MMUSIC Working Group                                       F. Andreasen
     Internet Draft                                            Cisco Systems
     Expires: December 2006                                    June 19, 2006
     
     
     
                             SDP Capability Negotiation
              draft-andreasen-mmusic-sdp-capability-negotiation-00.txt
     
     
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     Abstract
     
        The Session Description Protocol (SDP) was intended for describing
        multimedia sessions for the purposes of session announcement, session
        invitation, and other forms of multimedia session initiation. SDP was
        not intended to provide capability indication or capability
        negotiation, however over the years, SDP has seen widespread adoption
        and as a result it has been gradually extended to provide limited
        support for these. SDP and its current extensions however do not have
        the ability to negotiate one or more alternative transport protocols
        (e.g. RTP profiles) which makes it particularly difficult to deploy
        new RTP profiles such as secure RTP and RTP with RTCP-based feedback.
     
     
     
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        The purpose of this document is to address that by identifying a set
        of requirements, evaluate existing work in this area, and provide a
        recommended solution for extending SDP with capability negotiation.
     
     Conventions used in this document
     
        The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
        "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
        document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
     
     Table of Contents
     
     
        1. Introduction...................................................3
        2. Requirements...................................................5
        3. Review of Existing Work........................................7
           3.1. Grouping of Media Lines...................................7
           3.2. Session Description Protocol (SDP) Simple Capability
           Declaration....................................................9
           3.3. Session Description and Capability Negotiation (SDPng)...10
           3.4. Multipart/alternative....................................12
           3.5. Sharing Ports Between "m=" Lines.........................13
           3.6. Opportunistic Encryption Using a Session Attribute.......14
           3.7. Opportunistic Encryption using Probing...................14
        4. Proposed Solution.............................................15
           4.1. Solution Overview........................................15
           4.2. Attribute Definitions....................................17
              4.2.1. The Transport Protocol Capability Attribute.........17
              4.2.2. The Transport Address Capability Attribute..........18
              4.2.3. The Potential Configuration Attribute...............19
              4.2.4. The Actual Configuration Attribute..................20
           4.3. Offer/Answer Model Extensions............................22
              4.3.1. Generating the Initial Offer........................22
              4.3.2. Generating the Answer...............................23
              4.3.3. Offerer Processing of the Answer....................23
              4.3.4. Modifying the Session...............................24
        5. Examples......................................................24
        6. Security Considerations.......................................24
        7. IANA Considerations...........................................24
        8. To Do.........................................................24
        9. Acknowledgments...............................................24
        10. References...................................................25
           10.1. Normative References....................................25
           10.2. Informative References..................................25
        Author's Addresses...............................................26
        Intellectual Property Statement..................................27
        Disclaimer of Validity...........................................27
     
     
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        Copyright Statement..............................................27
        Acknowledgment...................................................27
     
     1. Introduction
     
        The Session Description Protocol (SDP) was intended for describing
        multimedia sessions for the purposes of session announcement, session
        invitation, and other forms of multimedia session initiation. The SDP
        contains one or more media stream descriptions with information such
        as IP-address and port, type of media stream (e.g. audio or video),
        transport protocol (possibly including profile information, e.g.
        RTP/AVP or RTP/SAVP), media formats (e.g. codecs), and various other
        session and media stream parameters that define the session.
     
        Simply providing media stream descriptions is sufficient for session
        announcements for a broadcast application, where the media stream
        parameters are fixed for all participants. When a participant wants
        to join the session, he obtains the session announcement and uses the
        media descriptions provided, e.g., joins a multicast group and
        receives media packets in the encoding format specified.  If the
        media stream description is not supported by the participant, he is
        unable to receive the media.
     
        Such restrictions are not generally acceptable to multimedia session
        invitations, where two or more entities attempt to establish a media
        session using a set of media stream parameters acceptable to all
        participants. First of all, each entity must inform the other of its
        receive address, and secondly, the entities need to agree on the
        media stream parameters to use for the session, e.g. transport
        protocols and codecs. We here make a distinction between the
        capabilities supported by each participant and the parameters that
        can actually be used for the session. More generally, we can say that
        we have the following:
     
        o  A set of capabilities, or potential configurations of the media
           stream components, supported by each side.
     
        o  A set of actual configurations of the media stream components,
           which specifies which media stream components to use and with what
           parameters.
     
        o  A negotiation process that takes the set of potential
           configurations (capabilities) as input and provides the actual
           configurations as output.
     
        SDP by itself was designed to provide only the second of these, i.e.,
        the actual configurations, however over the years, use of SDP has
     
     
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        been extended beyond its original scope.  Session negotiation
        semantics was defined by the offer/answer model in RFC 3264.  It
        defines how two entities, an offerer and an answerer, exchange SDPs
        to negotiate a session. The offerer can include one or more media
        formats (codecs) per media stream, and the answerer then selects one
        or more of those offered and returns them in an answer. Both the
        offer and the answer contain actual configurations - potential
        configurations are not supported. The answer however may reduce the
        set of actual configurations from the offer.
     
        Other relevant extensions have been defined. Simple capability
        declarations, which defines how to provide a simple and limited set
        of capability descriptions in SDP was defined in RFC 3407.  Grouping
        of media lines, which defines how media lines in SDP can have other
        semantics than the traditional "simultaneous media streams"
        semantics, was defined in RFC 3388, etc.
     
