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Framework to Integrate Post-quantum Key Exchanges into Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)
draft-tjhai-ipsecme-hybrid-qske-ikev2-03

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors C. Tjhai , M. Tomlinson , grbartle@cisco.com , Scott Fluhrer , Daniel Van Geest , Oscar Garcia-Morchon , Valery Smyslov
Last updated 2019-01-14 (Latest revision 2018-07-17)
Replaced by draft-ietf-ipsecme-ikev2-multiple-ke, RFC 9370
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draft-tjhai-ipsecme-hybrid-qske-ikev2-03
Internet Engineering Task Force                                 C. Tjhai
Internet-Draft                                              M. Tomlinson
Intended status: Informational                              Post-Quantum
Expires: July 18, 2019                                       G. Bartlett
                                                              S. Fluhrer
                                                           Cisco Systems
                                                            D. Van Geest
                                                       ISARA Corporation
                                                       O. Garcia-Morchon
                                                                 Philips
                                                              V. Smyslov
                                                              ELVIS-PLUS
                                                        January 14, 2019

  Framework to Integrate Post-quantum Key Exchanges into Internet Key
                  Exchange Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2)
                draft-tjhai-ipsecme-hybrid-qske-ikev2-03

Abstract

   This document describes how to extend Internet Key Exchange Protocol
   Version 2 (IKEv2) so that the shared secret exchanged between peers
   has resistance against quantum computer attacks.  The basic idea is
   to exchange one or more post-quantum key exchange payloads in
   conjunction with the existing (Elliptic Curve) Diffie-Hellman
   payload.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on July 18, 2019.

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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.2.  Proposed Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.3.  Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.4.  Document Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  The Framework of Hybrid Post-Quantum Key Exchange . . . . . .   6
     3.1.  Overall design  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Overall Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.2.1.  IKE_SA_INIT Round: Negotiation  . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.2.2.  INTERMEDIATE Round: Additional Key Exchanges  . . . .   9
       3.2.3.  IKE_AUTH Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       3.2.4.  CREATE_CHILD_SA Exchange  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   4.  Alternative Design  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

1.  Introduction

1.1.  Problem Description

   Internet Key Exchange Protocol (IKEv2) as specified in RFC 7296
   [RFC7296] uses the Diffie-Hellman (DH) or Elliptic Curve Diffie-
   Hellman (ECDH) algorithm to establish a shared secret between an
   initiator and a responder.  The security of the DH and ECDH
   algorithms relies on the difficulty to solve a discrete logarithm

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   problem in multiplicative and elliptic curve groups respectively when
   the order of the group parameter is large enough.  While solving such
   a problem remains difficult with current computing power, it is
   believed that general purpose quantum computers will be able to solve
   this problem, implying that the security of IKEv2 is compromised.
   There are, however, a number of cryptosystems that are conjectured to
   be resistant against quantum computer attack.  This family of
   cryptosystems are known as post-quantum cryptography (PQC).  It is
   sometimes also referred to as quantum-safe cryptography (QSC) or
   quantum-resistant cryptography (QRC).

1.2.  Proposed Extension

   This document describes a framework to integrate QSC for IKEv2, while
   maintaining backwards compatibility, to derive a set of IKE keys that
   have resistance to quantum computer attacks.  Our framework allows
   the negotiation of one or more QSC algorithm to exchange data, in
   addition to the existing DH or ECDH key exchange data.  We believe
   that the feature of using more than one post-quantum algorithm is
   important as many of these algorithms are relatively new and there
   may be a need to hedge the security risk with multiple key exchange
   data from several distinct QSC algorithms.

   The secrets established from each key exchange are combined in a way
   such that should the post-quantum secrets not be present, the derived
   shared secret is equivalent to that of the standard IKEv2; on the
   other hand, a post-quantum shared secret is obtained if both
   classical and post-quantum key exchange data are present.  This
   framework also applies to key exchanges in IKE Security Associations
   (SAs) for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) [RFC4303] or
   Authentication Header (AH) [RFC4302], i.e. Child SAs, in order to
   provide a stronger guarantee of forward security.

