NSIS Working Group                                               C. Aoun
Internet-Draft                                           Nortel Networks
Expires: January 17, 2005                                  H. Tschofenig
                                                                 Siemens
                                                          M. Stiemerling
                                                              M. Brunner
                                                               M. Martin
                                                                     NEC
                                                           July 19, 2004


              NAT/Firewall NSLP Intra-Realm Considerations
                draft-aoun-nsis-nslp-natfw-intrarealm-01

Status of this Memo

   By submitting this Internet-Draft, I certify that any applicable
   patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been disclosed,
   and any of which I become aware will be disclosed, in accordance with
   RFC 3668.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
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   Internet-Drafts.

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   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

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   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 17, 2005.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document discusses NAT/FW NSLP issues and solutions for cases
   where NATFW NSLP NEs within the same addressing realm communicate
   with each other.  The document will serve as input to the NSIS NAT/FW
   NSLP document to meet these intra-realm communications' requirements.



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Table of Contents

   1.   Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3

   2.   Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4

   3.   Problem statement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5

   4.   Solution Approaches  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9

   5.   Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

   6.   Application Signaling Protocol Impacts . . . . . . . . . . .  15

   7.   NATFW NSLP required extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16

   8.   Perfomance considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19

   9.   IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20

   10.  Open issues  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21

   11.  Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22

   12.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23

   13.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   13.1   Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   13.2   Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24

        Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25

        Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . .  27


















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1.  Introduction

   The NSIS NATFW NSLP responder provides the NSIS NATFW NSLP Initiator
   with its address, in some cases the NSIS responder may have several
   addresses: one (or several) global scoped address and its locally
   scoped address(es).

   The following question arises: Which address does it provide to the
   NSIS initiator?

   This document will cover the NSIS Responder address selection as well
   as the impact on applications and the NSIS protocol suite.  The
   document will serve as input to the NSIS WG documents.






































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2.  Terminology

   The terminology used in this document is defined in [1].
















































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3.  Problem statement

   An NSIS Element hosting an NSIS NATFW NSLP may have more than one
   address, its local scoped address(es) and global scoped address(es).
   A default address selection that priorities a global scoped address
   over a local scoped address arbitrarily may imply non-optimal routing
   for communication between NSIS elements hosted within the same
   addressing realm.  For certain NAT/Firewall implementations it is not
   only a matter of path optimization: if a global scoped address is
   used to reach an internal host, the NSIS messages may get dropped due
   to a conflict with the anti-spoofing rules on the NAT/Firewall NE,
   hence no communication could be established.

   In Figure 1 the arbitrary selection of the global scoped address,
   works properly to receive NSIS signaling from Host B.  However in
   deployment scenario shown in Figure 2, host A and host C end-up
   communicating through their local MB1 middlebox resulting in a non
   optimal data path with all its implications (for example, additional
   delay or additional bandwidth consumption in certain parts of the
   network).



    +---------------------+                       +--------------------+
    | +------+            |                       |           +------+ |
    | |Host A|            |     ,-----------.     |           |Host B| |
    | +------+     +-----+|  ,-'  Public     `-.  |           +------+ |
    |              | MB1 |+--     Internet      --+                    |
    |              +-----+|  `-.             ,-'  |                    |
    |                     |     `-----------'     |                    |
    |Network A            |                       |           Network B|
    +---------------------+                       +--------------------+


     MB: Middle box (NAT or Firewall or a combination)
     Host A: An NE hosting NSIS NATFW NSLP NI/NR capabilities
     Host B: An NE hosting NSIS NATFW NSLP NI/NR capabilities


                Figure 1: Intra-Realm Signaling Scenario











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    +---------------------+                       +--------------------+
    |+------+             |                       |           +------+ |
    ||Host A|-.           |     ,-----------.     |           |Host B| |
    |+------+  `.  +-----+|  ,-'  Public     `-.  |           +------+ |
    |+------+    i.. MB1 |+--     Internet      --+                    |
    ||Host C|.-''  +-----+|  `-.             ,-'  |                    |
    |+------+             |     `-----------'     |                    |
    |                     |                       |           Network B|
    |Network A            |                       +--------------------+
    +---------------------+


    MB: Middle box (NAT or Firewall or a combination)
    Host A: An NE hosting NSIS NATFW NSLP NI/NR capabilities
    Host B: An NE hosting NSIS NATFW NSLP NI/NR capabilities
    Host C: An NE hosting NSIS NATFW NSLP NI/NR capabilities


                Figure 2: Intra-Realm Signaling Scenario

   Figure 3 and Figure 4, show clearly the impact when the global scoped
   address is used to signal an NE within the same addressing realm.
   Figure 3 show how host A will use the Reserve External Address
   message (defined in [1] to get its global scoped address (i.e.  the
   external address), same happens to host B.  Figure 4 shows how the
   CREATE/RESPONSE messages (defined in [1]) are exchanged to host B/A
   global addresses and the impact on the data path.
