        Each of these extensions was designed to solve a specific limitation
        of SDP.  Since SDP had already been stretched beyond its original
        intent, a more comprehensive capability declaration and negotiation
        process was intentionally not defined.  Instead, work on a "next
        generation" of a protocol to provide session description and
        capability negotiation was initiated [SDPng].  SDPng however has not
        gained traction and has remained as work in progress for an extended
        period of time.  Existing real-time multimedia communication
        protocols such as SIP, RTSP, Megaco, and MGCP continue to use SDP.
        SDP and its current extensions however do not address an increasingly
        important problem: the ability to negotiate one or more alternative
        transport protocols (e.g., RTP profiles).  This makes it difficult to
        deploy new RTP profiles such as secure RTP (SRTP) [RFC3711], RTP with
        RTCP-Based Feedback [AVPF], etc.  This particular problem is
        exacerbated by the fact that RTP profiles are defined independently.
        When a new profile is defined and N other profiles already exist,
        there is a potential need for defining N additional profiles, since
        profiles cannot be combined automatically.  For example, in order to
        support the plain and secure RTP version of RTP with and without
        RTCP-based feedback, four separate profiles (and hence profile
        definitions) are needed: RTP/AVP [RFC3551], RTP/SAVP [RFC3711],
        RTP/AVPF [AVPF], and RTP/SAVPF [SAVPF].  In addition to the pressing
        profile negotiation problem, other important real-life constraints
        have been found as well.
     
        The purpose of this document is to define a mechanism that enables
        SDP to provide limited support for indicating potential
        configurations (capabilities) and negotiate the use of those
        potential configurations as actual configurations.  It is not the
        intent to provide a full-fledged capability indication and
     
     
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        negotiation mechanism along the lines of SDPng or ITU-T H.245.
        Instead, the focus is on addressing a set of well-known real-life
        limitations.
     
        As mentioned above, SDP is used by several protocols, and hence the
        mechanism should be usable by all of these.  One particularly
        important protocol for this problem however is the Session Initiation
        Protocol (SIP) [RFC3261].  SIP uses the offer/answer model (which is
        not specific to SIP) to negotiate sessions and hence any mechanism
        must at least consider how it either interacts with offer/answer, or
        how it should extend it.
     
        The rest of the document is structured as follows. We first provide a
        set of requirements for the solution in Section 2.  In Section 3. we
        review relevant existing work in this area, how a solution based on
        that might look, and the pros and cons associated with each. In
        Section 4. we present our proposed solution in more detail followed
        examples in Section 5. and security considerations in Section 6.
     
     2. Requirements
     
        REQ-10: It MUST be possible to indicate and negotiate alternative
        media formats on a per media stream basis.
     
           For example, many implementations support multiple codecs, but
           only one at a time.  Changes between codecs cannot be done on-
           the-fly, e.g. when receiving a simple RTP payload type change.
     
        REQ-20: It MUST be possible to indicate and negotiate alternative
        attribute values ("a=") on a per media stream basis.
     
           For example, T.38 defines new attributes that may need to be
           conveyed as part of a capability.
     
        REQ-30: It MUST be possible to indicate and negotiate alternative
        media format parameter values ("a=fmtp") per media format on a per
        media stream basis.
     
           For example, a media format (codec) indicated as an alternative
           capability may include fmtp parameters.
     
        REQ-40: It MUST be possible to indicate and negotiate alternative
        transport protocols, e.g. different RTP profiles, on a per media
        stream basis.
     
           For example, "RTP/AVP" and "RTP/SAVP" may be alternatives.
     
     
     
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        REQ-50: It MUST be possible to indicate and negotiate alternative
        transport protocol and media type combinations on a per media stream
        basis.
     
           For example, an entity may support a fax call using either T.38
           fax relay ("m=image <port> udptl t38") or PCMU ("m=audio <port>
           RTP/AVP 0").
     
        REQ-60: It MUST be possible to specify unicast and multicast
        addresses as alternatives.
     
           [Editor's Note: This leads to some interesting issues with respect
           to the offer/answer model, where the set of parameters of
           relevance (or even defined) for a unicast stream differs from
           that of multicast streams. Also, some parameters have different
           meanings (e.g. direction attributes).]
     
        REQ-70: It MUST be possible to specify IPv4 and IPv6 addresses as
        alternatives.
     
           [Editor's note: This duplicates the ANAT grouping semantics - is
           it needed here ?]
     
        REQ-80: The mechanism MUST be backwards compatible for at least SIP
        and RTSP. Ideally, the mechanism should be completely transparent to
        entities that do not support it, without the need for any further
        signaling.
     
        REQ-90: The mechanism MUST either be backwards compatible for Megaco
        and MGCP or it MUST be possible to interwork it with Megaco and MGCP
        without any additional signaling.
     
           For example, if a media gateway controller (MGC) uses SIP to
           communicate with peers, and the MGC uses Megaco or MGCP to
           control a media gateway, it must be possible to translate between
           the mechanism and normal SDP. Avoiding interworking requirements
           in the MGC is desirable.
     
        REQ-100: The mechanism MUST work within the context of the
        offer/answer model [RFC3264]. Specifically, it MUST be able to
        negotiate alternatives within a single round-trip.
     
           [Editor's note: Should we limit scope to O/A only, or should we
           include RTSP as well ?]
     
        REQ-110: The offer/answer model requires the offerer to be able to
        receive media for any media streams listed as either "recvonly" or
     
     
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        "sendrecv" in an offer, as soon as that offer is generated. The
        mechanism MUST preserve this capability for all actual configurations
        included in an offer.
     
           Potential configurations do not have such a requirement.
     
        REQ-120: The mechanism MUST enable inclusion of potential
        configurations (alternative capabilities) in the offer - the answer
        would then indicate which, if any of these potential configurations
        were accepted. The offerer is not required to process media for a
        specific potential configuration until the offerer receives an answer
        showing that potential configuration was accepted.
     
        REQ-130: The mechanism MUST work in the presence of SIP forking.
     