   Some post-quantum key exchange payloads may have size larger than the
   standard MTU size, and therefore there could be issues with
   fragmentation at IP layer.  IKE does allow transmission over TCP
   where fragmentation is not an issue [RFC8229]; however, we believe
   that a UDP-based solution will be required too.  IKE does have a
   mechanism to handle fragmentation within UDP [RFC7383], however that
   is only applicable to messages exchanged after the IKE_SA_INIT.  To
   use this mechanism, we use the INTERMEDIATE exchange as outlined in
   [I-D.smyslov-ipsecme-ikev2-aux].  With this mechanism, we do an
   initial key exchange, using a smaller, possibly non-quantum resistant
   primitive, such as ECDH.  Then, before we do the IKE_AUTH exchange,
   we perform one or more INTERMEDIATE exchanges, each of which includes
   a secondary key exchange.  As the INTERMEDIATE exchange is encrypted,
   the IKE fragmentation protocol RFC7383 can be used.  The IKE SK
   values will be updated after each exchange, and so the final IKE SK

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   values will depend on all the key exchanges, hence they are secure if
   any of the key exchanges are secure.

   Note that readers should consider the approach in this document as
   providing a long term solution in upgrading the IKEv2 protocol to
   support post-quantum algorithms.  A short term solution to make IKEv2
   key exchange quantum secure is to use post-quantum pre-shared keys as
   discussed in [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-qr-ikev2].

1.3.  Changes

   Changes in this draft in each version iterations.

   draft-tjhai-ipsecme-hybrid-qske-ikev2-02

   o  Use new transform types to negotiate additional key exchanges,
      rather than using the KE payloads of IKE SA.

   draft-tjhai-ipsecme-hybrid-qske-ikev2-01

   o  Use INTERMEDIATE to perform multiple key exchanges in succession.

   o  Handle fragmentation by keeping the first key exchange (a standard
      IKE_SA_INIT with a few extra notifies) small, and encrypting the
      rest of the key exchanges.

   o  Simplify the negotiation of the 'extra' key exchanges.

   draft-tjhai-ipsecme-hybrid-qske-ikev2-00

   o  We added a feature to allow more than one post-quantum key
      exchange algorithms to be negotiated and used to exchange a post-
      quantum shared secret.

   o  Instead of relying on TCP encapsulation to deal with IP level
      fragmentation, we introduced a new key exchange payload that can
      be sent as multiple fragments within IKE_SA_INIT message.

1.4.  Document Organization

   The remainder of this document is organized as follows.  Section 2
   summarizes design criteria.  Section 3 describes how post-quantum key
   exchange is performed between two IKE peers and how keying materials
   are derived for both SAs and child SAs.  A summary of alternative
   approaches that have been considered, but later discarded, are
   described in Section 4.  Section 5 discusses IANA considerations for
   the namespaces introduced in this document, and lastly Section 6
   discusses security considerations.

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   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.  Design Criteria

   The design of the proposed post-quantum IKEv2 is driven by the
   following criteria:

   1)   Need for post-quantum cryptography in IPsec.  Quantum computers
        might become feasible in the next 5-10 years.  If current
        Internet communications are monitored and recorded today (D),
        the communications could be decrypted as soon as a quantum-
        computer is available (e.g., year Q) if key negotiation only
        relies on non post-quantum primitives.  This is a high threat
        for any information that must remain confidential for a long
        period of time T > Q-D.  The need is obvious if we assume that Q
        is 2040, D is 2020, and T is 30 years.  Such a value of T is
        typical in classified or healthcare data.

   2)   Hybrid.  Currently, there does not exist a post-quantum key
        exchange that is trusted at the level that ECDH is trusted
        against conventional (non-quantum) adversaries.  A hybrid
        approach allows introducing promising post-quantum candidates
        next to well-established primitives, since the overall security
        is at least as strong as each individual primitive.

   3)   Focus on quantum-resistant confidentiality.  A passive attacker
        can eavesdrop on IPsec communication today and decrypt it once a
        quantum computer is available in the future.  This is a very
        serious attack for which we do not have a solution.  An attacker
        can only perform active attacks such as impersonation of the
        communicating peers once a quantum computer is available,
        sometime in the future.  Thus, our design focuses on quantum-
        resistant confidentiality due to the urgency of this problem.
        This document does not address quantum-resistant authentication
        since it is less urgent at this stage.

   4)   Limit amount of exchanged data.  The protocol design should be
        such that the amount of exchanged data, such as public-keys, is
        kept as small as possible even if initiator and responder need
        to agree on a hybrid group or multiple public-keys need to be
        exchanged.

