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RIFT Applicability
draft-wei-rift-applicability-00

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This is an older version of an Internet-Draft whose latest revision state is "Replaced".
Authors Tony Przygienda , Yuehua Wei , Zheng Zhang , Dmitry Afanasiev , Tom Verhaeg , Jaroslaw Kowalczyk
Last updated 2019-06-13
Replaced by draft-ietf-rift-applicability, draft-ietf-rift-applicability
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draft-wei-rift-applicability-00
RIFT WG                                                    T. Przygienda
Internet-Draft                                          Juniper Networks
Intended status: Standards Track                             Yuehua. Wei
Expires: December 13, 2019                                  Zheng. Zhang
                                                         ZTE Corporation
                                                       Dmitry. Afanasiev
                                                                  Yandex
                                                            Tom. Verhaeg
                                              Interconnect Services B.V.
                                                     Jaroslaw. Kowalczyk
                                                           Orange Polska
                                                           June 11, 2019

                           RIFT Applicability
                    draft-wei-rift-applicability-00

Abstract

   This document discusses the properties and applicability of RIFT in
   different network topologies.  It intends to provide a rough guide
   how RIFT can be deployed to simplify routing operations in Clos
   topologies and their variations.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 13, 2019.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents

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   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Problem statement of a Fat Tree network in modern IP fabric .   2
   3.  Why ritf is chosen to address this use case . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Overview of RIFT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  Applicable Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.2.1.  Horizontal Links  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.2.2.  Vertical Shortcuts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.3.  Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.3.1.  DC Fabrics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.3.2.  Metro Fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.3.3.  Building Cabling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.3.4.  Internal Router Switching Fabrics . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.3.5.  CloudCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   4.  Operational Simplifications and Considerations  . . . . . . .   9
     4.1.  Automatic Disaggregation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.1.1.  South reflection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       4.1.2.  Suboptimal routing upon link failure use case . . . .  10
       4.1.3.  Black-holing upon link failure use case . . . . . . .  12
     4.2.  Usage of ZTP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   5.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

1.  Introduction

   This document intends to explain the properties and applicability of
   RIFT [I-D.ietf-rift-rift] in different deployment scenarios and
   highlight the operational simplicity of the technology compared to
   traditional routing solutions.

2.  Problem statement of a Fat Tree network in modern IP fabric

   Clos and Fat-Tree topologies have gained prominence in today's
   networking, primarily as result of the paradigm shift towards a
   centralized data-center based architecture that is poised to deliver
   a majority of computation and storage services in the future.

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   Today's current routing protocols were geared towards a network with
   an irregular topology and low degree of connectivity originally.
   When they are applied to Fat-Tree topologies:

   o  There are always extensive configuration or provisioning during
      bring up and re-dimensioning.

   o  Both the spine node and the leaf node have the entire network
      topology and routing information, but in fact, the leaf node does
      not need so much complete information.

   o  There is significant Link State PDUs (LSPs) flooding duplication
      between spine nodes and leaf nodes during network bring up and
      topology update.  It consumes both spine and leaf nodes' CPU and
      link bandwidth resources.

   o  When a spine node advertises a topology change, every leaf node
      connected to it will flood the update to all the other spine
      nodes, and those spine nodes will further flood them to all the
      leaf nodes, causing a O(n^2) flooding storm which is largely
      redundant.

3.  Why ritf is chosen to address this use case

   Further content of this document assumes that the reader is familiar
   with the terms and concepts used in OSPF [RFC2328] and IS-IS
   [ISO10589-Second-Edition] link-state protocols and at least the
   sections of RIFT [I-D.ietf-rift-rift] outlining the requirement of
   routing in IP fabrics and RIFT protocol concepts.

3.1.  Overview of RIFT

   RIFT is a dynamic routing protocol for Clos and fat-tree network
   topologies.  It defines a link-state protocol when "pointing north"
   and path-vector protocol when "pointing south".

   It floods flat link-state information northbound only so that each
   level obtains the full topology of levels south of it.  That
   information is never flooded East-West or back South again.  So a top
   tier node has full set of prefixes from the SPF calculation.

   In the southbound direction the protocol operates like a "fully
   summarizing, unidirectional" path vector protocol or rather a
   distance vector with implicit split horizon whereas the information
   propagates one hop south and is 're-advertised' by nodes at next
   lower level, normally just the default route.

