Network Working Group J. Arkko
Internet-Draft A. Lindem
Intended status: Standards Track Ericsson
Expires: November 24, 2013 B. Paterson
Cisco Systems
May 23, 2013
Prefix Assignment in a Home Network
draft-arkko-homenet-prefix-assignment-04
Abstract
This memo describes a prefix assignment mechanism for home networks.
It is expected that home gateway routers are allocated an IPv6 prefix
through DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation (PD) or that a prefix is made
available through other means. This prefix needs to be divided among
the multiple subnets in a home network. This memo describes a
mechanism for such division, or assignment, via OSPFv3. This is an
alternative design to also using DHCPv6 PD for the assignment. The
memo is input to the working group so that it can make a decision on
which type of design to pursue. It is expected that a routing-
protocol based assignment uses a minimal amount of prefixes.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on November 24, 2013.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Requirements language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Role of Prefix Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Router Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Sending Router Advertisements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. DNS Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Design Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. DNS Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Prefix Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Prefix Assignment in OSPFv3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1. Aggregated Prefix TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2. Assigned Prefix TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.3. OSPFv3 Prefix Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.3.1. Making a New Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.3.2. Checking for Conflicts Across the Entire Network . . 15
6.3.3. Deprecating an Assigned Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.3.4. Verifying and Making a Local Assignment . . . . . . . 16
7. ULA Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. Hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9. Manageability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12. Timer Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix A. Changes in Version -02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix B. Changes in Version -03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Appendix C. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. Introduction
This memo describes a prefix assignment mechanism for home networks.
It is expected that home gateway routers are allocated an IPv6 prefix
through DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation (PD) [RFC3633], or that a prefix is
made available by some other means. Manual configuration may be
needed in some networks, for instance when the ISP does not support
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DHCPv6-based prefix delegation. In other cases, such as networks
that have do not yet have an Internet connection, Unique Local
Address (ULA) [RFC4193] prefixes can be automatically generated. For
the purposes of this document, we refer to the prefix reserved for a
home network as a prefix allocation.
A prefix allocation needs to be divided among the multiple subnets in
a home network. For the purposes of this document, we refer to this
process as prefix assignment. This memo describes a mechanism for
prefix assignment via OSPFv3 [RFC5340].
The OSPv3-based mechanism is an alternative design to also using
DHCPv6 PD for the prefix assignment in the internal network. This
memo has been written so that the working group can make a decision
on which type of design to pursue. The main benefit of using a
routing protocol to handle the prefix assignment is that it can
provide a more efficient use of address space than hierarchical
assignment through DHCPv PD. This may be important for home networks
that only get a /60 prefix allocation from their ISPs.
The rest of this memo is organized as follows. Section 2 defines the
usual keywords, Section 3 explains the main requirements for prefix
assignments, Section 4 describes how a home gateway router makes
assignments when it itself has multiple subnets, and Section 5 and
Section 6 describe how the assignment can be performed in a
distributed manner via OSPFv3 in the entire home network. Finally,
Section 7 specifies the procedures for automatic generation of ULA
prefixes, Section 8 explains the hysteresis principles applied to
prefix assignment and de-assignment, Section 9 explains what
administrative interfaces are useful for advanced users that wish to
manually interact with the mechanisms, Section 10 discusses the
security aspects of the design, Section 11 explains the necessary
IANA actions, and Section 12 defines the necessary timer constants.
An analysis of a mechanism reminiscent of the one described in this
specification has been published in the SIGCOMM IPv6 Workshop
[SIGCOMM.IPV6]. Further analysis is encouraged.
2. Requirements language
In this document, the key words "MAY", "MUST, "MUST NOT", "OPTIONAL",
"RECOMMENDED", "SHOULD", and "SHOULD NOT", are to be interpreted as
described in [RFC2119].
3. Role of Prefix Assignment
Given a prefix shorter than /64 for the entire home network, this
prefix needs to be subdivided so that every subnet is given its own /
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64 prefix. In many cases there will be just one subnet, the internal
network interface attached to the router. But it is also common to
have two or more internal network interfaces with intentionally
separate networks. For instance, "private" and "guest" SSIDs are
automatically configured in many current home network routers. When
all the network interfaces that require a prefix are attached to the
same router, the prefix assignment problem is simple, and procedures
outlined in Section 4 can be employed.