   5)   Future proof.  Any cryptographic algorithm could be potentially

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        broken in the future by currently unknown or impractical
        attacks: quantum computers are merely the most concrete example
        of this.  The design does not categorize algorithms as "post-
        quantum" or "non post-quantum" and does not create assumptions
        about the properties of the algorithms, meaning that if
        algorithms with different properties become necessary in the
        future, this framework can be used unchanged to facilitate
        migration to those algorithms.

   6)   Limited amount of changes.  A key goal is to limit the number of
        changes required when enabling a post-quantum handshake.  This
        ensures easier and quicker adoption in existing implementations.

   7)   Localized changes.  Another key requirement is that changes to
        the protocol are limited in scope, in particular, limiting
        changes in the exchanged messages and in the state machine, so
        that they can be easily implemented.

   8)   Deterministic operation.  This requirement means that the hybrid
        post-quantum exchange, and thus, the computed key, will be based
        on algorithms that both client and server wish to support.

   9)   Fragmentation support.  Some PQC algorithms could be relatively
        bulky and they might require fragmentation.  Thus, a design goal
        is the adaptation and adoption of an existing fragmentation
        method or the design of a new method that allows for the
        fragmentation of the key shares.

   10)  Backwards compatibility and interoperability.  This is a
        fundamental requirement to ensure that hybrid post-quantum IKEv2
        and a non-post-quantum IKEv2 implementations are interoperable.

   11)  FIPS compliance.  IPsec is widely used in Federal Information
        Systems and FIPS certification is an important requirement.
        However, algorithms that are believed to be post-quantum are not
        FIPS compliant yet.  Still, the goal is that the overall hybrid
        post-quantum IKEv2 design can be FIPS compliant.

3.  The Framework of Hybrid Post-Quantum Key Exchange

3.1.  Overall design

   This design assigns new group identifiers (Transform Type 4) to the
   various post-quantum key exchanges (which will be defined later).  We
   specifically do not make a distinction between classical (DH and
   ECDH) and post-quantum key exchanges, nor post-quantum algorithms
   which are true key exchanges versus post-quantum algorithms that act
   as key transport mechanisms; all are treated equivalently by the

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   protocol.  In order to support both hybrid key exchanges (that is,
   relying on distinct key exchanges) and fragmentation, the proposed
   hybrid post-quantum IKEv2 protocol extends IKE [RFC7296] by adding
   additional key exchange messages (INTERMEDIATE) between the
   IKE_SA_INIT and the IKE_AUTH exchanges.  In order to minimize
   communication overhead, only the key shares that are agreed to be
   used are actually exchanged.  In order to achieve this, the
   IKE_SA_INIT exchange now includes notify payloads that negotiate the
   extra key exchanges to be used.  The initiator IKE_SA_INIT message
   includes a notify that lists the extra key exchange policy required
   by the initiator; the responder selects one of the listed policies,
   and includes that as a notify in the response IKE_SA_INIT message.
   Then, the initiator and the responder perform one (or possibly more)
   INTERMEDIATE exchange; each such exchange includes a KE payload for
   the key exchange that was negotiated.

   Here is an overview of the initial exchanges:

        Initiator                                Responder
     --------------------------------------------------------
     <-- IKE_SA_INIT  (and extra key exchange negotiation) -->

     <-- {INTERMEDIATE (hybrid post-quantum key exchange)} -->
                                ...
     <-- {INTERMEDIATE (hybrid post-quantum key exchange)} -->

                        <-- {IKE_AUTH} -->

   The extra post-quantum key exchanges can use algorithms that are
   currently considered to be resistant to quantum computer attacks.
   These algorithms are collectively referred to as post-quantum
   algorithms in this document.

   Most post-quantum key agreement algorithms are relatively new, and
   thus are not fully trusted.  There are also many proposed algorithms,
   with different trade-offs and relying on different hard problems.
   The concern is that some of these hard problems may turn out to be
   easier to solve than anticipated (and thus the key agreement
   algorithm not be as secure as expected).  A hybrid solution allows us
   to deal with this uncertainty by combining a classical key exchanges
   with a post-quantum one, as well as leaving open the possibility of
   multiple post-quantum key exchanges.

   The method that we use to perform hybrid key exchange also addresses
   the fragmentation issue.  The initial IKE_INIT messages do not have
   any inherent fragmentation support within IKE; however that can
   include a relatively short KE payload (e.g. one for group 14, 19 or
   31).  The rest of the KE payloads are encrypted within INTERMEDIATE

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   messages; because they are encrypted, the standard IKE fragmentation
   solution [RFC7383] is available.