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               +-----------+          +-----------+
               |    ToF    |          |    ToF    |         LEVEL 2
    +          +-----+--+--+          +-+--+------+
    |          |     |  |  |          | |  |      |      ^
    +          |     |  |  +-------------------------+   |
    Distance   |  +-------------------+ |  |      |  |   |
    Vector     |  |  |  |               |  |      |  |   +
    South      |  |  |  |      +--------+  |      |  |   Link+State
    +          |  |  |  |      |           |      |  |   Flooding
    |          |  |  +-------------+       |      |  |   North
    v          |  |     |      |   |       |      |  |   +
             +-+--+-+   +------+   +-------+   +--+--+-+ |
             |SPINE |   |SPINE |   | SPINE |   | SPINE | |  LEVEL 1
    +        ++----++   ++---+-+   +--+--+-+   ++----+-+ |
    +         |    |     |   |        |  |      |    |   |        ^N
    Distance  |    +-------+ |        |  +--------+  |   |        |   E
    Vector    |          | | |        |         | |  |   |     +------>
    South     |  +-------+ | |        | +-------+ |  |   |        |
    +         |  |         | |        | |         |  |   |        +
    v        ++--++      +-+-++      ++-+-+     +-+--++  +
             |LEAF|      |LEAF|      |LEAF|     |LEAF |     LEVEL 0
             +----+      +----+      +----+     +-----+

                          Figure 1: Rift overview

   A middle tier node has only information necessary for its level,
   which are all destinations south of the node based on SPF
   calculation, default route and potential disaggregated routes.

   RIFT combines the advantage of both Link-State and Distance Vector:

   o  Fastest Possible Convergence

   o  Automatic Detection of Topology

   o  Minimal Routes/Info on TORs

   o  High Degree of ECMP

   o  Fast De-commissioning of Nodes

   o  Maximum Propagation Speed with Flexible Prefixes in an Update

   And RIFT eliminates the disadvantages of Link-State or Distance
   Vector:

   o  Reduced and Balanced Flooding

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   o  Automatic Neighbor Detection

   So there are two types of link state database which are "north
   representation" N-TIEs and "south representation" S-TIEs.  The N-TIEs
   contain a link state topology description of lower levels and S-TIEs
   carry simply default routes for the lower levels.

   There are a bunch of more advantages unique to RIFT listed below
   which could be understood if you read the details of RIFT
   [I-D.ietf-rift-rift].

   o  True ZTP

   o  Minimal Blast Radius on Failures

   o  Can Utilize All Paths Through Fabric Without Looping

   o  Automatic Disaggregation on Failures

   o  Simple Leaf Implementation that Can Scale Down to Servers

   o  Key-Value Store

   o  Horizontal Links Used for Protection Only

   o  Supports Non-Equal Cost Multipath and Can Replace MC-LAG

   o  Optimal Flooding Reduction and Load-Balancing

3.2.  Applicable Topologies

   Albeit RIFT is specified primarily for "proper" Clos or "fat-tree"
   structures, it already supports PoD concepts which are strictly
   speaking not found in original Clos concepts.

   Further, the specification explains and supports operations of multi-
   plane Clos variants where the protocol relies on set of rings to
   allow the reconciliation of topology view of different planes as most
   desirable solution making proper disaggregation viable in case of
   failures.  This observations hold not only in case of RIFT but in the
   generic case of dynamic routing on Clos variants with multiple planes
   and failures in bi-sectional bandwidth, especially on the leafs.

3.2.1.  Horizontal Links

   RIFT is not limited to pure Clos divided into PoD and multi-planes
   but supports horizontal links below the top of fabric level.  Those
   links are used however only as routes of last resort when a spine

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   loses all northbound links or cannot compute a default route through
   them.

3.2.2.  Vertical Shortcuts

   Through relaxations of the specified adjacency forming rules RIFT
   implementations can be extended to support vertical "shortcuts" as
   proposed by e.g.  [I-D.white-distoptflood].  The RIFT specification
   itself does not provide the exact details since the resulting
   solution suffers from either much larger blast radii with increased
   flooding volumes or in case of maximum aggregation routing bow-tie
   problems.