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     Host C         Host A            MB1          App server/proxy
    10.1.2.3       10.1.2.2          a.b.c.e            a.b.c.d
       |              |       REA      |                  |
       |              | -------------> |                  |
       |              |    RESPONSE    |                  |
       |              | <------------- |                  |
       |              |  External      |                  |
       |              |Address=a.b.c.e |                  |
       |              |      start-app with C             |
       |              |   ==============================> |
       |              |     from A at a.b.c.e             |
       |              |                |                  |
       |            start-app with C   |                  |
       |  <=============================================  |
       |          from A at   a.b.c.e  |                  |
       |                               |                  |
       |        REA                    |                  |
       |     ----------------------->  |                  |
       |        RESPONSE               |                  |
       |     <------------------------ |                  |
       | External Address= a.b.c.e     |                  |
       |                               |                  |
       |       start-app with C ACK C:a.b.c.e             |
       |    ==========================================>   |
       |      from A at a.b.c.e                           |

   --- NATFW NSLP signaling

   === User Application signaling (SIP, H323, MGCP, MEGACO etc)



          Figure 3: Message flow for routing via the Middlebox


















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     Host C         Host A            MB1          App server/proxy
    10.1.2.3       10.1.2.2          a.b.c.e            a.b.c.d
       |              |    CREATE      |                  |
       |              | -------------> |--,               |
       |              |                |  |               |
       |              |                |  |               |
       |              |    CREATE      |  |               |
       | <---------------------------- |<-'               |
       |  RESPONSE    |                |                  |
       | ----------------------------> |--,               |
       |              |   RESPONSE     |  |               |
       |              |<-------------  |<-'               |
       |              |                |                  |
       |                 App signaling |                  |
       |                    continues  ...                |
       | <==============================================> |
       |               <================================> |
       |<+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++                |
       |              |   App data     | |                |
       |              |<++++++++++++++++++                |
       |              |                |                  |
       |              |                |                  |

   ---- NATFW NSLP signaling

   ==== User Application signaling (SIP, H323, MGCP, MEGACO etc)



         Figure 4: NSIS signaling for routing via the Middlebox





















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4.  Solution Approaches

   There are two ways to deal with this non-optimal routing of packets
   for intra-realm communications between NSIS entities.  The NSIS
   Responder could either:
   1.  Use a local policy to decide which address to provide to the NSIS
       Initiator
   2.  Make all addresses available to the NSIS Initiator to let it
       decide which address to use

   Approach (1) lets the NSIS Responder decide on its own, which address
   to provide based on certain hints, which may not be the most optimal
   decision since the NSIS Responder may not have sufficient knowledge
   about the NSIS Initiator at the time of delivering its address via
   user applications.  In most cases local decision for address
   selection requires knowledge about the far end host.  This might not
   always be practical.

   An example of such local based address selection is the IPv6 default
   address selection mechanism (see [6]) where an IPv6 (or IPv6/v4) node
   has to select which source and destination address to pick in order
   to communicate with a far end node.  The mechanism relies on
   receiving input from the local resolver (DNS client or local hosts
   file) about the far end node.  In the context of multimedia
   applications (and probably others as well), this address selection
   mechanism will not be sufficient since the far end application device
   is not necessarily known (the resolver client may return the
   address(es) of the application signaling and not the addresses of the
   actual application data flow recipient).  Hence it can not decide
   successfully in all cases which address to provide to the NSIS
   Initiator.

   Approach (2) is more efficient as it requires the NSIS Responder to
   provide all its addresses (local scoped and global scoped ones) to
   the NSIS Initiator.  The NSIS Initiator needs to decide which address
   to use.  One possible way for the NSIS Initiator to decide which NSIS
   Responder address to use is to check which address the NSIS responder
   will reply back.  This security mechanism is typically referred as
   return-routability check.  ICE [7] discusses the usage of approach
   (2) for SIP User Agents (SIP UA) whereby the SIP UA will probe the
   far end SIP UA to see from which address it will send a response back
   to the probe.  ICE [7] uses the STUN protocol [14] for the
   return-routability check.  In [9] the reverse routability, provided
   by the STUN response, is used to check which address to respond to
   counter RTP Denial of Service attacks.  The same reverse routability
   check could be achieved by the NSIS NATFW NSLP.