3.2.  Overall Protocol

   In the simplest case, the initiator is happy with a single key
   exchange (and has no interest in supporting multiple), and he is not
   concerned with possible fragmentation of the IKE_SA_INIT messages
   (either because the key exchange he selects is small enough not to
   fragment, or he is confident that fragmentation will be handled
   either by IP fragmentation, or transport via TCP).  In the following
   we overview the two protocol rounds involved in the hybrid post-
   quantum protocol.

   In this case, the initiator performs the IKE_SA_INIT as standard,
   inserting this preferred key exchange (which is possibly a post-
   quantum algorithm) as the listed Transform Type 4, and including the
   initiator KE payload.  If the responder accepts the policy, he
   responds with an IKE_SA_INIT response, and IKE continues as usual.

   If the initiator desires to negotiate multiple key exchanges, or he
   needs IKE to handle any possible fragmentation, then he uses the
   protocol listed below.

3.2.1.  IKE_SA_INIT Round: Negotiation

   Multiple key exchanges are negotiated using the standard IKEv2
   mechanism, via SA payload.  For this purpose several new transform
   types, namely Additional Key Exchange 1, Additional Key Exchange 2,
   Additional Key Exchange 3, etc., are defined.  They are collectively
   called Additional Key Exchanges and have slightly different semantics
   than existing IKEv2 transform types.  They are interpreted as
   additional key exchanges that peers agreed to perform in a series of
   INTERMEDIATE exchanges.  The possible transform IDs for these
   transform types are the same as IDs for the transform type 4 (Diffie-
   Hellman Group), so they all share a single IANA registry for
   transform IDs.

   Key exchange method negotiated via transform type 4 MUST always take
   place in the IKE_SA_INIT exchange.  Additional Key Exchanges
   negotiated via newly defined transforms MUST take place in series of
   INTERMEDIATE exchanges, in an order of the values of their transform
   types, so that key exchange negotiated using transform type N always
   precedes that of transform type N + 1.  Each INTERMEDIATE exchange
   MUST bear exactly one key exchange method.  Note that with this
   semantics, Additional Key Exchanges transforms are not associated
   with any particular type of key exchange and don't have any specific
   per transform type transform ID IANA registry.  Instead they all

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   share a single registry for transform IDs - "Diffie-Hellman Group
   Transform IDs", as well as Transform Type 4.  All new key exchange
   algorithms (both classical or quantum safe) should be added to this
   registry.  This approach gives peers flexibility in defining the ways
   they want to combine different key exchange methods.

   When forming a proposal the initiator adds transforms for the
   IKE_SA_INIT exchange using transform type 4.  In most cases they will
   contain classical key exchange methods, however it is not a
   requirement.  Additional key exchange methods are proposed using
   Additional Key Exchanges transform types.  All these transform types
   are optional, the initiator is free to select any of them for
   proposing additional key exchange methods.  Consequently, if none of
   Additional Key Exchanges are included in the proposal, then this
   proposal indicates performing standard IKEv2, as defined in
   [RFC7296].  If the initiator includes any transform of type N (where
   N is among Additional Key Exchanges) in the proposal, the responder
   MUST select one of the algorithms proposed using this type.  A
   transform ID NONE may be added to those transform types which contain
   key exchange methods that the initiator believes are optional.

   The responder performs negotiation using standard IKEv2 procedure
   described in Section 3.3 of [RFC7296].  However, for the Additional
   Key Exchange types the responder's choice MUST NOT contain equal
   transform IDs (apart from NONE), and the ID selected for Transform
   Type 4 MUST NOT appear in any of Additional Key Exchange transforms.
   In other words, all selected key exchange methods must be different.

3.2.2.  INTERMEDIATE Round: Additional Key Exchanges

   For each extra key exchange agreed to in the IKE_SA_INIT exchange,
   the initiator and the responder perform an INTERMEDIATE exchange, as
   described in [I-D.smyslov-ipsecme-ikev2-aux].

   This exchange is as follows:

         Initiator                     Responder
         -------------------------------------------------
         HDR, SK {Ni2, KEi2}    -->
                                <--    HDR, SK {Nr2, KEr2}

   The initiator sends a nonce in the Ni2 payload, and the key exchange
   payload in the KEi2; the group id of the KEi2 payload MUST match the
   negotiated extra key exchange.  This packet is encrypted with the
   current IKE SK keys.

