fast
Reroute using Segment Routing", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa-
08, 21 January 2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/
draft-ietf-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa-08.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-spring-nsh-sr]
James Guichard, N. and J. Tantsura, "Integration of
Network Service Header (NSH) and Segment Routing for
Service Function Chaining (SFC)", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-spring-nsh-sr-11, 20 April
2022, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-spring-
nsh-sr-11.txt>.
[I-D.ietf-spring-sr-service-programming]
Clad, F., Xu, X., Filsfils, C., Bernier, D., Li, C.,
Decraene, B., Ma, S., Yadlapalli, C., Henderickx, W., and
S. Salsano, "Service Programming with Segment Routing",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-spring-sr-
service-programming-06, 9 June 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-spring-sr-
service-programming-06.txt>.
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[I-D.li-spring-passive-pm-for-srv6-np]
Li, C. and M. Chen, "Passive Performance Measurement for
SRv6 Network Programming", Work in Progress, Internet-
Draft, draft-li-spring-passive-pm-for-srv6-np-00, 5 March
2018, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-li-spring-
passive-pm-for-srv6-np-00.txt>.
[I-D.matsushima-spring-srv6-deployment-status]
Matsushima, S., Filsfils, C., Ali, Z., Li, Z., Rajaraman,
K., and A. Dhamija, "SRv6 Implementation and Deployment
Status", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
matsushima-spring-srv6-deployment-status-15, 5 April 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-matsushima-spring-
srv6-deployment-status-15.txt>.
[I-D.song-ippm-postcard-based-telemetry]
Song, H., Mirsky, G., Filsfils, C., Abdelsalam, A., Zhou,
T., Li, Z., Graf, T., Mishra, G., Shin, J., and K. Lee,
"Marking-based Direct Export for On-path Telemetry", Work
in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-song-ippm-postcard-
based-telemetry-14, 7 September 2022,
<https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-song-ippm-postcard-
based-telemetry-14.txt>.
[RFC8300] Quinn, P., Ed., Elzur, U., Ed., and C. Pignataro, Ed.,
"Network Service Header (NSH)", RFC 8300,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8300, January 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8300>.
[RFC8402] Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8402>.
Authors' Addresses
Hui Tian
CAICT
China
Email: tianhui@caict.ac.cn
Feng Zhao
CAICT
China
Email: zhaofeng@caict.ac.cn
Tian, et al. Expires 27 April 2023 [Page 25]
Internet-Draft SRv6 Deployment Consideration October 2022
Chongfeng Xie
China Telecom
China
Email: xiechf.bri@chinatelecom.cn
Tong Li
China Unicom
China
Email: litong@chinaunicom.cn
Jichun Ma
China Unicom
China
Email: majc16@chinaunicom.cn
Robbins Mwehaire
MTN Uganda Ltd.
Uganda
Email: Robbins.Mwehair@mtn.com
Edmore Chingwena
MTN Group Limited
South Africa
Email: Edmore.Chingwena@mtn.com
Qingbang Xu
Agricultural Bank of China
China
Email: michbang@163.com
Shuping Peng
Huawei Technologies
China
Email: pengshuping@huawei.com
Tianran Zhou
Huawei Technologies
China
Email: zhoutianran@huawei.com
Tian, et al. Expires 27 April 2023 [Page 26]
Internet-Draft SRv6 Deployment Consideration October 2022
Qiangzhou Gao
Huawei Technologies
China
Email: gaoqiangzhou@huawei.com
Tian, et al. Expires 27 April 2023 [Page 27]