        REQ-140: The mechanism SHOULD be reasonably efficient in terms of
        overall message size.
     
           This is a relative requirement to evaluate alternative solutions
           as opposed to an absolute and quantifiable requirement
     
        Above, we presented the requirements for the capability negotiation
        mechanism. Below, we provide a set of features that were considered
        and then explicitly deemed to be out-of-scope:
     
        o  Indication of mandatory and optional capabilities.
     
        o  Constraints on combinations of configurations, e.g. inability to
           use a video codec together with a particular audio codec,
           parameter X values that can only be used with parameter Y values,
           etc.
     
     3. Review of Existing Work
     
        In this section, we provide an overview of existing relevant work
        that has either been completed or is work in progress.  For each
        item, we outline how/if it can be used to address the requirements
        provided and the pros and cons of doing so.
     
     3.1. Grouping of Media Lines
     
        Grouping of Media Lines is defined in [RFC3388]. RFC 3388 defines a
        framework that enables two or media lines to be grouped together for
        different purposes. Each media line is assigned an identifier and one
        or more group attributes then references two or more of those
        identifiers. Associated with each group attribute is a semantics
        indication. One semantic indication is the Alternative Network
     
     
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        Address Types ("ANAT") [RFC4091] which allows for IPv4 and IPv6
        addresses to be specified as alternatives. The requirements presented
        above go beyond that, however a new semantic to simply indicate
        alternative media lines and associated negotiation rules could easily
        be defined.
     
        The main advantages of such an approach would be:
     
        o  Mechanism Reuse:  Several semantics have already been defined
           which increases the likelihood of an implementation supporting the
           framework.
     
        The disadvantages of such an approach would be:
     
        o  Backwards Compatibility:   The mechanism is not transparently
           backwards compatible.  If an entity that does not support the
           mechanism receives it, the entity may incorrectly interpret the
           SDP as consisting of multiple media streams.  While RFC 3388
           defines procedures for recognizing and recover from this when
           using offer/answer, it can still lead to unintended behavior with
           endpoints that do not support the mechanism.
     
             In practice, it is not clear how much of an issue this is, at
             least for intelligent SIP endpoints. Most current
             implementations generally accept only one media stream of a
             given type (e.g. audio). Use of alternatives with different
             media stream types (e.g. a fax call using "audio" for voice-
             band data or "image" for T.38) makes it less clear though.
             Also, Media Gateway Controllers and Media Gateways that do not
             support grouping of media lines have been known to encounter
             problems.
     
        o  Semantics Combination Issues: Multiple semantics may be provided
           by use of grouping, however they may interact with each other
           unintentionally. For example, the "FID" semantics defined in RFC
           3388 forbids grouping of media lines with the same transport
           address, however that would be needed for alternative
           capabilities. Thus, using "FID" and alternative capabilities
           together would require special consideration.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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        o  Some Combinatoric Explosion:  The mechanism is not ideal to
           indicate alternative capabilities for multiple parameters or media
           formats within a particular media stream. For example, alternative
           attribute values and media format parameters for several codecs
           would lead to combinatoric explosion.
     
           [Editor's note: In practice, it is not clear this is a huge issue
           though.]
     
        o  Message Size:  Each alternative requires full duplication of all
           the relevant media stream parameters.
     
           [Editor's note: In practice, it is not clear this is a huge issue
           though.]
     
     3.2. Session Description Protocol (SDP) Simple Capability Declaration
     
        SDP Simple Capability Declaration (simcap) is defined in [RFC3407].
        It defines a set of SDP attributes that enables capabilities to be
        described at a session level or on a per media stream basis.  RFC
        3407 defines capability declaration only - actual negotiation
        procedures taking advantage of such capabilities have not been
        defined.  Also, RFC 3407 does not define a way to indicate
        alternative transport addresses. Such rules and transport address
        capabilities however could easily be defined - the negotiation part
        would extend the offer/answer model to examine alternative
        configurations (capabilities).  In conjunction with that, attributes
        to indicate the alternative configurations accepted would likely be
        needed as well.
     
        The main advantages of this approach are:
     
        o  Satisfies all the requirements provided above.  In particular, by
           relying solely on SDP attributes, transparent backwards
           compatibility is always ensured.
     
        The disadvantages of this approach are:
     
        o  Offered Capabilities Hidden in Attributes:   An offer may be
           accepted by the answerer and a media stream established based on
           SDP parameters contained in SDP attributes not known to
           intermediaries. Such intermediaries may be back-to-back user
           agents, or proxies that need to inspect the SDP, e.g., to
           authorize Quality of Service, add transcoders, etc.
     
     
     
     
     
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        o  Maximum of 255 alternative media formats per SDP:     RFC 3407
           currently allows a maximum of 255 alternative media formats
           (codecs) per SDP. This may be too restrictive.
     
     3.3. Session Description and Capability Negotiation (SDPng)
     
        The Session Description and Capability Negotiation protocol [SDPng]
        was intended as a replacement for SDP [SDP].  SDPng includes a full
        capability indication and negotiation framework that would address
        the shortcomings of SDP and satisfy the requirements provided above.
        However, SDPng has not gained traction, in large part due to existing
        widespread adoption of SDP.  As a consequence, SDPng has remained as
        work in progress with limited progress for an extended period of
        time.
     