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   On receiving this, the responder sends a nonce in the Nr2 payload,
   and the key exchange payload KEr2; again, this packet is encrypted
   with the current IKE SA keys.

   Once this exchange is done, then both sides compute an updated keying
   material:

           SKEYSEED = prf(SK_d(old), KE2result | Ni2 | Nr2)

   where KE2result is the shared secret of the key exchange.  Then,
   SK_d, SK_ai, SK_ar, SK_ei, SK_er, SK_pi, SK_pr are updated as:

           {SK_d | SK_ai | SK_ar | SK_ei | SK_er | SK_pi | SK_pr}
                   = prf+ (SKEYSEED, Ni2 | Nr2 | SPIi | SPIr)

   Note that the negotiated transform types (the encryption type, hash
   type, prf type) are not modified.

   Both the initiator and the responder will use this updated key values
   for the next message.

3.2.3.  IKE_AUTH Exchange

   After the INTERMEDIATE exchanges have completed, then the initiator
   and the responder will perform an IKE_AUTH exchange.  This exchange
   is the standard IKE exchange, except that the initiator and responder
   signed octets are modified as described in
   [I-D.smyslov-ipsecme-ikev2-aux].

3.2.4.  CREATE_CHILD_SA Exchange

   The CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange is used in IKEv2 for the purpose of
   creating additional Child SAs, rekeying them and rekeying IKE SA
   itself.  When creating or rekeying Child SAs, the peers may
   optionally perform a Diffie-Hellmann key exchange to add a fresh
   entropy into the session keys, in case of IKE SA rekeying, the key
   exchange is mandatory.

   If the IKE SA was created using multiple key exchange methods, the
   peers may want continue using multiple key exchanges in the
   CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange too.  If the initiator includes any
   Additional Key Exchanges transform in the SA payload (along with
   Transform Type 4) and the responder agrees to perform additional key
   exchanges, then the additional key exchanges are performed in a
   series of the INFORMATIONAL exchanges that follows the
   CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange in an order of the values of their transform
   types, so that key exchange negotiated using transform type N always
   precedes key exchange negotiated using transform type N + 1.  Each

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   INFORMATIONAL exchange MUST bear exactly one key exchange method.
   Key exchange negotiated via Transform Type 4 always takes place in
   the CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange, as per IKEv2 specification.

   Since after IKE SA is created the window size may be greater than
   one, and multiple concurrent exchanges may be active, it is essential
   to link the INFORMATIONAL exchanges together and with the
   CREATE_CHILD_SA exchange.  A new status type notification
   ADDITIONAL_KEY_EXCHANGE is used for this purpose.  Its Notify Message
   Type is <TBA by IANA>, Protocol ID and SPI Size are both set to 0.
   The data associated with this notification is a blob meaningful only
   to the responder, so that the responder can correctly link successive
   exchanges.  For the initiator the content of this notification is an
   opaque blob.

   The responder MUST include this notification in a CREATE_CHILD_SA or
   INFORMATIONAL response message in case next exchange is expected,
   filling it with some data that would allow linking this exchange to
   the next one.  The initiator MUST copy the received notification with
   its content intact into the request message of the next exchange.

   Below is an example of three additional key exchanges.

Initiator                             Responder
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
HDR(CREATE_CHILD_SA), SK {SA, Ni, KEi} -->
                             <--  HDR(CREATE_CHILD_SA), SK {SA, Nr, KEr,
                                      N(ADDITIONAL_KEY_EXCHANGE)(link1)}

HDR(INFORMATIONAL), SK {Ni2, KEi2,
 N(ADDITIONAL_KEY_EXCHANGE)(link1)} -->
                                 <--  HDR(INFORMATIONAL), SK {Nr2, KEr2,
                                      N(ADDITIONAL_KEY_EXCHANGE)(link2)}

HDR(INFORMATIONAL), SK {Ni3, KEi3,
 N(ADDITIONAL_KEY_EXCHANGE)(link2)} -->
                                 <--  HDR(INFORMATIONAL), SK {Nr3, KEr3,
                                      N(ADDITIONAL_KEY_EXCHANGE)(link3)}

HDR(INFORMATIONAL), SK {Ni4, KEi4,
 N(ADDITIONAL_KEY_EXCHANGE)(link3)} -->
                                 <--  HDR(INFORMATIONAL), SK {Nr4, KEr4}

4.  Alternative Design

   This section gives an overview on a number of alternative approaches
   that we have considered, but later discarded.  These approaches are:

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   o  Sending the classical and post-quantum key exchanges as a single
      transform

      We considered combining the various key exchanges into a single
      large KE payload; this effort is documented in a previous version
      of this draft (draft-tjhai-ipsecme-hybrid-qske-ikev2-01).  This
      does allow us to cleanly apply hybrid key exchanges during the
      child SA; however it does add considerable complexity, and
      requires an independent fragmentation solution.

   o  Sending post-quantum proposals and policies in KE payload only

      With the objective of not introducing unnecessary notify payloads,
      we considered communicating the hybrid post-quantum proposal in
      the KE payload during the first pass of the protocol exchange.
      Unfortunately, this design is susceptible to the following
      downgrade attack.  Consider the scenario where there is an MitM
      attacker sitting between an initiator and a responder.  The
      initiator proposes, through SAi payload, to use a hybrid post-
      quantum group and as a backup a Diffie-Hellman group, and through
      KEi payload, the initiator proposes a list of hybrid post-quantum
      proposals and policies.  The MitM attacker intercepts this traffic
      and replies with N(INVALID_KE_PAYLOAD) suggesting to downgrade to
      the backup Diffie-Hellman group instead.  The initiator then
      resends the same SAi payload and the KEi payload containing the
      public value of the backup Diffie-Hellman group.  Note that the
      attacker may forward the second IKE_SA_INIT message only to the
      responder, and therefore at this point in time, the responder will
      not have the information that the initiator prefers the hybrid
      group.  Of course, it is possible for the responder to have a
      policy to reject an IKE_SA_INIT message that (a) offers a hybrid
      group but not offering the corresponding public value in the KEi
      payload; and (b) the responder has not specifically acknowledged
      that it does not supported the requested hybrid group.  However,
      the checking of this policy introduces unnecessary protocol
      complexity.  Therefore, in order to fully prevent any downgrade
      attacks, using KE payload alone is not sufficient and that the
      initiator MUST always indicate its preferred post-quantum
      proposals and policies in a notify payload in the subsequent
      IKE_SA_INIT messages following a N(INVALID_KE_PAYLOAD) response.

   o  New payload types to negotiate hybrid proposal and to carry post-
      quantum public values

      Semantically, it makes sense to use a new payload type, which
      mimics the SA payload, to carry a hybrid proposal.  Likewise,
      another new payload type that mimics the KE payload, could be used
      to transport hybrid public value.  Although, in theory a new

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      payload type could be made backwards compatible by not setting its
      critical flag as per Section 2.5 of RFC7296, we believe that it
      may not be that simple in practice.  Since the original release of
      IKEv2 in RFC4306, no new payload type has ever been proposed and
      therefore, this creates a potential risk of having a backward
      compatibility issue from non-conforming RFC IKEv2 implementations.
      Since we could not see any other compelling advantages apart from
      a semantic one, we use the existing transform type and notify
      payloads instead.  In fact, as described above, we use the KE
      payload in the first IKE_SA_INIT request round and the notify
      payload to carry the post-quantum proposals and policies.  We use
      one or more of the existing KE payloads to carry the hybrid public
      values.

   o  Hybrid public value payload

      One way to transport the negotiated hybrid public payload, which
      contains one classical Diffie-Hellman public value and one or more
      post-quantum public values, is to bundle these into a single KE
      payload.  Alternatively, these could also be transported in a
      single new hybrid public value payload, but following the same
      reasoning as above, this may not be a good idea from a backward
      compatibility perspective.  Using a single KE payload would
      require an encoding or formatting to be defined so that both peers
      are able to compose and extract the individual public values.
      However, we believe that it is cleaner to send the hybrid public
      values in multiple KE payloads--one for each group or algorithm.
      Furthermore, at this point in the protocol exchange, both peers
      should have indicated support of handling multiple KE payloads.

   o  Fragmentation

      Handling of large IKE_SA_INIT messages has been one of the most
      challenging tasks.  A number of approaches have been considered
      and the two prominent ones that we have discarded are outlined as
      follows.