In a more complex setting there are multiple routers in the internal
network. There are various possible reasons why this might be
necessary [I-D.ietf-homenet-arch]. For instance, networks that
cannot be bridged together should be routed, speed differences
between wired and wireless interfaces make the use of the same
broadcast domain undesirable, or simply that router devices keep
being added. In any case, it then becomes necessary to assign
prefixes across the entire network, and this assignment can no longer
be done on a local basis as proposed in Section 4. A distributed
mechanism and a protocol are required.
The key requirements for this distributed mechanism are as follows.
o A prefix allocated to a home gateway router within the home
network is used to assign /64 prefixes on each subnet that
requires one.
Note that several methods may be used to allocate such an
aggregated prefix.
o The assignment mechanism should provide reasonable efficiency. As
a practical benchmark, some ISPs may employ /60 allocations to
individual subscribers. As a result, the assignment mechanism
should avoid wasting too many prefixes so that this set of 16 /64
prefixes is not exhausted in the foreseeable future for commonly
occurring network configurations.
o In particular, the assignment of multiple prefixes to the same
network from the same top-level prefix must be avoided.
Example: When a home network consists of a home gateway router
connected to another router which in turn is connected to
hosts, a minimum of two /64 prefixes are required in the
internal network: one between the two routers, and another one
for the host-side interface on the second router. But an
ineffective assignment mechanism in the two routers might have
both of them asking for separate assignments for this shared
interface.
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o The assignments must be stable across reboots, power cycling,
router software updates, and preferably, should be stable across
simple network changes. Simple network changes are in this case
defined as those that could be resolved through either deletion or
addition of a prefix assignment. For instance, the addition of a
new router without changing connections between existing routers
requires just the assignment of new prefixes for the new networks
that the router introduces. There are no stability requirements
across more complex types of network reconfiguration events. For
instance, if a network is separated into two networks connected by
a newly inserted router, this may lead to renumbering all networks
within the home.
In an even more complex setting there may be multiple home gateway
routers and multiple connections to ISP(s). These cases are
analogous to the case of a single gateway router. Each gateway will
simply distribute the prefix it has, and participating routers
throughout the network may assign themselves prefixes from several
gateways. Multiple assignments can be made for the same interface.
For example, this can be useful in a multi-homing setting.
Similarly, it is also possible that it is necessary to assign either
a global prefix delegated from the ISP or a local, Unique Local
Address (ULA) prefix [RFC4193]. The mechanisms in this memo are
applicable to both types of prefixes. The details of the generation
of ULA-based prefixes is covered in Section 7.
The mechanisms in this memory can also be used in standalone or ad
hoc networks where no global prefixes or Internet connectivity are
available, by distributing ULA prefixes within the network.
4. Router Behavior
This section describes how a router assigns prefixes to its directly
connected interfaces. We assume that the router has prefix
allocation(s) that it can use for this assignment. Each such prefix
allocation is called an aggregated prefix. Parts of the aggregated
prefix may already be assigned for some purpose; a coordinated
assignment from the prefix is necessary before it can actually be
assigned to an interface.
Even if the assignment process is local, it still needs to follow the
requirements from Section 3. This is achieved through the following
rules:
o The router MUST maintain a list of assigned prefixes on a per-
interface basis. The contents of this list consists of prefixes
that the router itself has assigned to the interface, as well as
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prefixes assigned to the interface by other routers. The latter
are learned through the mechanisms described in Section 6, when
they are used. Each prefix is associated with the Router ID of
the router that assigned it.
o Whenever the router finds a combination of an interface and
aggregated prefix that is not used on the interface, it SHOULD
make a new prefix assignment. That is, the router checks to see
if an interface and aggregated prefix exists such that there are
no assigned prefixes within that interface that are more specific
than the aggregated prefix. In this situation the router makes an
allocation from the aggregated prefix (if possible) and adds the
assignment to the list of assigned prefixes on that interface.