        SDPng consists of two things: an SDPng description, which is an XML
        document that describes the actual and/or potential configurations as
        well as an optional negotiation process (an offer/answer compliant
        process is included as part of SDPng). The SDPng description consists
        of up to five parts:
     
        o  Capabilities:     An optional list of capabilities (potential
           configurations) to be matched with the other parties'
           capabilities.
     
        o  Definitions:      An optional set of definitions of commonly used
           parameters for later referencing.
     
        o  Configurations:   A mandatory description of the conference
           components, each of which can provide a list of alternative
           configurations.
     
        o  Constraints:      An optional set of constraints of combinations
           of configurations.  Constraints are not defined as part of the
           base SDPng specification.
     
        o  Session Information:    Optional meta information on the
           conferences and individual components.
     
        SDPng is application-agnostic with the base specification defining a
        basic XML schema supporting the above.  In order to actually use
        SDPng, application-specific packages are needed.  Packages define
        things such as media types, codecs and their configuration
        parameters, etc.  The base SDPng specification includes a couple of
        example packages to support audio, video, and RTP.
     
     
     
     
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        One approach to extending SDP with capability indication and
        negotiation capabilities could be to adopt the mechanisms defined by
        SDPng that are necessary to satisfy the requirements provided above.
        Those areas could then be included within SDP itself, e.g. in the
        form of one or more SDP attributes ("a=") containing the actual SDPng
        description. The areas to consider here include:
     
        o  Capabilities:  This would be needed to describe alternative media
           formats and media format parameters.
     
        o  Definitions:   This would be needed to define alternative
           transport addresses.
     
        o  Configurations:   This would be needed to define alternative
           configurations
     
        The constraints and session information parts of SDPng would not be
        used.
     
        The main advantages of such an approach would be:
     
        o  SDPng was designed and intended to solve the general capability
           negotiation problems faced by SDP.  A considerable amount of work
           has already gone into it and it was originally targeted as the
           long-term direction (replacement for SDP).
     
        The disadvantages of such an approach would be:
     
        o  Duplicate Encoding and Specification Work:   SDPng uses a
           different coding format than SDP and hence all SDP parameters
           (incl. codecs and transports) that need to be provided will need
           to have an equivalent SDPng definition.  There is currently no
           automatic process for translating all SDP parameters or values
           into corresponding SDPng parameters or values; many existing SDP
           parameters and values currently have no corresponding SDPng
           definition.
     
        o  SDPng is Work in Progress: SDPng is currently work in progress but
           has seen limited interest and progress for a while.  Adoption of a
           subset of its current definition may end up differing from the
           final specification.  Also, the current SDPng specification needs
           further clarification and semantic tightening in a number of areas
           that would be of relevance to this approach.
     
     
     
     
     
     
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        o  Negotiation of Transport Parameters:   SDPng currently does not
           support negotiation of transport parameters as individual
           capabilities.  It is however still possible to negotiate different
           transport parameters by providing alternative configurations.
     
        o  Verbose Encoding and Large Message Size:  SDPng descriptions are
           XML documents, which are fairly verbose and result in descriptions
           that are substantially larger than existing SDP.
     
     3.4. Multipart/alternative
     
        In [I-D.jenning-sipping-multipart], the use of multipart/alternative
        MIME is proposed as a way to support multiple alternative offers.
        Each alternative offer has an id associated with it by use of a new
        MIME header field called Content-Answering-CID. The answerer chooses
        one of the offers and performs normal offer/answer operation on that
        offer, and then sends back a single answer which includes the
        Content-Answering-CID value of the offer chosen.
     
        The main advantages of this approach are:
     
        o  It allows for use of alternative encodings of the offer, e.g. SDP
           and SDPng, as well as varying levels of confidentiality and
           integrity by use of S/MIME [RFC3851].
     
        Use of multipart/alternative to solve the SDP capability negotiation
        problems however has several shortcomings:
     
        o  Backwards Compatibility:   Neither SIP nor RTSP mandate support
           for Multipart MIME. In the case of SIP, multipart/alternative is
           generally incompatible with existing SIP proxies, firewalls,
           Session Border Controllers, and endpoints.
     
        o  Heterogeneous Error Response Forking Problem (HERFP): When a SIP
           proxy forks a request to multiple Contacts, each of which generate
           a response, the proxy only forwards the "best" of these responses
           to the request originator.  If one or more of the Contacts do not
           support multipart/alternative, the request originator may never
           discover this.  Instead, only a Contact that supports
           multipart/alternative will be able to generate an answer that
           reaches the request originator.
     
        o  Combinatoric Explosions:   Use of multipart/alternative to convey
           alternatives on a per media stream basis or even per media format
           parameter basis quickly leads to combinatoric explosions.
     
     
     
     
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        o  Message Size:  Each alternative requires full duplication of all
           the relevant SDP parameters (one complete SDP per alternative).
     
        It should be noted, that use of multipart/alternative has been
        discussed several times before and, in large part due to the problems
        mentioned above as well as the semantics defined for
        multipart/alternative [RFC2046], has met with opposition when it
        comes to addressing the above types of requirements.
     
     3.5. Sharing Ports Between "m=" Lines
     
        SDP [SDP] does not state whether two "m=" lines can share the same
        transport address or not but rather leaves this explicitly undefined.
        It has been suggested that alternative capabilities for a media
        stream could be indicated by including multiple media stream
        descriptions sharing the same transport address (i.e. using the same
        port number in the "m=" line and sharing the same IP-address).
     
          Such practice was not defined in [RFC2327], however it was
          suggested in an Internet-Draft version of [SDP].  Following
          discussion of the potential problems it introduced, it was removed.
     
        The main advantages of this approach would be:
     
        o  May not require any additional extensions to SDP - only additional
           semantics.
     