   In the context of NSIS, the NSIS protocol itself should be used as



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   the probing mechanism.  Consequently, the NSIS Initiator will
   simultaneously send several NSIS messages towards the NSIS Responder,
   one message per provided address.  Figure 5 and Figure 6 show
   approach (2) graphically.




     Host C         Host A            MB1          App server/proxy
    10.1.2.3       10.1.2.2          a.b.c.e            a.b.c.d
       |              |       REA      |                  |
       |              | -------------> |                  |
       |              |    RESPONSE    |                  |
       |              | <------------- |                  |
       |              |External Address|                  |
       |              | a.b.c.e        |                  |
       |              |      start-app with C             |
       |              |   ==============================> |
       |              |     from A at 10.1.2.2,a.b.c.e    |
       |                                                  |
       |            start-app with C   |                  |
       |  <=============================================  |
       |          from A at 10.1.2.2,a.b.c.e              |
       |                                                  |
       |        REA                    |                  |
       |     ----------------------->  |                  |
       |        RESPONSE               |                  |
       |     <------------------------ |                  |
       | External Address=a.b.c.e      |                  |
       |                               |                  |
       |       start-app with C ACK C:10.1.2.3,a.b.c.e    |
       |    ==========================================>   |
       |      from A at 10.1.2.2,a.b.c.e                  |
                      '                '                  '
   ---- NATFW NSLP signaling

   ==== User Application signaling (SIP, H323, MGCP, MEGACO etc)



               Figure 5: Message flow for optimal routing

   In Figure 5 Host A (same one as in Figure 2) uses a Reserve External
   Address (REA) message which is intercepted by the edge NAT (in this
   case MB1).  The edge NAT responds with a RESPONSE message  providing
   the External Address (the global scoped address) to host A.  Host A,
   collects all available addresses where it could receive application
   data, and then informs its application server that it wishes to



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   communicate with Host C while receiving data on the global and local
   scoped address (and ports), 10.1.2.2 and a.b.c.e.  The same will
   happen with Host C, and Host C will be able to respond with the
   application protocol to Host A about its data recipient addresses
   (local and global scoped ones).  Figure 6 shows how the CREATE
   messages are simultaneously sent by A to all the returned addresses
   for C.  Host A receives both CREATE ACKs, the local scoped address
   will therefore be considered as the address to use to send NSIS NATFW
   messages to C.  The problem is that an NSIS host might not be able to
   distinguish a global scoped address from a local scoped address.  To
   cope with that problem, the following method is proposed:

   The NATFW NSLP will have a NAT counter object, inserted in CREATE
   messages and echoed back within CREATE responses.  Every time an NSIS
   aware NAT is traversed the NAT counter object is incremented.  When
   the NI host receives several RESPONSE messages, it will compare the
   received NAT counter objects, the NR that responded with the smallest
   NAT count will be the NR with which the NI will continue
   communicating with.

   In Figure 6, since no NSIS aware NAT (one returned NAT counter was 0)
   and no Firewalls (NTLP layer [2] confirmed that there was no NATFW
   NSLP intermediaries) are on the path between host A and host C (when
   using the local scoped addresses), host A would either send a DELETE
   message or let the NSIS state expire on its own; the NATFW NSLP
   protocol is sufficiently robust to handle both.  The behavior is left
   to implementors and network administrators, since it has performance
   implications.























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     Host C         Host A            MB1          App server/proxy
      10.1.2.3       10.1.2.2          a.b.c.e            a.b.c.e
       |              |    CREATE 2    |                  |
       |   CREATE 1   | -------------> |--,               |
       | <------------| NAT count=0    |  |               |
       |RESPONSE1     |                |  |NAT count=1    |
       | ------------>|                |  |               |
       |NAT count=0   |                |  |               |
       |           CREATE 2            |  |               |
       | <---------------------------- |<-'               |
       |  RESPONSE 2  |                |                  |
       | ----------------------------> |--,               |
       |              | RESPONSE 2     |  |               |
       |              |<-------------  |<-'               |
       |              |  NAT count=1   |                  |
       |                 App signaling                    |
       |                    continues  ...                |
         <==============================================> |
                       <================================> |
       |+++++++++++>  |                                   |
       |  App data    |                                   |
       |<+++++++++++  |                                   |
       |  exchanges   |                                   |
       |              |                                   |
                                                          |