      The first approach was to treat the entire IKE_SA_INIT message as
      a stream of bytes, which we then split it into a number of
      fragments, each of which is wrapped onto a payload that would fit
      into the size of the network MTU.  The payload that wraps each
      fragment is a new payload type and it was envisaged that this new
      payload type will not cause a backward compatibility issue because
      at this stage of the protocol, both peers should have indicated
      support of fragmentation in the first pass of the IKE_SA_INIT
      exchange.  The negotiation of fragmentation is performed using a
      notify payload, which also defines supporting parameters such as
      the size of fragment in octets and the fragment identifier.  The

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      new payload that wraps each fragment of the messages in this
      exchange is assigned the same fragment identifier.  Furthermore,
      it also has other parameters such as a fragment index and total
      number of fragments.  We decided to discard this approach due to
      its blanket approach to fragmentation.  In cases where only a few
      payloads need to be fragmented, we felt that this approach is
      overly complicated.

      Another idea that was discarded was fragmenting an individual
      payload without introducing a new payload type.  The idea was to
      use the 9-th bit (the bit after the critical flag in the RESERVED
      field) in the generic payload header as a flag to mark that this
      payload is fragmented.  As an example, if a KE payload is to be
      fragmented, it may look as follows.

                        1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      | Next Payload  |C|F| RESERVED  |         Payload Length        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |  Diffie-Hellman Group Number  |     Fragment Identifier       |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |         Fragment Index        |        Total Fragments        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                  Total KE Payload Data Length                 |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      ~                       Fragmented KE Payload                   ~
      |                                                               |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

      When the flag F is set, this means the current KE payload is a
      fragment of a larger KE payload.  The Payload Length field denotes
      the size of this payload fragment in octets--including the size of
      the generic payload header.  The two-octet RESERVED field
      following Diffie-Hellman Group Number was to be used as a fragment
      identifier to help assembly and disassembly of fragments.  The
      Fragment Index and Total Fragments fields are self-explanatory.
      The Total KE Payload Data Length indicates the size of the
      assembled KE payload data in octets.  Finally, the actual fragment
      is carried in Fragment KE Payload field.

      We discarded this approach because we believe that the working
      group may not be happy using the RESERVED field to change the
      format of a packet and that implementers may not like the
      complexity added from checking the fragmentation flag in each
      received payload.  More importantly, fragmenting the messages in
      this way may leave the system to be more prone to denial of

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      service (DoS) attacks.  By using INTERMEDIATE to transport the
      large post-quantum key exchange payloads, there is no longer any
      issue with fragmentation.

   o  Group sub-identifier

      As discussed before, each group identifier is used to distinguish
      a post-quantum algorithm.  Further classification could be made on
      a particular post-quantum algorithm by assigning additional value
      alongside the group identifier.  This sub- identifier value may be
      used to assign different security parameter sets to a given post-
      quantum algorithm.  However, this level of details does not fit
      the principles of the document where it should deal with generic
      hybrid key exchange protocol, not a specific ciphersuite.
      Furthermore, there are enough Diffie- Hellman group identifiers
      should this be required in the future.

5.  IANA Considerations

   This document also adds the following Transform Types to the
   "Transform Type Values" registry:

Type Description                Used In                        Reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
6    Additional Key Exchange 1  (optional in IKE, AH and ESP)  [RFCXXXX]
7    Additional Key Exchange 2  (optional in IKE, AH and ESP)  [RFCXXXX]
8    Additional Key Exchange 3  (optional in IKE, AH and ESP)  [RFCXXXX]
9    Additional Key Exchange 4  (optional in IKE, AH and ESP)  [RFCXXXX]
10   Additional Key Exchange 5  (optional in IKE, AH and ESP)  [RFCXXXX]
11   Additional Key Exchange 6  (optional in IKE, AH and ESP)  [RFCXXXX]
12   Additional Key Exchange 7  (optional in IKE, AH and ESP)  [RFCXXXX]

   This document also defines a new Notify Message Types in the "Notify
   Message Types - Status Types" registry:

   <TBA>       ADDITIONAL_KEY_EXCHANGE

6.  Security Considerations

   The key length of the Encryption Algorithm (Transform Type 1), the
   Pseudorandom Function (Transform Type 2) and the Integrity Algorithm
   (Transform Type 3), all have to be of sufficient length to prevent
   attacks using Grover's algorithm [GROVER].  In order to use the
   extension proposed in this document, the key lengths of these
   transforms SHALL be at least 256 bits long in order to provide
   sufficient resistance to quantum attacks.  Accordingly the post-
   quantum security level achieved is at least 128 bits.

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   SKEYSEED is calculated from shared, KEx, using an algorithm defined
   in Transform Type 2.  While a quantum attacker may learn the value of
   KEx', if this value is obtained by means of a classical key exchange,
   other KEx values generated by means of a quantum-resistant algorithm
   ensure that the final SKEYSEED is not compromised.  This assumes that
   the algorithm defined in the Transform Type 2 is post-quantum.