           [Editor's note: It is somewhat unclear how it would work without
           extensions if we allow for alternative attributes and media format
           parameters and the offerer needs to always know which ones were
           accepted]
     
        The disadvantages of this approach would be:
     
        o  Alternative Address Support:  It would not be possible to support
           unicast and multicast transport addresses as alternatives using
           this method. Similarly, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses as alternatives
           would not be possible.
     
        o  Backwards Compatibility Issues:  Since sharing of transport
           addresses between multiple streams was never specified as part of
           SDP, backwards compatibility is likely to be an issue.  Some
           implementations may support it whereas others may not. The lack of
           an explicit signaling indication to indicate the desired operation
           may lead to ungraceful failure scenarios.  Offer/answer semantics
           would be unclear here as well.
     
     
     
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        o  Some Combinatoric Explosion:  The mechanism is not ideal to
           indicate alternative capabilities for multiple parameters or media
           formats within a particular media stream. For example, alternative
           attribute values and media format parameters for several codecs
           would lead to combinatoric explosion.
     
        o  Message Size:  Each alternative requires full duplication of all
           the relevant media stream parameters.
     
           [Editor's note: In practice, it is not clear this is a huge issue
           though.]
     
     3.6. Opportunistic Encryption Using a Session Attribute
     
        This approach was suggested to address the specific scenario of
        negotiating either RTP or SRTP. The endpoints signal their desire to
        do SRTP by signaling RTP (RTP/AVP), and using an attribute ("a=") in
        the SDP that indicates whether SRTP is supported or not.
     
        The main advantages of this approach are:
     
        o  Compatible with non-SRTP-aware endpoints.
     
        The disadvantages of this approach are:
     
        o  Violates RFC 3711 by listing an incorrect profile ("RTP/AVP"
           instead of "RTP/SAVP").
     
        o  Addresses only a small subset of the requirements provided above.
     
     3.7. Opportunistic Encryption using Probing
     
        This is another approach suggested to address the specific scenario
        of negotiating either RTP or SRTP. In this case, the endpoints first
        establish an RTP session using RTP (RTP/AVP). The endpoints send
        probe messages, over the media path, to determine if the remote
        endpoint supports their keying technique.
     
        The main advantages of this approach are:
     
        o  Compatible with non-SRTP-aware endpoints.
     
        The disadvantages of this approach are:
     
        o  Addresses only a small subset of the requirements provided above.
     
     
     
     
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     4. Proposed Solution
     
        Based on the requirements provided in Section 2. and the alternatives
        examined in Section 3. the solution based on the Session Description
        Protocol (SDP) Simple Capability Declaration (simcap) [RFC3407] with
        extensions as outlined in Section 3.2. is preferred.  In this section
        we present that solution in detail.
     
     4.1. Solution Overview
     
        The solution consists of the following:
     
        o  The capability declaration mechanism defined by simcap [RFC3407].
     
        o  A new attribute ("a=ctrpr") that defines how to list transport
           protocols as capabilities.
     
        o  A new attribute ("a=ctrad") that defines how to list transport
           addresses as capabilities.
     
        o  A new attribute ("a=pcfg") that lists the potential configurations
           supported by the entity that generated the SDP. This is done by
           reference to the simcap capabilities from the SDP in question, and
           optionally one or more of the transport protocol and transport
           address capabilities.
     
        o  A new attribute ("a=acfg") to be used in an answer SDP. The
           attribute identifies which of the potential configurations from an
           offer SDP were used as actual configurations to form the answer
           SDP. This is done by listing the potential configurations that
           were used from the offer SDP.
     
        o  Extensions to the offer/answer model that allow for potential
           configurations to be included in an offer, where they constitute
           offers that may be accepted by the answerer instead of the actual
           configuration(s) included in the "m=" line(s).
     
        The mechanism is illustrated by the offer/answer exchange below,
        where Alice sends an offer to Bob:
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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                     Alice                               Bob
     
                       | (1) Offer (SRTP and RTP)         |
                       |--------------------------------->|
                       |                                  |
                       | (2) Answer (RTP)                 |
                       |<---------------------------------|
                       |                                  |
     
        Alice's offer includes RTP and SRTP as alternatives, with SRTP being
        the preferred one:
     
           v=0
           o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 128.96.41.1
           s=
           c=IN IP4 128.96.41.1
           t=0 0
           m=audio 3456 RTP/SAVP 0 18
           a=crypto:1 AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_32
              inline:NzB4d1BINUAvLEw6UzF3WSJ+PSdFcGdUJShpX1Zj|2^20|1:32
           a=sqn: 0
           a=cdsc: 1 audio RTP/SAVP 0 18
           a=cdsc: 3 audio RTP/AVP 0 18
           a=pcfg: c=1,2|3,4
     
        The "m=" line indicates that Alice is offering to use RTP with PCMU
        or G.729.  The "crypto" attribute provides the keying material using
        SDP security descriptions [SDES]. The simcap capability declaration
        is provided by the "a=sqn" and "a=cdsc" attributes as defined in
        [RFC3407]. The capabilities indicate that PCMU and G.729 are
        supported with either secure RTP (preferred) or RTP. The new "a=pcfg"
        attribute provides the potential configurations included in the offer
        by reference to the simcap capability declarations. Two alternatives
        are provided; the first one using capabilities 1 and 2, i.e. PCMU and
        G.729 under the RTP/SAVP profile (secure RTP), and the second one
        using capabilities 3 and 4, i.e. PCMU and G.729 under the RTP/AVP
        profile.
     
        Bob receives the SDP offer from Alice. Bob supports RTP, but not
        SRTP, and hence he accepts the potential configuration for RTP
        provided by Alice:
     
           v=0
           o=- 24351 621814 IN IP4 128.96.41.2
           s=
           c=IN IP4 128.96.41.2
           t=0 0
     
     
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           m=audio 4567 RTP/AVP 0 18
           a=acfg: c=3,4
     
        Bob includes the new "a=acfg" attribute in the answer to inform Alice
        that he based his answer on an offer containing the potential
        configuration with capabilities 3 and 4 from the offer SDP (i.e. PCMU
        and G.729 under the RTP/AVP profile).  This in turn implies that
        absence of an "a=crypto" attribute in the answer (to convey SRTP
        keying material) does not constitute an error.
     