   ---- NATFW NSLP signaling

   ==== User Application signaling (SIP, H323, MGCP, MEGACO etc)



       Figure 6: NSIS signaling for optimal (intra realm) routing

   With regard to the message flow in Figure 6 we can distinguish
   between the following cases:
   o  In case that the NSIS Responder and the NSIS Initiator are located
      within the same addressing realm, the NSIS Responder should
      receive a response from all the addresses to which an NSIS message
      was sent.  The NSIS Initiator will then choose the address from
      which RESPONSE message was returned with the smallest NAT counter,
      as the destination address for messages destined to the NSIS
      Responder.
   o  In case that the NSIS Responder and the NSIS Initiator are not
      located within the same addressing realm, the NSIS Initiator would
      only receive a response from the valid global scope address.  In
      case there is another NE within the network that has the same
      local scoped address as the originally targeted NSIS Responder,



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      the wrongly targeted NSIS Responder should send back an error or
      discard the message (the later would be preferable), Section 5
      discusses the related security implications for this behavior.
      This requires that the NR knows if it is the intended recipient,
      this knowledge could be provided by the user application which is
      aware of the application context requiring the establishment of an
      NSIS session.  However this assumption is no longer valid during
      migration phases where a proxy operation mode is required ([1] and
      [10]).










































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5.  Security Considerations

   Deployments having NRs with local scoped and global scoped address,
   are subject to the same threats as the ones discussed in [4], [5] and
   [3] as well as to the potential threat where a malicious NE with the
   same local scoped address as the target NR respond back positively to
   the NSIS message and consequently hijack the data flow.

   This threat could be counter-measured by requiring the NR to respond
   back with a challenge response information communicated by the
   application signaling (assuming that the application was secured).
   This type of end-to-end security mechanism (irrespectively which
   degree of security it offers) have an impact on NSIS signaling
   protocol and on the application layer protocol.  If the responding NE
   is not the application end host then the protocol operation is made
   more complicated since the NE would have to act on behalf of the
   application end host.  This would be the case when the application
   end host does not yet support the NATFW NSLP (this is the case of the
   proxy mode scenario discussed in [1] and [10]).

   To avoid the leakage of network topology information, when the CREATE
   message is leaving the network the network Edge NAT or Edge Firewall
   supporting the NATFW NSLP will need to remove the NAT count object.




























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6.  Application Signaling Protocol Impacts

   The proposed intra realm path optimization proposal requires that an
   NR provides several data recipient addresses within the application
   protocol, has obviously a certain impact on the application protocol.
   In addition the application signaling needs to provide a challenge
   response allowing the NR to respond back properly.  This information
   either need to be added to the application protocols or existing
   protocol fields need to be used (preferred way).

   Certain applications already provide the ability to advertise several
   recipient addresses, [8] discusses the impact to SDP [11] and should
   be used by all the application protocols using SDP.  A similar
   approach should be followed by other protocols, not using SDP,
   including H.323 [12] and others requiring usage of NSIS with multiple
   addresses for the NR.In addition [7] proposes the usage of a
   challenge response parameter within SDP in the context of
   applications using SIP, a similar approach should be used for other
   applications.
































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7.  NATFW NSLP required extensions

   As shown in Section 4, to solve the intra-realm problem a new object
   is required for the NATFW NSLP, a NAT count object.  It is suggested
   that this parameter be used in all CREATE messages ([1]).

   Another required change for the NATFW NSLP are more of behavioral
   type:

   None Edge-NAT NATs traversed by REA messages: when the Edge NAT
   responds to REA messages, these NATs will add to the RESPONSE message
   an External Address object.  This new behavior will allow the support
   of several level of NATs, as shown in Figure 7,  in the network while
   supporting the intra-realm solution (approach 2) discussed in Section
   4.

   When the Edge NAT responds to REA messages, these NATs will add to
   the RESPONSE message an External Address object.  This new behavior
   will allow the support of several level of NATs in the network, as
   shown in Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9, while supporting the
   intra-realm solution (approach 2) discussed in Section 4.