Note: The above implies that when there are multiple aggregated
prefixes, each network will be assigned multiple prefixes.
o An assignment from an aggregated prefix MUST be checked against
possible other assignments from the same aggregated prefix on the
same link by neighboring routers, to avoid unnecessary
assignments. Assignments MUST also be examined against all
existing assignments from the same aggregated prefix across the
network, to avoid collisions. Assignments are made for individual
/64 prefixes. The choice of a /64 prefix among multiple free ones
MUST be made randomly or based on an algorithm that takes unique
hardware characteristics of the router and the interface into
account. This helps avoid collisions when simultaneous
assignments are made within a network.
o In order to provide a stable assignment, the router MUST store
assignments affecting directly connected interfaces and
automatically generated ULA prefixes in non-volatile memory and
attempt to re-use them in the future when possible. At least the
5 most recent assignments SHOULD be stored. Note that this
applies to both its own assignments as well as assignments made by
others. This ensures that the same prefix assignments are made
regardless of the order that different devices are brought up. To
avoid attacks on flash memory write cycles, assignments made by
others SHOULD be recorded only after 10 minutes have passed and
the assignment is still valid.
o Re-using a memorized assignment is possible when a aggregated
prefix exists that is less specific than the prefix in the
assignment (or it is the prefix itself in the assignment), and the
prefix is currently unassigned.
4.1. Sending Router Advertisements
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Once the router has assigned a prefix to an interface, it MUST act as
a router as defined in [RFC4861] and advertise the prefix in Router
Advertisements. The lifetime of the prefix SHOULD be advertised as a
reasonably long period, at least 48 hours or the lifetime of the
assigned prefixes, whichever is smaller.
4.2. DNS Discovery
To support a variety of IPv6-only hosts in these networks, the router
needs to ensure that sufficient DNS discovery mechanisms are enabled.
It is RECOMMENDED that both stateless DHCPv6 [RFC3736] and Router
Advertisement options [RFC6106] are supported and turned on by
default in routers.
The above requires, however, that a working DNS server is known and
addressable via IPv6. The mechanism in [RFC3736] and [RFC3646] can
be used for this. It is RECOMMENDED that each router attempts to
discover an existing DNS server. Typically, such a server will be
provided by an ISP. However, in some cases no such server can be
found. For instance, an ISP may provide only IPv4 DNS server
addresses, or a router deep within the home network is unaware of the
IPv6 DNS servers that a home gateway router has discovered. In these
situations it is RECOMMENDED that each router turns on a local DNS
relay that fetches information from the IPv4 Internet (if a working
IPv4 DNS server is available) or a full DNS server that fetches
information from the DNS root.
As a result of these recommendations, as long as there is
reachability to at least the Internet, every router within the home
network will either know the IPv6 address of a DNS server or it
itself runs a server that can fetch information from the Internet.
As a result, the router can provide information about the server
address to hosts in directly connected networks.
5. Design Choices
5.1. DNS Discovery
The DNS discovery recommendations in Section 4.2 ensure that an
IPv6-only home network can resolve names. However, these
recommendations are suboptimal in the sense that different routers in
the home may provide different DNS servers, or multiple local DNS
servers have to be run where it would have been possible to point to
one, or even point to the one provided by the ISP. However, better
coordination for the DNS server selection would require some form of
additional communication between the routers in the home network.
The authors solicit opinions from the Working Group on whether this
is something that should be specified. However, the current design
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is easy to deploy even when not all routers within the network
support Homenet specifications yet; the mechanism provides an
incremental improvement to IPv6 DNS reachability even when the first
Homenet router is deployed.
5.2. Prefix Assignment
The OSPFv3-based prefix assignment protocol needs to detect two types
of conflicts:
1. Two or more OSPFv3 routers have assigned the same IPv6 prefix for
different networks.
2. Two or more OSPFv3 routers have assigned different IPv6 prefixes
for the same network.
Several design decisions were needed to construct the protocol:
1. How to determine the winner in case of a conflict?
The algorithm in Section 6 ensures that the OSPFv3 Router with
the numerically lower OSPFv3 Router ID removes its assignment and
schedules an advertisement of LSAs that no longer describe such
an assignment. That is, the router with the highest Router ID
wins in a conflict situation.
2. How to ensure that a network-wide conflict can be detected?
We chose to define new LSA extensions -- TLVs within the new
Autoconfiguration LSA -- that are flooded throughout the network.
Another possible design would have been to re-use existing OSPFv3
LSAs, and by assuming that if a router advertises a prefix then
it has made an assignment. The advantage of the design that we
chose is that we get to specify what information is needed in the
new TLVs. This is particularly important, as not all existing
OSPFv3 LSAs are extensible. A downside is that assignments will
not be visible, unless the router using an assignment implements
this specification and advertises the new LSAs. Had we reused
existing LSAs, a manual assignment for a legacy router could have
been handled, as the legacy router would have advertised the
prefix assigned to it.
3. How to ensure that both local and network-wide conflicts can be
detected?