     4.2.  Attribute Definitions
     
     4.2.1. The Transport Protocol Capability Attribute
     
        Transport Protocols can be expressed as capabilities by use of a new
        Transport Protocol Capability attribute ("a=ctrpr") defined as
        follows:
     
           a=ctrpr: <trpr-cap-num> <proto>
     
        where <trpr-cap-num> is an integer between 1 and 255 (both included)
        used to number the transport address capability for later reference,
        and <proto> is defined as in the SDP "m=" line.
     
        The "ctrpr" attribute is a media-level only attribute. Each
        occurrence of the attribute within a given media description ("m="
        line) MUST use a different value of <trpr-cap-num>, with the first
        one being 1, the second one being 2, etc. The <trpr-cap-num> values
        provided are independent of similar <cap-num> values provided for
        other attributes, i.e., they form a separate name-space for transport
        protocol capabilities.
     
           [Editor's Note: Could easily be a session-level attribute - would
           potentially be more efficient in case of multiple media
           descriptions.]
     
        Below, we provide examples of the "a=ctrpr" attribute:
     
           a=ctrpr: 1 RTP/AVP
           a=ctrpr: 2 RTP/AVPF
     
        The first one provides a capability for the "RTP/AVP" profile defined
        in [RFC3551] and the second one provides a capability for the RTP
        with RTCP-Based Feedback profile defined in [AVPF].
     
        Note that the simcap extensions already provide for this capability
        by inclusion in the "cdsc" attribute, however having this as a
     
     
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        separate capability indication can provide significant message size
        reduction when negotiating alternative profiles (of which there can
        be many).
     
           TO DO: Explain further when it is appropriate to use one
           mechanism versus the other. For example, when attributes are
           included as capabilities and those attributes apply to only some
           profiles, use of this attribute may not be appropriate (e.g.
           consider "crypto" attribute with "RTP/AVP" and "RTP/SAVP".
     
     4.2.2. The Transport Address Capability Attribute
     
        Transport addresses can be expressed as capabilities by use of a new
        Transport Address Capability attribute ("a=ctrad") defined as
        follows:
     
           a=ctrad: <trad-cap-num> <network type> <address type>
                                <connection address> <port> *<port>
     
        where <trad-cap-num> is an integer between 1 and 255 (both included)
        used to number the transport address capability for later reference,
        <network type>, <address type> and <connection address> are defined
        as in the SDP "c=" line, and the first occurrence of <port> is as
        defined in the SDP "m=" line. Additional <port> occurrences may be
        present; the only currently well-defined semantics associated with
        this is when one additional port is present for RTP-based media
        streams. In that case, that second port field takes on the meaning of
        the "a=rtcp" attribute defined in [RFC3605].
     
        The "ctrad" attribute is a media-level only attribute. Each
        occurrence of the attribute within a given media description ("m="
        line) MUST use a different value of <trad-cap-num>, with the first
        one being 1, the second one being 2, etc. The <trad-cap-num> values
        provided are independent of similar <cap-num> values provided for
        other attributes, i.e., they form a separate name-space for transport
        address capabilities.
     
        Below, we provide an example of the "a=ctrad" attribute:
     
           a=ctrad: 1 IN IP4 128.96.41.1 3456
           a=ctrad: 2 IN IP4 224.2.17.12/127 49170
     
        The first provides a unicast address on port 3456, whereas the second
        provides a multicast address with a time to live of 127 on port
        49170.
     
     
     
     
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     4.2.3. The Potential Configuration Attribute
     
        Potential Configurations can be expressed by use of a new Potential
        Configuration Attribute ("a=pcfg") defined as follows:
     
           a=pcfg:     <simcap-capabilities>
                       [<transport-protocol-capabilities]
                       [<transport-address-capabilities>]
     
        The potential configuration attribute includes one or more sets of
        simcap-capabilities. A list of possible transport address
        capabilities as well as transport protocol capabilities can
        optionally be included as well. Together, these values define a set
        of potential configurations.
     
           TO DO: Clean up capability and configuration terminology.
     
        <simcap-capabilities> is defined by the following ABNF:
     
           simcap-capabilities = "c=" cap-list *("|" cap-list)
           cap-list            = cap-num *("," cap-num)
           cap-num             = 1*3DIGIT   ; defined in [RFC4234]
     
        Each capability list is a comma-separated list of simcap capability
        numbers where cap-num refers to simcap capability numbers and hence
        MUST be between 1 and 255 (both included).  Alternative potential
        simcap configurations are separated by a vertical bar ("|").
     
        <transport-protocol-capabilities> is defined by the following ABNF:
     
           transport-protocol-capabilities = "p=" trpr-cap-list
           trpr-cap-list       = trpr-cap-num *("," trpr-cap-num)
           trpr-cap-num        = 1*3DIGIT   ; defined in [RFC4234]
     
        The trpr-cap-num refers to transport protocol capability numbers
        defined above and hence MUST be between 1 and 255 (both included).
        Multiple transport protocol capabilities are provided in a comma-
        separated list. When transport protocol capabilities are not
        included, the transport protocol information from the media
        description ("m=" line) will be used.
     