   The main focus of this document is to prevent a passive attacker
   performing a "harvest and decrypt" attack.  In other words, an
   attacker that records messages exchanges today and proceeds to
   decrypt them once he owns a quantum computer.  This attack is
   prevented due to the hybrid nature of the key exchange.  Other
   attacks involving an active attacker using a quantum-computer are not
   completely solved by this document.  This is for two reasons.

   The first reason is because the authentication step remains
   classical.  In particular, the authenticity of the SAs established
   under IKEv2 is protected using a pre-shared key, RSA, DSA, or ECDSA
   algorithms.  Whilst the pre-shared key option, provided the key is
   long enough, is post-quantum, the other algorithms are not.
   Moreover, in implementations where scalability is a requirement, the
   pre-shared key method may not be suitable.  Quantum-safe authenticity
   may be provided by using a quantum-safe digital signature and several
   quantum-safe digital signature methods are being explored by IETF.
   For example, if the implementation is able to reliably track state,
   the hash based method, XMSS has the status of an RFC, see [RFC8391].
   Currently, quantum-safe authentication methods are not specified in
   this document, but are planned to be incorporated in due course.

   It should be noted that the purpose of post-quantum algorithms is to
   provide resistance to attacks mounted in the future.  The current
   threat is that encrypted sessions are subject to eavesdropping and
   archived with decryption by quantum computers taking place at some
   point in the future.  Until quantum computers become available there
   is no point in attacking the authenticity of a connection because
   there are no possibilities for exploitation.  These only occur at the
   time of the connection, for example by mounting a MitM attack.
   Consequently there is not such a pressing need for quantum-safe
   authenticity.

   This draft does not attempt to address key exchanges with KE payloads
   longer than 64k; the current IKE payload format does not allow that
   as a possibility.  If such huge KE payloads are required, a work
   around (such as making the KE payload a URL and a hash of the real
   payload) would be needed.  At the current time, it appears likely
   that there will be plenty of key exchanges available that would not
   require such a workaround.

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7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.smyslov-ipsecme-ikev2-aux]
              Smyslov, V., "Intermediate Exchange in the IKEv2
              Protocol", draft-smyslov-ipsecme-ikev2-aux-02 (work in
              progress), December 2018.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC7296]  Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
              Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
              (IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7296>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [GROVER]   Grover, L., "A Fast Quantum Mechanical Algorithm for
              Database Search", Proc. of the Twenty-Eighth Annual ACM
              Symposium on the Theory of Computing (STOC 1996), 1996.

   [I-D.ietf-ipsecme-qr-ikev2]
              Fluhrer, S., McGrew, D., Kampanakis, P., and V. Smyslov,
              "Postquantum Preshared Keys for IKEv2", draft-ietf-
              ipsecme-qr-ikev2-05 (work in progress), December 2018.

   [RFC4302]  Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4302, December 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4302>.

   [RFC4303]  Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
              RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4303>.

   [RFC7383]  Smyslov, V., "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
              (IKEv2) Message Fragmentation", RFC 7383,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7383, November 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7383>.

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   [RFC8229]  Pauly, T., Touati, S., and R. Mantha, "TCP Encapsulation
              of IKE and IPsec Packets", RFC 8229, DOI 10.17487/RFC8229,
              August 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8229>.

   [RFC8391]  Huelsing, A., Butin, D., Gazdag, S., Rijneveld, J., and A.
              Mohaisen, "XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme",
              RFC 8391, DOI 10.17487/RFC8391, May 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8391>.

Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thanks Frederic Detienne and Olivier
   Pelerin for their comments and suggestions, including the idea to
   negotiate the post-quantum algorithms using the existing KE payload.

Authors' Addresses

   C. Tjhai
   Post-Quantum

   Email: cjt@post-quantum.com

   M. Tomlinson
   Post-Quantum

   Email: mt@post-quantum.com

   G. Bartlett
   Cisco Systems

   Email: grbartle@cisco.com

   S. Fluhrer
   Cisco Systems

   Email: sfluhrer@cisco.com

   D. Van Geest
   ISARA Corporation

   Email: daniel.vangeest@isara.com

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   O. Garcia-Morchon
   Philips

   Email: oscar.garcia-morchon@philips.com

   Valery Smyslov
   ELVIS-PLUS

   Email: svan@elvis.ru

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