3.3.  Use Cases

3.3.1.  DC Fabrics

   RIFT is largely driven by demands and hence ideally suited for
   application in underlay of data center IP fabrics, vast majority of
   which seem to be currently (and for the foreseeable future) Clos
   architectures.  It significantly simplifies operation and deployment
   of such fabrics as described in Section 4 for environments compared
   to extensive proprietary provisioning and operational solutions.

3.3.2.  Metro Fabrics

   The demand for bandwidth is increasing steadily, driven primarily by
   environments close to content producers (server farms connection via
   DC fabrics) but in proximity to content consumers as well.  Consumers
   are often clustered in metro areas with their own network
   architectures that can benefit from simplified, regular Clos
   structures and hence RIFT.

3.3.3.  Building Cabling

   Commercial edifices are often cabled in topologies that are either
   Clos or its isomorphic equivalents.  With many floors the Clos can
   grow rather high and with that present a challenge for traditional
   routing protocols (except BGP and by now largely phased-out PNNI)
   which do not support an arbitrary number of levels which RIFT does
   naturally.  Moreover, due to limited sizes of forwarding tables in
   active elements of building cabling the minimum FIB size RIFT
   maintains under normal conditions can prove particularly cost-
   effective in terms of hardware and operational costs.

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3.3.4.  Internal Router Switching Fabrics

   It is common in high-speed communications switching and routing
   devices to use fabrics when a crossbar is not feasible due to cost,
   head-of-line blocking or size trade-offs.  Normally such fabrics are
   not self-healing or rely on 1:/+1 protection schemes but it is
   conceivable to use RIFT to operate Clos fabrics that can deal
   effectively with interconnections or subsystem failures in such
   module.  RIFT is neither IP specific and hence any link addressing
   connecting internal device subnets is conceivable.

3.3.5.  CloudCO

   The Cloud Central Office (CloudCO) is a new stage of telecom Central
   Office.  It takes the advantage of Software Defined Networking (SDN)
   and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) in conjunction with general
   purpose hardware to optimize current networks.  The following figure
   illustrates this architecture at a high level.  It describes a single
   instance or macro-node of cloud CO.  An Access I/O module faces a
   Cloud CO Access Node, and the CPEs behind it.  A Network I/O module
   is facing the core network.  The two I/O modules are interconnected
   by a leaf and spine fabric.  [TR-384]

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        +---------------------+           +----------------------+
        |         Spine       |           |     Spine            |
        |         Switch      |           |     Switch           |
        +------+---+------+-+-+           +--+-+-+-+-----+-------+
        |      |   |      | | |              | | | |     |       |
        |      |   |      | | +-------------------------------+  |
        |      |   |      | |                | | | |     |    |  |
        |      |   |      | +-------------------------+  |    |  |
        |      |   |      |                  | | | |  |  |    |  |
        |      |   +----------------------+  | | | |  |  |    |  |
        |      |          |               |  | | | |  |  |    |  |
        |  +---------------------------------+ | | |  |  |    |  |
        |  |   |          |               |    | | |  |  |    |  |
        |  |   |   +-----------------------------+ |  |  |    |  |
        |  |   |   |      |               |    |   |  |  |    |  |
        |  |   |   |      |   +--------------------+  |  |    |  |
        |  |   |   |      |   |           |    |      |  |    |  |
        |  |   |   |      |   |           |    |      |  |    |  |
        +--+ +-+---+--+ +-+---+--+     +--+----+--+ +-+--+--+ +--+
        |L | | Leaf   | | Leaf   |     |  Leaf    | | Leaf  | |L |
        |S | | Switch | | Switch |     |  Switch  | | Switch| |S |
        ++-+ +-+-+-+--+ +-+-+-+--+     +--+-+--+--+ ++-+--+-+ +-++
         |     | | |      | | |           | |  |     | |  |     |
         |   +-+-+-+--+ +-+-+-+--+     +--+-+--+--+ ++-+--+-+   |
         |   |Compute | |Compute |     | Compute  | |Compute|   |
         |   |Node    | |Node    |     | Node     | |Node   |   |
         |   |        | |        |     |          | |       |   |
         |   +--------+ +--------+     +----------+ +-------+   |
         |   || VAS5 || || vDHCP||     || vRouter|| ||VAS1 ||   |
         |   |--------| |--------|     |----------| |-------|   |
         |   |--------| |--------|     |----------| |-------|   |
         |   || VAS6 || || VAS3 ||     || v802.1x|| ||VAS2 ||   |
         |   |--------| |--------|     |----------| |-------|   |
         |   |--------| |--------|     |----------| |-------|   |
         |   || VAS7 || || VAS4 ||     ||  vIGMP || ||BAA  ||   |
         |   |--------| |--------|     |----------| |-------|   |
         |   +--------+ +--------+     +----------+ +-------+   |
         |                                                      |
        ++-----------+                                +---------++
        |Network I/O |                                |Access I/O|
        +------------+                                +----------+