We chose to employ the same new Autoconfiguration LSA TLVs for
this purpose, and correlate neighbors through the Router IDs and
Interface IDs that they advertise in these TLVs. The OSPFv3
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Router with a numerically lower OSPFv3 Router ID should accept
the global IPv6 prefix from the neighbor with the highest OSPFv3
Router ID.
6. Prefix Assignment in OSPFv3
This section describes how prefix assignment in a home network can be
performed in a distributed manner via OSPFv3. It is expected that
the router already support the auto-configuration extensions defined
in [I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig].
An overview of OSPFv3-based prefix assignment is as follows. OSPFv3
routers that are capable of auto-configuration advertise an OSPFv3
Auto-Configuration (AC) LSA [I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig] with
suitable TLVs. For prefix assignment, two TLVs are used. The
Aggregated Prefix TLV (Section 6.1) advertises an aggregated prefix,
usually the prefix that has been delegated to the home gateway router
from the ISP through DHCPv6 PD. These aggregated prefixes are
necessary for running the algorithm in Section 4 for determining
whether prefix assignments can and should be made.
The Assigned Prefix TLV (Section 6.2) is used to communicate
assignments that routers make out of the aggregated prefixes.
An assignment can be made when the algorithm in Section 4 indicates
that it can be made and no other router has claimed the same
assignment. The router makes an OSPFv3 advertisement with the
Assigned Prefix TLV included to let other devices know that the
prefix is now in use. Unfortunately, collisions are still possible,
when the algorithms on different routers happen to choose the same
free /64 prefix or when more /64 prefixes are needed than are
available. This situation is detected through an advertisement where
a different router claims the assignment of the same prefix. In this
situation the router with the numerically lower OSPFv3 Router ID has
to select another prefix and immediately withdraw any assignments and
advertisements that may have been advertised in OSPFv3. See also
Section 5.2 in [I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig].
6.1. Aggregated Prefix TLV
The Aggregated Prefix TLV is defined for the OSPFv3 Auto-
Configuration (AC) LSA [I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig]. It will
have type TBD-BY-IANA-1 and MUST be advertised in the LSID OSPFv3 AC
LSA with an LSID of 0. It MAY occur once or multiple times and the
information from all TLV instances is retained. The length of the
TLV is variable.
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The contents of the TLV include an aggregated prefix (Prefix) and
prefix length (PrefixLength). PrefixLength is the length in bits of
the prefix and is an 8-bit field. The PrefixLength MUST be greater
than or equal to 8 and less than or equal to 64. The prefix
describes an allocation of a global or ULA prefix for the entire
auto-configured home network. The Prefix is an encoding of the
prefix itself as an even multiple of 32-bit words, padding with zero
bits as necessary. This encoding consumes (PrefixLength + 31) / 32)
32-bit words and is consistent with [RFC5340]. It MUST NOT be
directly assigned to any interface before following the procedures
defined in this memo.
This TLV SHOULD be advertised by every home gateway router that has
either a manual, DHCPv6 PD-based, or generated ULA prefix that is
shorter than /64.
This TLV MUST appear inside an OSPFv3 Router Auto-Configuration LSA,
and only in combination with the Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV
[I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig] Section 5.2.2 in the same LSA.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TBD-BY-IANA-1 | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Prefix |
| (4-16 bytes) |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Aggregated Prefix TLV Format
6.2. Assigned Prefix TLV
The Assigned Prefix TLV is defined for the OSPFv3 Auto-Configuration
(AC) LSA [I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig]. It will have type TBD-
BY-IANA-2 and MUST be advertised in the LSID OSPFv3 AC LSA with an
LSID of 0. It MAY occur once or multiple times and the information
from all TLV instances is retained. The length of the TLV is
variable.
The contents of the TLV include an Interface ID, assigned prefix
(Prefix), and prefix length (PrefixLength). The Interface ID is the
same OSPFv3 Interface ID that is described in section 4.2.1 or
[RFC5340]. PrefixLength is the length in bits of the prefix and is
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an 8-bit field. The PrefixLength value MUST be 64 in this version of
the specification. The prefix describes an assignment of a global or
ULA prefix for a directly connected interface in the advertising
router. The Prefix is an encoding of the prefix itself as an even
multiple of 32-bit words, padding with zero bits as necessary. This
encoding consumes (PrefixLength + 31) / 32) 32-bit words and is
consistent with [RFC5340].
This TLV MUST be advertised by the router that has made assignment
from an aggregated prefix per Section 4.