    +-----------------------------------+
    | 10/8                              +
    | Host A`-.         192.168.2/24    +    ,-----------.
    | 10.1.2.2 `.  +-----+        +-----+ ,-'The NET      `-.
    |            i.. MB1 |+-------| MB2 +-                   -
    | Host C_.-''  +-----         +-----+ `-.             ,-'
    | 10.1.2.3              Host B      +    `-----------'
    |                     192.168.2.30  +
    +-----------------------------------+


     MB: NSIS NATFW NSLP aware NATFW
     Host A: An NE hosting NSIS NATFW NSLP NI/NR capabilities
     Host B: An NE hosting NSIS NATFW NSLP NI/NR capabilities
     Host C: An NE hosting NSIS NATFW NSLP NI/NR capabilities



        Figure 7: Nested NATs intra-realm communications support









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    Host A         MB1           Host B    MB2    App server/proxy
    10.1.2.3    192.168.2.2   192.168.2.30  192.168.2.4  a.b.c.d
       |             |  REA         |        |a.b.c.e     |
       |------------------------------------>|            |
       |RESPONSE[ExtADD,   RESPONSE[ExtADD]  |            |
       |         ExtADD]-------------------- |            |
       |<-----------       ExtADD=a.b.c.e    |            |
       |ExtADD=a.b.c.e              |        |            |
       |ExtADD=192.168.2.2   start-app with B|            |
       |================================================> |
       |  from A at: 10.1.2.3,a.b.c.e,192.168.2.2         |
       |             |              |        |            |
       |             |              |  start-App with B   |
       |             |              |<==================  |
       |             |    from A at: 10.1.2.3,a.b.c.e,192.168.2.2
       |             |              |        |            |
       |             |              | REA    |            |
       |             |              |------->|            |
       |             |            RESPONSE[ExtADD]        |
       |             |              +<-------|            |
       |             |              |ExtADD=a.b.c.e       |
       |             |              |  |     |            |
       |            start-App with B ACK B:a.b.c.e,192.168.2.30
       |             |              |====================>|
       |             | from A at: 10.1.2.3,a.b.c.e,192.168.2.2


    Figure 8: Nested NATs intra-realm message sequences: REA and NR
                         address advertisement






















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     Host A         MB1           Host B    MB2    App server/proxy
    10.1.2.3    192.168.2.2   192.168.2.30  192.168.2.4  a.b.c.d
       |  CREATE1    |              |        |a.b.c.e     |
       |------------>|              |        |            |
       |             |CREATE1[NAT count=1]   |            |
       |             |------------->|        |            |
       |             | RESPONSE[NAT count=1] |            |
       |             |<-------------|        |            |
       | RESPONSE[NATcount=1]       |        |            |
       |<------------|              |        |            |
       |             |              |        |            |
       | CREATE2     |              |        |            |
       |------------>|CREATE2[NAT count=1]   |            |
       |             | -------------------------+         |
       |             |      CREATE2[NAT count=2]| NAT count=2.2.2
       |             |              |<-----------         |
       |             |              |        |            |
       |         RESPONSE[NATcount=2]        |            |
       |             |<-------------|        |            |
       | RESPONSE[NATcount=2]       |        |            |
       |<------------|              |        |            |




    Figure 9: Nested NATs intra-realm message sequences: CREATE and
                           RESPONSE exchanges
























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8.  Perfomance considerations

   The procedure requiring an NSIS Initiator to send NSIS messages to
   several NR addresses, requires that the NI sends his NSIS messages at
   the same time to avoid impacting real-time sensitive applications.
   In case that the response to the message sent to the global scoped is
   received first, it could potentially be used as a hint that no
   response will be received from the NR's local scoped address.  Hence
   there is no point to continue to delay the address selection process
   and proceed with the NSIS protocol operations.  This assumption may
   not be always applicable depending on the network topology and
   network load at the moment of the protocol message exchanges.  In
   case the first response is received from a local scoped address and
   has succefuly provided the challenge response maerial (Section 5)
   provided by the application signaling protocol then the address
   selection process ends, and the NSIS protocol operations continue.



