               Figure 2: An example of CloudCo architecture

   The Spine-Leaf architectures deployed inside CloudCO meets the
   network requirements of adaptable, agile, scalable and dynamic.

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4.  Operational Simplifications and Considerations

   RIFT presents the opportunity for organizations building and
   operating IP fabrics to simplify their operation and deployments
   while achieving many desirable properties of a dynamic routing on
   such a substrate:

   o  RIFT design follows minimum blast radius and minimum necessary
      epistemological scope philosophy which leads to very good scaling
      properties while delivering maximum reactiveness.

   o  RIFT allows for extensive Zero Touch Provisioning within the
      protocol.  In its most extreme version RIFT does not rely on any
      specific addressing and for IP fabric can operate using IPv6 ND
      [RFC4861] only.

   o  RIFT has provisions to detect common IP fabric mis-cabling
      scenarios.

   o  RIFT negotiates automatically BFD per link allowing this way for
      IP and micro-BFD [RFC7130] to replace LAGs which do hide bandwidth
      imbalances in case of constituent failures.  Further automatic
      link validation techniques similar to [RFC5357] could be supported
      as well.

   o  RIFT inherently solves many difficult problems associated with the
      use of traditional routing topologies with dense meshes and high
      degrees of ECMP by including automatic bandwidth balancing, flood
      reduction and automatic disaggregation on failures while providing
      maximum aggregation of prefixes in default scenarios.

   o  RIFT reduces FIB size towards the bottom of the IP fabric where
      most nodes reside and allows with that for cheaper hardware on the
      edges and introduction of modern IP fabric architectures that
      encompass e.g. server multi-homing.

   o  RIFT provides valley-free routing and with that is loop free.
      This allows the use of any such valley-free path in bi-sectional
      fabric bandwidth between two destination irrespective of their
      metrics which can be used to balance load on the fabric in
      different ways.

   o  RIFT includes a key-value distribution mechanism which allows for
      many future applications such as automatic provisioning of basic
      overlay services or automatic key roll-overs over whole fabrics.

   o  RIFT is designed for minimum delay in case of prefix mobility on
      the fabric.

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   o  Many further operational and design points collected over many
      years of routing protocol deployments have been incorporated in
      RIFT such as fast flooding rates, protection of information
      lifetimes and operationally easily recognizable remote ends of
      links and node names.

4.1.  Automatic Disaggregation

4.1.1.  South reflection

   South reflection is a mechanism that South Node TIEs are "reflected"
   back up north to allow nodes in same level without E-W links to "see"
   each other.

   For example, Spine111\Spine112\Spine121\Spine122 reflects Node S-TIEs
   from ToF21 to ToF22 separately.  Spine111\Spine112\Spine121\Spine122
   reflects Node S-TIEs from ToF22 to ToF21 separately.  So ToF22 and
   ToF21 knows each other as level 2 node.

   As the result of the south reflection between
   Spine121-Leaf121-Spine122 and Spine121-Leaf122-Spine122, Spine121 and
   Spine 122 knows each other at level 1.

   This is a use case to explain the deployment of a Fat-Tree and the
   algorithm to achieve automatic disaggregation.