This TLV MUST appear inside an OSPFv3 Router Auto-Configuration LSA,
and only in combination with the Router-Hardware-Fingerprint TLV
[I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig] Section 5.2.2 in the same LSA.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TBD-BY-IANA-2 | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Interface ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Prefix |
| (4-16 bytes) |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Assigned Prefix TLV Format
6.3. OSPFv3 Prefix Assignment
OSPFv3 Routers supporting the mechanisms in the memo will learn or
assign a global /64 IPv6 prefix for each IPv6 interface. Since the
mechanisms described herein are based on OSPFv3, Router ID assignment
as described in [I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig] MUST have completed
successfully.
When an OSPFv3 Router receives a global prefix through DHCPv6 prefix
delegation, manual configuration, or other means, it SHOULD advertise
this prefix by including the Aggregated Prefix TLV in its OSPFv3 AC
LSA. This will trigger prefix assignment for auto-configured OSPFv3
routers within the routing domain including the originating OSPFv3
router.
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Discussion: Note that while having multiple routers advertise the
same aggregated address space (or address space that covers
another router's aggregated address space) is a configuration
error, it should not result in any adverse effects, as long as
assignments from such space are still checked for collisions
against all other assignments from the same address space.
When an OSPFv3 Router detects a change in the set of AC LSAs in its
LSA database, it will run the prefix assignment algorithm. The
purpose of this algorithm is to determine, for each Aggregated Prefix
in the database, whether or not a new prefix needs to be assigned for
each of its attached IPv6 interfaces and whether or not existing
assignments need to be deprecated. The algorithm also detects and
removes assignments for which there is no longer a corresponding
Aggregated Prefix. Before the algorithm is run, all existing
assignments in assigned prefix lists for directly connected
interfaces must be marked as "invalid" and will be deleted at the end
of the algorithm if they are still in this state. An assigned prefix
is considered to be "valid" if all the following conditions are met:
o A containing Aggregated Prefix TLV exists in reachable AC LSA(s).
o An Assigned Prefix TLV that matches this assignment exactly (same
prefix, same router and interface ID associated with the
assignment) exist in reachable AC LSA(s).
o Any router advertising an assignment for the same link and
Aggregated Prefix has a lower Router ID than the source of this
assignment.
o If this router is the source of the assignment, any router in the
network that has assigned the same prefix on a different link has
a lower Router ID than this router.
Note that this definition of a "valid assignment" depends on the
router running the algorithm: in particular, a router is not expected
to detect prefix collisions or duplicate prefix assignments that do
not concern assignments for which it is the responsible router. It
is the role of the responsible router to detect these cases and
update its AC LSAs accordingly. A router is, however, expected to
react to these updates from other routers which translate into
additions or removals of Aggregated Prefix or Assigned Prefix TLVs.
The router is expected to have made a snapshot of the LSA database
before running this algorithm. The prefix assignment algorithm
consists of the following steps run once per combination of
Aggregated Prefix in the LSA database and directly connected OSPFv3
interface. For the purposes of this discussion, the Aggregated
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Prefix will be referred to as the Current Aggregated Prefix, and the
interface will be referred to as the Current Interface. The
following steps will be performed for each tuple (Aggregated Prefix,
OSPFv3 interface):
1. The OSPFv3 Router will search all AC LSAs for an Aggregated
Prefix TLV describing a prefix which contains but is not equal to
the Current Aggregated Prefix. If such a prefix is found, the
algorithm is skipped for the Current Aggregated Prefix as it
either has or will be run for the shorter prefix.
2. The OSPFv3 router will examine its list of neighbors to find all
neighbors in state greater than Init (these neighbors will be
referred to as active neighbors).
3. The following three steps will serve to determine whether an
assignment needs to be made on the link:
i.
The OSPFv3 router will determine whether or not it has the
highest Router ID of all active OSPFv3 routers on the link.
ii.
If OSPFv3 active neighbors are present on the link, the
router will determine whether any of them have already
assigned an IPv6 prefix. This is done by examining the AC
LSAs of all the active neighbors on the link and looking
for any that include an Assigned Prefix TLV with the same
OSPFv3 Router ID and Interface ID as the neighbor has. If
one is found and it is a subnet of the IPv6 prefix
advertised in the Aggregated Prefix TLV, the router stores
this prefix and the Router ID of the router advertising it
for reference in the next step. If several such prefixes
are found, only the prefix and Router ID with the
numerically highest Router ID are stored.
iii.