        <transport-address-capabilities> is defined by the following ABNF:
     
           transport-address-capabilities = "a=" trad-cap-list
           trad-cap-list       = trad-cap-num *("," trad-cap-num)
           trad-cap-num        = 1*3DIGIT   ; defined in [RFC4234]
     
     
     
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        The trad-cap-num refers to transport address capability numbers
        defined above and hence MUST be between 1 and 255 (both included).
        Multiple transport address capabilities are provided in a comma-
        separated list. When transport address capabilities are not included,
        the transport address information from the media description ("m="
        line and corresponding "c=" line) will be used.
     
        The potential configuration ("a=pcfg") attribute is a media-level
        only attribute. Each occurrence of the attribute within a given media
        description ("m=" line) defines a set of potential configurations
        that can be used for that media description.
     
        Below, we provide an example of the "a=pcfg" attribute in a complete
        media description in order to properly indicate the supporting
        attributes:
     
           v=0
           o=- 25678 753849 IN IP4 128.96.41.1
           s=
           c=IN IP4 128.96.41.1
           t=0 0
           m=audio 3456 RTP/SAVPF 0 18
           a=crypto:1 AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_32
              inline:NzB4d1BINUAvLEw6UzF3WSJ+PSdFcGdUJShpX1Zj|2^20|1:32
           a=sqn: 0
           a=cdsc: 1 audio RTP/SAVP 0 4 18
           a=ctrad: 1 IN IP4 128.96.41.1 3456
           a=ctrad: 2 IN IP4 224.2.17.12/127 49170
           a=ctrpr: 1 RTP/AVP
           a=ctrpr: 2 RTP/AVPF
           a=ctrpr: 3 RTP/SAVP
           a=ctrpr: 4 RTP/SAVPF
           a=pcfg: c=1|3 p=1,2,3,4 a=1
           a=pcfg: c=2 p=1 a=1,2
     
        We have two potential configurations listed here. The first one
        indicates that PCMU (payload type number 0) or G.729 (payload type
        number 18) can be supported with either of the profiles RTP/AVP,
        RTP/AVPF, RTP/SAVP, or RTP/SAVPF on the unicast address only. The
        second potential configuration indicates that G.723 (payload type
        number 4) can be supported with the RTP/AVP profile only but on
        either the unicast or multicast address indicated.
     
     4.2.4. The Actual Configuration Attribute
     
        The actual configuration attribute identifies which of the potential
        configurations from an offer SDP were used as actual configurations
     
     
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        in an answer SDP. This is done by reference to the simcap
        capabilities, and the transport protocol and transport address (if
        included) capabilities from the offer that were actually used by the
        answerer in his offer/answer procedure.
     
        The Actual Configuration Attribute ("a=acfg") is defined as follows:
     
           a=acfg:     <simcap-capability-list>
                       [<transport-protocol-capability]
                       [<transport-address-capability>]
     
        <simcap-capabily-list> is defined by the following ABNF:
     
           simcap-capabily-list = "c=" cap-list
           cap-list             = cap-num *("," cap-num)
           cap-num              = 1*3DIGIT   ; defined in [RFC4234]
     
        Each capability list is a comma-separated list of simcap capability
        numbers where cap-num refers to simcap capability numbers and hence
        MUST be between 1 and 255 (both included).
     
        <transport-protocol-capabilities> is defined by the following ABNF:
     
           transport-protocol-capability = "p=" trpr-cap-num
           trpr-cap-num        = 1*3DIGIT   ; defined in [RFC4234]
     
        The trpr-cap-num refers to transport protocol capability numbers
        defined above and hence MUST be between 1 and 255 (both included).
        When a transport protocol capability is not included, the transport
        protocol information from the media description ("m=" line) in the
        offer is being used.
     
        <transport-address-capability> is defined by the following ABNF:
     
           transport-address-capability = "a=" trad-cap-num
           trad-cap-num        = 1*3DIGIT   ; defined in [RFC4234]
     
        The trad-cap-num refers to transport address capability numbers
        defined above and hence MUST be between 1 and 255 (both included).
        When a transport address capability is not included, the transport
        address information from the media description ("m=" line and
        corresponding "c=" line) in the corresponding offer is being used.
     
        The actual configuration ("a=acfg") attribute is a media-level only
        attribute. There MUST NOT be more than one occurrence of an actual
        configuration attribute within a given media description.
     
     
     
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        Below, we provide an example of the "a=acfg" attribute (building on
        the previous example with the potential configuration attribute):
     
           v=0
           o=- 24351 621814 IN IP4 128.96.41.2
           s=
           c=IN IP4 128.96.41.2
           t=0 0
           m=audio 4567 RTP/AVPF 0
           a=acfg: c=1 p=2 a=1
     
        It indicates that the answerer used an offer consisting of simcap
        capability 1 (PCMU), transport protocol capability 2 (RTP/AVPF), and
        transport address capability 1 (IPv4 address 128.96.41.1 and port
        3456).
     
     4.3. Offer/Answer Model Extensions
     
        In this section, we define extensions to the offer/answer model
        defined in [RFC3264] to allow for potential configurations to be
        included in an offer, where they constitute offers that may be
        accepted by the answerer instead of the actual configuration(s)
        included in the "m=" line(s).
     
           [Editor's Note: Multicast considerations have been omitted for
           now.]
     
           TO DO: Elaborate and firm up offer/answer procedures.
     
     4.3.1. Generating the Initial Offer
     
        An offerer that wants to use capability negotiation extensions
        defined in this document MUST include the following in the offer:
     
        o  one or more simcap capability descriptions (as defined in
           [RFC3407]) for each of the capabilities
     
        o  optionally, one or more transport protocol capability attributes
           (as defined in Section 4.2.1. if one or more alternative transport
           protocols is to be negotiated)
     
        o  optionally, one or more transport address capability attributes
           (as defined in Section 4.2.2. if one or more alternative transport
           addresses is to be negotiated)
     
     
     
     
     
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        o  one or more potential configuration attributes (as defined in
           Section 4.2.3. which define the potential configurations supported
           by the offerer.
     