4.1.2.  Suboptimal routing upon link failure use case

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                   +--------+          +--------+
                   |        |          |        |
                   | ToF21  |          |  ToF22 |                LEVEL 2
                   ++-+--+-++          ++-+--+-++
                    | |  | |            | |  | |
                    | |  | |            | |  | linkTS8
                    | |  | |            | |  | |
                    | |  | |            | |  | |
     +--------------+ |  +--linkTS3--+  | |  | +--------------+
     |                |    |         |  | |  |                |
     |    +-----------------------------+ |  linkTS7          |
     |    |           |    |         |    |  |                |
     |    |           |    +--------linkTS4-------------+     |
     |    |           |              |    |  |          |     |
     |    |           +-+    +---------------+          |     |
     |    |             |    |       |  linkTS6         |     |
   +-+----++          +-+-----+     ++----+-+          ++-----++
   |       |          |       |     |       |          |       |
   |Spin111|          |Spin112|     |Spin121|          |Spin122| LEVEL 1
   +-+---+-+          ++----+-+     +-+---+-+          ++---+--+
     |   |             |    |         |   |             |   |
     |   +---------------+  |         |   +-XX-linkSL6----+ |
     |                 | |  |      linkSL5              | | linkSL8
     |   +-------------+ |  |         |   +----linkSL7--+ | |
     |   |               |  |         |   |               | |
   +-+---+-+          +--+--+-+     +-+---+-+          +--+-+--+
   |       |          |       |     |       |          |       |
   |Leaf111|          |Leaf112|     |Leaf121|          |Leaf122| LEVEL 0
   +-+-----+          ++------+     +-----+-+          +-+-----+
     +                 +                  +              +
   Prefix111          Prefix112     Prefix121          Prefix122

          Figure 3: Suboptimal routing upon link failure use case

   As shown in figure above, as the result of the south reflection
   between Spine121-Leaf121-Spine122 and Spine121-Leaf122-Spine122,
   Spine121 and Spine 122 knows each other at level 1.

   Without disaggregation mechanism, when linkSL6 fails, the packet from
   leaf121 to prefix122 will probably go up through linkSL5 to linkTS3
   then go down through linkTS4 to linkSL8 to Leaf122 or go up through
   linkSL5 to linkTS6 then go down through linkTS4 and linkSL8 to
   Leaf122 based on pure default route.  It's the case of suboptimal
   routing.

   With disaggregation mechanism, when linkSL6 fails, Spine122 will
   detect the failure according to the reflected node S-TIE from
   Spine121.  Based on the disaggregation algorithm provided by RITF,

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   Spine122 will explicitly advertise prefix122 in Prefix S-TIE
   SouthPrefixesElement(prefix122, cost 1).  The packet from leaf121 to
   prefix122 will only be sent to linkSL7 following a longest-prefix
   match to prefix 122 directly then go down through linkSL8 to Leaf122
   .

4.1.3.  Black-holing upon link failure use case

                   +--------+          +--------+
                   |        |          |        |
                   | ToF 21 |          | ToF 22 |                LEVEL 2
                   ++-+--+-++          ++-+--+-++
                    | |  | |            | |  | |
                    | |  | |            | |  | linkTS8
                    | |  | |            | |  | |
                    | |  | |            | |  | |
     +--------------+ |  +--linkTS3-X+  | |  | +--------------+
     linkTS1          |    |         |  | |  |                |
     |    +-----------------------------+ |  linkTS7          |
     |    |           |    |         |    |  |                |
     |    |      linkTS2   +--------linkTS4-X-----------+     |
     |    |           |              |    |  |          |     |
     |   linkTS5      +-+    +---------------+          |     |
     |    |             |    |       |  linkTS6         |     |
   +-+----++          +-+-----+     ++----+-+          ++-----++
   |       |          |       |     |       |          |       |
   |Spin111|          |Spin112|     |Spin121|          |Spin122| LEVEL 1
   +-+---+-+          ++----+-+     +-+---+-+          ++---+--+
     |   |             |    |         |   |             |   |
     |   +---------------+  |         |   +----linkSL6----+ |
     linkSL1           | |  |      linkSL5              | | linkSL8
     |   +---linkSL3---+ |  |         |   +----linkSL7--+ | |
     |   |               |  |         |   |               | |
   +-+---+-+          +--+--+-+     +-+---+-+          +--+-+--+
   |       |          |       |     |       |          |       |
   |Leaf111|          |Leaf112|     |Leaf121|          |Leaf122| LEVEL 0
   +-+-----+          ++------+     +-----+-+          +-+-----+
     +                 +                  +              +
   Prefix111          Prefix112     Prefix121          Prefix122

             Figure 4: Black-holing upon link failure use case

   This scenario illustrates a case when double link failure occurs,
   black-holing happens.