The router will compare its Router ID with the highest
Router ID among neighbors which have made an assignment on
the link. If it is higher (or if no assignments have been
made by any neighbors), it will determine whether or not it
is already the source of an assignment for the Current
Interface from the Current Aggregated Prefix.
4. There are four possibilities at this stage:
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* The router has already made an assignment on the link and has
a higher Router ID than all eventual neighbors which have also
made an assignment. In this case, the router's existing
assignment takes precedence over all other eventual existing
assignments on the link, but the router must determine whether
its assignment is still valid throughout the whole network.
This is described in Section 6.3.2.
* An assignment has been made by a neighbor on the link, and the
router either has not made an assignment on the link, or has a
lower Router ID than the neighbor. In this case, the
neighbor's assignment takes precedence over all eventual
existing assignments on the link (including assignments made
by the router), and the router must update the assigned prefix
list of the Current Interface as well as check assignments on
other interfaces for potential collisions. This is described
in Section 6.3.4.
* No assignment has been made by anyone on the link, and the
router has the highest Router ID on the link. In this case,
it must make an assignment from the Current Aggregated Prefix.
This is described in Section 6.3.1.
* No assignment has been made by anyone on the link, and the
router does not have the highest Router ID on the link. In
this case, the algorithm exits as the router is not
responsible for prefix assignment on the link.
Once the algorithm has been run for each Aggregated Prefix and each
interface, the router must delete all assignments that are not marked
as valid on all assigned prefix lists and deprecate the corresponding
addresses. If this leads to deleting an assignment that this router
was responsible for, or if AC LSA origination was scheduled during
the algorithm, it must originate a new AC LSA advertising the
changes. The router MUST also deprecate deleted prefixes as
specified in Section 6.3.3.
6.3.1. Making a New Assignment
This procedure is executed when no assignment exists on the link and
the router is responsible for making an assignment. The router MUST:
1. Examine all the AC LSAs not advertised by this router that
include Assigned Prefix TLVs that are subnets of the Current
Aggregated Prefix, as well as all assignments made by this
router, to determine which prefixes are already assigned.
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2. Examine former prefix assignments stored in non-volatile storage
for the interface. Starting with the most recent assignment, if
the prefix is both a subnet of the Current Aggregated Prefix and
is currently unassigned, reuse the assignment for the interface.
3. If no unused former prefix assignment is found, and an unassigned
/64 subnet of the Current Aggregated Prefix exists, assign that
prefix to the interface.
4. If no OSPFv3 neighbors have been discovered and previous prefix
assignments exist, the router can make the assignments
immediately. Otherwise, the hysteresis periods specified in
Section 8 are applied before making an assignment.
5. In the event that no assignment could be made to the interface, a
warning must be raised. However, the router MUST remain in a
state where it continues to assign prefixes through OSPFv3, as
prefixes may later become available.
6. Once a global IPv6 prefix is assigned, the router will mark it as
valid and schedule re-origination of the AC LSA including the
Assigned Prefix TLV once all Aggregated Prefixes and interfaces
have been examined.
6.3.2. Checking for Conflicts Across the Entire Network
This procedure is executed for every assignment that the router
intends to make or retain as the router responsible for an
assignment.
The router MUST verify that this assignment is still valid across the
whole network. This assigned prefix will be referred to as the
Current Assigned Prefix. The router will search for a reachable AC
LSA in the LSA database that is advertised by a router with a higher
Router ID and contains an Assigned Prefix equal to the Current
Assigned Prefix. If such an LSA is found, it needs to be deprecated
as described in Section 6.3.3. Otherwise, the router will mark its
assignment as valid.
6.3.3. Deprecating an Assigned Prefix
This procedure is executed when the router's earlier assignment of a
prefix can no longer be used. The following steps MUST be followed:
1. If the the prefix was in an interface's assigned prefix list, it
is removed.
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2. If this router was the source of the prefix assignment, schedule
re-origination of the modified AC LSA once the algorithm has
finished.
3. The router MUST also deprecate the prefix, if it had been
advertised in Router Advertisements on an interface. The prefix
is deprecated by sending Router Advertisements with the lifetime
set to 0 [RFC4861] for the prefix in question.
6.3.4. Verifying and Making a Local Assignment
This procedure is executed when an assignment by a neighbor already
exists, and takes precedence over all other assignments on the link.