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9.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations defined in this document.
















































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10.  Open issues

   o  Get agreement on solving the problem and its associated security
      issue, is the challenge response sufficient?.
   o  Get feedback on which parameter is used within certain application
      protocols (SIP, MEGACO, MGCP, H323) as the challenge response
      parameter
   o  Where should the NSIS challenge response be done? within the NTLP
      or the NSLP? if done in the NSLP several messaging associations
      would have been established for no reasons, hence it seems more
      interesting that the challenge response be handled at the NTLP
      level.







































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11.  Conclusion

   Approach (2) provides a reasonable solution to the intra-realm
   communication problem, while introducing a NATFW NSLP new object to
   be added within CREATE messages.  Although a new threat is added, its
   mitigation is very similar to other NATFW NSLP threats discussed in
   [5] hence no additional extensions would be required when this
   solution is used.











































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12.  Acknowledgments

   The idea of using a NAT count object came out of discussions with
   Georg Kullgren and Kenneth Sundell.  Thanks to Elwyn Davies for his
   comments on the draft.














































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13.  References

13.1  Normative References

   [1]  Stiemerling, M., Martin, M., Tschofenig, H. and C. Aoun, "A NAT/
        Firewall NSIS Signaling Layer Protocol (NSLP)", DRAFT
        draft-ietf-nsis-nslp-natfw-03.txt, July 2004.

   [2]  Schulzrinne, H. and R. Hancock, "GIMPS: General Internet
        Messaging Protocol for Signaling", DRAFT
        draft-ietf-nsis-ntlp-03.txt, November 2004.

   [3]  Van den Bosch, S., Karagiannis, G. and A. McDonald, "NSLP for
        Quality-of-Service signaling", DRAFT
        draft-ietf-nsis-qos-nslp-03.txt, May 2004.

   [4]  Tschofenig, H. and D. Kroeselberg, "Security Threats for NSIS",
        DRAFT draft-ietf-nsis-threats-01.txt, January 2003.

   [5]  Fessi, A., Brunner, M., Stiemerling, M., Thiruvengadam, S.,
        Tschofenig, H. and C. Aoun, "Security Threats for the NAT/
        Firewall NSLP", DRAFT draft-fessi-nsis-natfw-threats-01.txt,
        July 2004.

13.2  Informative References

   [6]   Draves, R., "Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol
         version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3484, February 2003.

   [7]   Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A
         Methodology for Network  Address Translator (NAT) Traversal for
         Multimedia Session Establishment Protocols",
         draft-ietf-mmusic-ice-01 (work in progress), February 2004.

   [8]   Camarillo, G. and J. Rosenberg, "The Alternative Semantics for
         the Session Description Protocol Grouping  Framework",
         draft-camarillo-mmusic-alt-02 (work in progress), October 2003.

   [9]   Rosenberg, J., "The Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Denial
         of Service (Dos) Attack and its Prevention", DRAFT
         draft-camarillo-mmusic-alt-01.txt, June 2003.

   [10]  Aoun, C., Brunner, M., Stiemerling, M., Martin, M. and H.
         Tschofenig, "NAT/Firewall NSLP Migration Considerations", DRAFT
         draft-aoun-nsis-nslp-natfw-migration-01.txt, Februar 2004.

   [11]  Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description
         Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998.



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   [12]  ITU-T SG16, "Packet-based multimedia communications systems",
         ITU-T H.323, November 2000.

   [13]  Rosenberg, J., "NAT and Firewall Scenarios and Solutions for
         SIP", draft-rosenberg-sipping-nat-scenarios-00 (work in
         progress), November 2001.

   [14]  Rosenberg et al, J., "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram
         Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators (NATs)", RFC
         3489, March 2003.


Authors' Addresses

   Cedric Aoun
   Nortel Networks

   France

   EMail: cedric.aoun@nortelnetworks.com


   Hannes Tschofenig
   Siemens AG
   Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
   Munich  81739
   Germany

   Phone:
   EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com
   URI:


   Martin Stiemerling
   Network Laboratories, NEC Europe Ltd.
   Kurfuersten-Anlage 36
   Heidelberg  69115
   Germany

   Phone: +49 (0) 6221 905 11 13
   EMail: stiemerling@ccrle.nec.de
   URI:









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   Marcus Brunner
   Network Laboratories, NEC Europe Ltd.
   Kurfuersten-Anlage 36
   Heidelberg  69115
   Germany

   Phone: +49 (0) 6221 905 11 29
   EMail: brunner@ccrle.nec.de
   URI:   http://www.brubers.org/marcus


   Miquel Martin
   Network Laboratories, NEC Europe Ltd.
   Kurfuersten-Anlage 36
   Heidelberg  69115
   Germany

   Phone: +49 (0) 6221 905 11 16
   EMail: miquel.martin@ccrle.nec.de
   URI:































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