        Each of the potential configurations listed constitutes an
        alternative offer which may be used to negotiate and establish the
        session.  The current actual configuration is included in the "m="
        line (as defined by [RFC3264]).
     
     4.3.2. Generating the Answer
     
        When the answerer receives an offer with one or more valid potential
        configuration information attributes present, it may use any of the
        potential configurations as an alternative offer. A potential
        configuration information attribute is valid if all of the
        capabilities (simcap, transport protocol and transport addresses) it
        references are present and valid themselves.
     
        The actual configuration is contained in the media description's "m="
        line.  The answerer can send media to the offerer in accordance with
        the actual configuration, however if it chooses to use one of the
        alternative potential configurations, media sent to the offerer may
        be discarded by the offerer until the answer is received.
     
        If the answerer chooses to accept one of the alternative potential
        configurations instead of the actual configuration, the answerer MUST
        generate an answer as if the offer contained that potential
        configuration instead of the actual configuration included. The
        answerer MUST also include an actual configuration attribute in the
        answer that identifies the potential configuration from the offer
        used by the answerer.
     
     4.3.3.  Offerer Processing of the Answer
     
        When the offerer included potential configurations for a media
        stream, it MUST examine the answer for the presence of an actual
        configuration attribute for each such media stream.  If the attribute
        is missing, offerer processing of the answer MUST proceed as defined
        by [RFC3264].  If the attribute is present, processing continues as
        follows:
     
        The actual configuration attribute specifies which of the potential
        configurations was used by the answerer to generate the answer. The
        offerer MUST now process the answer as if the offer had contained the
        potential configuration indicated as the actual configuration in the
        media description ("m=" line) in the offer.
     
     
     
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     4.3.4. Modifying the Session
     
        Potential configurations may be included in subsequent offers as
        defined in [RFC3264, Section 8].  The procedure for doing so is
        similar to that described above with the answer including an
        indication of the actual configuration used by the answerer.
     
     5. Examples
     
        TBD.
     
     6. Security Considerations
     
        TBD.
     
     7. IANA Considerations
     
        TBD.
     
     8. To Do
     
        o  Simcap allows for the same parameter to be described more than
           once as a way of indicating alternative parameter values.
           Whenever this is done, the answer must enable the offerer to
           determine which of the alternatives was accepted. Similar
           considerations apply to min and max values supported by simcap.
     
        o  Lots of other things noted throughout the document.
     
     9. Acknowledgments
     
        Thanks to Francois Audet and Dan Wing for comments on this document.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     10. References
     
     10.1. Normative References
     
        [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                  Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
     
        [RFC2234] Crocker, D. and Overell, P.(Editors), "Augmented BNF for
                  Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, Internet Mail
                  Consortium and Demon Internet Ltd., November 1997.
     
        [RFC3264] Rosenberg, J., and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model
                  with Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3264, June
                  2002.
     
        [RFC3407] F. Andreasen, "Session Description Protocol (SDP) Simple
                  Capability Declaration", RFC 3407, October 2002.
     
        [RFC3605] C. Huitema, "Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP) attribute in
                  Session Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3605, October
                  2003.
     
        [RFC4234] Crocker, D., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
                  Specifications: ABNF", RFC 4234, October 2005.
     
        [SDP]     Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
                  Description Protocol", RFC 4567, June 2006.
     
     10.2. Informative References
     
        [RFC2046] Freed, N., and N. Borensteain, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
                  Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
                  November 1996.
     
        [RFC2327] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
                  Description Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998.
     
        [RFC3261]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
                  A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler,
                  "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
     
        [RFC3388] Camarillo, G., Eriksson, G., Holler, J., and H.
                  Schulzrinne, "Grouping of Media Lines in the Session
                  Description Protocol (SDP)", RFC 3388, December 2002.
     
     
     
     
     
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        [RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H., and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and
                  Video Conferences with Minimal Control", RFC 3551, July
                  2003.
     
        [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
                  Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
                  RFC 3711, March 2004.
     
        [RFC3851] B. Ramsdell, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
                  (S/MIME) Version 3.1 Message Specification", RFC 3851, July
                  2004.
     
        [RFC4091] Camarillo, G., and J. Rosenberg, The Alternative Network
                  Address Types (ANAT) Semantics for the Session Description
                  Protocol (SDP) Grouping Framework, RFC 4091, June 2005.
     
        [AVPF]    Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
                  "Extended RTP Profile for RTCP-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)",
                  Work in Progress, August 2004.
     
        [I-D.jennings-sipping-multipart] Wing, D., and C. Jennings, "Session
                  Initiation Protocol (SIP) Offer/Answer with Multipart
                  Alternative", Work in Progress, March 2006.
     
        [SAVPF]   Ott, J., and E Carrara, "Extended Secure RTP Profile for
                  RTCP-based Feedback (RTP/SAVPF)", Work in Progress,
                  December 2005.
     
        [SDES]    Andreasen, F., Baugher, M., and D. Wing, "Session
                  Description Protocol Security Descriptions for Media
                  Streams", Work in Progress, September 2005.
     
        [SDPng]   Kutscher, D., Ott, J., and C. Bormann, "Session Description
                  and Capability Negotiation", Work in Progress, February
                  2005.
     
     Author's Addresses
     
        Flemming Andreasen
        Cisco Systems
        Edison, NJ
     
        Email: fandreas@cisco.com
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     Internet-Draft        SDP Capability Negotiation              June 2006
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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