The router must check whether or not it is already aware of this
assignment. It will search for the assigned prefix matching the
neighbor's assignment and Router ID in the Current Interface's
assigned prefix list. If it is already present, the router will mark
it as valid. Otherwise, the router will check that no assignment on
any directly connected interface collides with the neighbor's
assignment. If a collision is found and the colliding prefix takes
priority over the neighbor's assignment (higher Router ID), the
router will silently ignore the neighbor's assignment. If a
collision is found but the neighbor's assignment takes priority, the
old assignment is removed as described in Section 6.3.3. If the
neighbor's assignment takes priority, or if no collision was found,
the router will provision the interface with the prefix, add it to
the list of assigned prefixes using the neighbor's Router ID and mark
it as valid.
7. ULA Generation
For ULA-based prefixes, it is necessary to elect a router as the
generator of such prefixes, have it perform the generation, and then
employ the prefixes for local interfaces and the entire router
network. This section specifies these procedures, and recommends the
generation of ULAs when no connectivity can be established otherwise.
However, the use of ULAs in parallel with global IPv6 prefixes is
outside the scope of this memo. The mechanisms in this memo could be
used for that as well.
When an OSPFv3 Router detects a change in the set of AC LSAs in its
LSA database, it will run the ULA generation algorithm. The purpose
of this algorithm is to determine whether a new ULA prefix needs to
be generated. There is no need for this router to generate a new ULA
prefix when any of the following conditions are met:
i.
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An Aggregated Prefix TLV exists in an AC LSA advertised by a
reachable router in the LSA database, with either global or ULA
address space.
ii.
A reachable router in the OSPFv3 topology with a higher Router ID
than this OSPFv3 router exists.
iii.
This router has assignments from either IPv4 or IPv6 global
address space on any interface, or there is connectivity to the
global Internet.
Discussion: This rule is necessary in order to prevent
autoconfiguration-capable routers from unnecessarily creating
ULA address space in networks where autoconfiguration is not in
use. Similarly, from an IPv6 "happy eyeballs" perspective it
is desirable to not create local islands of IPv6 connectivity
when there is IPv4 connectivity (even through a NAT).
If none of the above conditions are met after applying the hysteresis
principles from Section 8, the router SHOULD perform the following
actions:
1. Generate a new 48-bit ULA prefix as specified in [RFC4193],
Section 3.2.
2. Record the new prefix in stable storage, per rules in Section 4.
3. Advertise the new prefix allocation in OSPFv3 as specified in
Section 6.3.
4. Assign /64 prefixes from the new prefix for its own use, as a
part of the general algorithm for making prefix assignments (also
in Section 6.3).
If the router has made such an allocation, it SHOULD continue to
advertise the prefix in OSPFv3 for as long as conditions i) through
iii) do not apply, with the exception of the generated ULA prefix
that this router is advertising.
If the router has made such an allocation, and any of the conditions
become true (except for the case of the ULA prefix that the router is
advertising) even after applying the hysteresis principles from
Section 8, then the OSPFv3 router SHOULD withdraw the advertisement
for the aggregated prefix. This is done by scheduling the re-
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origination of an AC LSA that does not include the Aggregated Prefix
TLV with the ULA. Note that as a result of the general algorithm for
making prefix assignments, any /64 prefix assignments from the ULA
prefix will eventually be deprecated.
8. Hysteresis
A network may experience temporary connectivity problems, routing
protocol convergence may take time, and a set of devices may be
coming up at the same time due to power being turned on in a
synchronous manner. Due to these reasons it is important that the
prefix allocation and assignment mechanisms do not react before the
situation is allowed to stabilize. To allow for this, a hysteresis
principle is applied to new or withdrawn automatically generated
prefixes and prefix assignments.
A new automatically generated ULA prefix SHOULD NOT be allocated
before the router has waited NEW_ULA_PREFIX seconds for another
prefix or reachable OSPFv3 router to appear. See Section 12 for the
specific time value.
A previously automatically generated ULA prefix SHOULD NOT be taken
out of use before the router has waited TERMINATE_ULA_PREFIX seconds.
A new prefix assignment within an aggregated prefix SHOULD NOT be
committed before the router has waited NEW_PREFIX_ASSIGNMENT seconds
for another prefix or reachable OSPFv3 router to appear. Note the
exceptions to this rule in Section 6.3.1, item 4.
A previously assigned prefix SHOULD NOT be taken out of use before
the router has waited TERMINATE_PREFIX_ASSIGNMENT seconds.