   Without disaggregation mechanism, when linkTS3 and linkTS4 both fail,
   the packet from leaf111 to prefix122 would suffer 50% black-holing
   based on pure default route.  The packet supposed to go up through

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   linkSL1 to linkTS1 then go down through linkTS3 or linkTS4 will be
   dropped.  The packet supposed to go up through linkSL3 to linkTS2
   then go down through linkTS3 or linkTS4 will be dropped as well.
   It's the case of black-holing.

   With disaggregation mechanism, when linkTS3 and linkTS4 both fail,
   ToF22 will detect the failure according to the reflected node S-TIE
   of ToF21 from Spine111\Spine112\Spine121\Spine122.  Based on the
   disaggregation algorithm provided by RITF, ToF22 will explicitly
   originate an S-TIE with prefix 121 and prefix 122, that is flooded to
   spines 111, 112, 121 and 122.

   The packet from leaf111 to prefix122 will not be routed to linkTS1 or
   linkTS2.  The packet from leaf111 to prefix122 will only be routed to
   linkTS5 or linkTS7 following a longest-prefix match to prefix122.

4.2.  Usage of ZTP

   Each RIFT node may operate in zero touch provisioning (ZTP) mode.  It
   has no configuration (unless it is a Top-of-Fabric at the top of the
   topology or the must operate in the topology as leaf and/or support
   leaf-2-leaf procedures) and it will fully configure itself after
   being attached to the topology.

   The most import component for ZTP is the automatic level derivation
   procedure.  All the Top-of-Fabric nodes are explicitly marked with
   TOP_OF_FABRIC flag which are initial 'seeds' needed for other ZTP
   nodes to derive their level in the topology.

   The derivation of the level of each node happens based on LIEs
   received from its neighbors whereas each node (with possibly
   exceptions of configured leafs) tries to attach at the highest
   possible point in the fabric.

   This guarantees that even if the diffusion front reaches a node from
   "below" faster than from "above", it will greedily abandon already
   negotiated level derived from nodes topologically below it and
   properly peers with nodes above.

5.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-rift-rift]
              Team, T., "RIFT: Routing in Fat Trees", draft-ietf-rift-
              rift-05 (work in progress), April 2019.

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   [I-D.white-distoptflood]
              White, R. and S. Zandi, "IS-IS Optimal Distributed
              Flooding for Dense Topologies", draft-white-
              distoptflood-00 (work in progress), March 2019.

   [ISO10589-Second-Edition]
              International Organization for Standardization,
              "Intermediate system to Intermediate system intra-domain
              routeing information exchange protocol for use in
              conjunction with the protocol for providing the
              connectionless-mode Network Service (ISO 8473)", Nov 2002.

   [RFC2328]  Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2328, April 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2328>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC5357]  Hedayat, K., Krzanowski, R., Morton, A., Yum, K., and J.
              Babiarz, "A Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol (TWAMP)",
              RFC 5357, DOI 10.17487/RFC5357, October 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5357>.

   [RFC7130]  Bhatia, M., Ed., Chen, M., Ed., Boutros, S., Ed.,
              Binderberger, M., Ed., and J. Haas, Ed., "Bidirectional
              Forwarding Detection (BFD) on Link Aggregation Group (LAG)
              Interfaces", RFC 7130, DOI 10.17487/RFC7130, February
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7130>.

   [TR-384]   Broadband Forum Technical Report, "TR-384 Cloud Central
              Office Reference Architectural Framework", Jan 2018.

Authors' Addresses

   Tony Przygienda
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089
   US

   Email: prz@juniper.net

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   Yuehua Wei
   ZTE Corporation
   No.50, Software Avenue
   Nanjing  210012
   P. R. China

   Email: wei.yuehua@zte.com.cn

   Zheng Zhang
   ZTE Corporation
   No.50, Software Avenue
   Nanjing  210012
   P. R. China

   Email: zzhang_ietf@hotmail.com

   Dmitry Afanasiev
   Yandex

   Email: fl0w@yandex-team.ru

   Tom Verhaeg
   Interconnect Services B.V.

   Email: t.verhaeg@interconnect.nl

   Jaroslaw Kowalczyk
   Orange Polska

   Email: jaroslaw.kowalczyk2@orange.com

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