9. Manageability Considerations
Advanced users may wish to manage their networks without automation,
and there may also be situations where manual intervention may be
needed. For these purposes there MUST be a configuration mechanism
that allows users to turn off the automatic prefix allocation and
assignment on a given interface. This setting can be a part of
disabling the entire routing auto-configuration
[I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig].
In addition, there SHOULD be a configuration mechanism that allows
users to specify the prefix that they would like the router to
request for a given interface. This can be useful, for instance,
when a router is replaced and there is a desire for the new router to
be configured to ask for the same prefix as the old one, in order to
avoid renumbering other devices on this network.
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Finally, there SHOULD be mechanisms to display the prefixes assigned
on each interface, and where they came from (manual configuration,
DHCPv6 PD, OSPFv3).
10. Security Considerations
Security can be always added later.
11. IANA Considerations
This memo makes two allocations out of the OSPFv3 Auto- Configuration
(AC) LSA TLV namespace [I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig]:
o The Aggregated Prefix TLV in Section 6.1 takes the value TBD-BY-
IANA-1 (suggested value is 2).
o The Assigned Prefix TLV in Section 6.2 takes the value TBD-BY-
IANA-2 (suggested value is 3).
12. Timer Constants
NEW_ULA_PREFIX 20 seconds
TERMINATE_ULA_PREFIX 120 seconds
NEW_PREFIX_ASSIGNMENT 20 seconds
TERMINATE_PREFIX_ASSIGNMENT 240 seconds
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3646] Droms, R., "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3646,
December 2003.
[RFC3736] Droms, R., "Stateless Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) Service for IPv6", RFC 3736, April 2004.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
September 2007.
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[RFC5340] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPF
for IPv6", RFC 5340, July 2008.
[RFC6106] Jeong, J., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S. Madanapalli,
"IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration",
RFC 6106, November 2010.
[I-D.ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig]
Lindem, A. and J. Arkko, "OSPFv3 Auto-Configuration",
draft-ietf-ospf-ospfv3-autoconfig-00 (work in progress),
October 2012.
13.2. Informative References
[RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
December 2003.
[I-D.ietf-homenet-arch]
Chown, T., Arkko, J., Brandt, A., Troan, O., and J. Weil,
"Home Networking Architecture for IPv6", draft-ietf-
homenet-arch-06 (work in progress), October 2012.
[I-D.chelius-router-autoconf]
Chelius, G., Fleury, E., and L. Toutain, "Using OSPFv3 for
IPv6 router autoconfiguration", draft-chelius-router-
autoconf-00 (work in progress), June 2002.
[I-D.dimitri-zospf]
Dimitrelis, A. and A. Williams, "Autoconfiguration of
routers using a link state routing protocol", draft-
dimitri-zospf-00 (work in progress), October 2002.
[SIGCOMM.IPV6]
Chelius, G., Fleury, E., Sericola, B., Toutain, L., and D.
Binet, "An evaluation of the NAP protocol for IPv6 router
auto-configuration", ACM SIGCOMM IPv6 Workshop, Kyoto,
Japan, 2007.
Appendix A. Changes in Version -02
These changes were extensive, including the definition of a new
algorithm for making allocations, adding support for DNS server
discovery, adding support for ULA-based address space generation, and
adding specifications for a hysteresis mechanism.
Appendix B. Changes in Version -03
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This version updated references to the most current ones, and changed
the "usable prefix" terminology to "aggregated prefix". The
requirements for turning on DNS relays or servers were also
clarified.
Appendix C. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank to Tim Chown, Fred Baker, Mark
Townsley, Lorenzo Colitti, Ole Troan, Ray Bellis, Markus Stenberg,
Wassim Haddad, Joel Halpern, Samita Chakrabarti, Michael Richardson,
Anders Brandt, Erik Nordmark, Laurent Toutain, and Ralph Droms for
interesting discussions in this problem space. The authors would
also like to point out some past work in this space, such as those in
[I-D.chelius-router-autoconf] or [I-D.dimitri-zospf].
Authors' Addresses
Jari Arkko
Ericsson
Jorvas 02420
Finland
Email: jari.arkko@piuha.net
Acee Lindem
Ericsson
Cary, NC 27519
USA
Email: acee.lindem@ericsson.com
Benjamin Paterson
Cisco Systems
Paris
France
Email: benjamin@paterson.fr
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