Network Working Group M. Behringer
Internet-Draft F. Le Faucheur
Intended status: Informational Cisco Systems Inc
Expires: May 19, 2008 November 16, 2007
Applicability of Keying Methods for RSVP Security
draft-behringer-tsvwg-rsvp-security-groupkeying-01.txt
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 19, 2008.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
Abstract
The Resource reSerVation Protocol (RSVP) allows hop-by-hop
authentication of RSVP neighbors. This requires messages to be
cryptographically signed using a shared secret between participating
nodes. This document compares group keying for RSVP with per
neighbor or per interface keying, and discusses the associated key
provisioning methods as well as applicability and limitations of
these approaches. Draft-weis-gdoi-for-rsvp specifies how the Group
Domain of Interpretation (GDOI) can be used to distribute group keys
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
to RSVP nodes. The present document also discusses applicability of
such group keying to RSVP encryption.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. The RSVP Trust Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Key types for RSVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Interface based keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Neighbor based keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Group keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Key Provisioning Methods for RSVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Static Key Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2. Per Neighbor Key Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. Dynamic Key Distribution using GDOI . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Applicability of Various Keying Methods for RSVP . . . . . . . 6
5.1. Per Neighbor or Per Interface Keys for Authentication . . 6
5.2. Group Keys for Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3. Non-RSVP Hops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.4. Subverted RSVP Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.5. RSVP Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.6. RSVP Notify Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. End Host Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. Applicability to Other Architectures and Protocols . . . . . . 10
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Changes to Previous Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 14
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
1. Introduction and Problem Statement
The Resource reSerVation Protocol [RFC2205] allows hop-by-hop
authentication of RSVP neighbors, as specified in [RFC2747]. In this
mode, an integrity object is attached to each RSVP message to
transmit a keyed message digest. This message digest allows the
recipient to verify the authenticity of the RSVP node that sent the
message, and to validate the integrity of the message. Through the
inclusion of a sequence number in the scope of the digest, the digest
also offers replay protection.
[RFC2747] does not dictate how the key for the integrity operation is
derived. Currently, most implementations of RSVP use a statically
configured key, per interface or per neighbor. However, to manually
configure key per router pair across an entire network is
operationally hard, especially for key changes. Effectively, many
users of RSVP therefore resort to the same key throughout their
network, and change it rarely if ever, because of the operational
burden. [RFC3562] however recommends regular key changes, at least
every 90 days.
[I-D.weis-gdoi-for-rsvp] provides an alternative solution, using GDOI
([RFC3547]) for key distribution. This allows dynamic key updates,
valid for a complete set of RSVP speakers.
The present document describes the various keying methods and their
applicability to different RSVP deployment environments, for both
message integrity and encryption. It does not mandate any particular
method, but is meant as a comparative guideline to understand where
each RSVP keying method is best deployed, and its limitations.
Furthermore, it discusses how RSVP hop by hop authentication is
impacted in the presence of non-RSVP nodes, or subverted nodes, in
the reservation path.
The document "RSVP Security Properties" ([RFC4230]) provides an
overview of RSVP security, including RSVP Cryptographic
Authentication [RFC2747], but does not discuss key management, nor
the extensions that [I-D.weis-gdoi-for-rsvp] suggests. It states
that "RFC 2205 assumes that security associations are already
available.". The present document focuses specifically on key
management with different key types, including GDOI derived keys, as
specified in [I-D.weis-gdoi-for-rsvp]. Therefore this document
complements [RFC4230].
2. The RSVP Trust Model
Many protocol security mechanisms used in networks require and use
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
per peer authentication. Each hop authenticates its neighbor with a
shared key or certificate. This is also the model used for RSVP.
Trust in this model is transitive. Each RSVP node trusts explicitely
only its RSVP next hop peers, through the message digest contained in
the INTEGRITY object. The next hop RSVP speaker in turn trusts its
own peers and so on. See also the document ""RSVP security
properties" [RFC4230] for more background.
The keys used for generating the RSVP messages can, in particular, be
group keys (for example distributed via GDOI [RFC3547], as discussed
in [I-D.weis-gdoi-for-rsvp]). The trust model is the same as for
RSVP authentication. This is described in more detail in the section
"Using GDOI For RSVP Encryption" in section 5.5.
The trust an RSVP node has to another RSVP node has an explicit and
an implicit component. Explicitely the node trusts the other node to
maintain the RSVP messages intact or confidential, depending on
whether authentication or encryption (or both) is used. This means
only that the message has not been altered or seen by another, non-
trusted node. Implicitely each node trusts each other node with
which it has a trust relationship established via the mechanisms here
to adhere to the protocol specifications laid out by the various
standards. Note that in any group keying scheme like GDOI a node
trusts explicitely as well as implicitely all the other members of
the group.
The RSVP protocol can operate in the presence of a non-RSVP router in
the path from the sender to the receiver. The non-RSVP hop will
ignore the RSVP message and just pass it along. The next RSVP node
can then process the RSVP message. For RSVP authentication to work
in this case, the key used for computing the RSVP message digest
needs to be shared by the two RSVP neighbors, even if they are not IP
neighbors. However, in the presence of non-RSVP hops, while an RSVP
node always know the next IP hop before forwarding an RSVP Message,
it does not always know the RSVP next hop. Thus, the presence of
non-RSVP hops impacts operation of RSVP authentication and may
influence the keying approaches. This is further discussed in
Section 5.3.
3. Key types for RSVP
3.1. Interface based keys
Most current RSVP authentication implementations support interface
based RSVP keys. When the interface is point-to-point (and therefore
an RSVP router only has a single RSVP neighbor on each interface),
this is similar to neighbor based keys in the sense that a different
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
key is used for each neighbor. However, when the interface is
multipoint, all RSVP speakers on a given subnet have to share the
same key in this model, which makes it unsuitable for deployment
scenarios where different trust groups share a subnet, for example
Internet exchange points. In such a case, neighbor based keys are
required.
3.2. Neighbor based keys
In this model, an RSVP key is bound to an interface plus a neighbor
on that interface. It allows the distinction of different trust
groups on a single subnet. (Assuming that layer-2 security is
correctly implemented to prevent layer-2 attacks.)
3.3. Group keys
Here, all members of a group of RSVP nodes share the same key. This
implies that a node uses the same key regardless of the next RSVP hop
that will process the message (within the group of nodes sharing the
particular key). It also implies that a node will use the same key
on the receiving as on the sending side (when exchanging RSVP
messages withn the group).
4. Key Provisioning Methods for RSVP
4.1. Static Key Provisioning
The simplest way to implement RSVP authentication is to use static,
preconfigured keys. Static keying can be used with interface based
keys, neighbor based keys or group keys.
However, such static key provisioning is expensive on the operational
side, since no secure automated mechanism can be used, and initial
provisioning as well as key updates require configuration. This
method is therefore mostly useful for small deployments, where key
changes can be carried out manually, or for deployments with
automated configuration tools which support key changes.
Static key provisioning is therefore not an ideal model in a large
network.
Often, the number of interconnection points across two domains where
RSVP is allowed to transit is relatively small and well controlled.
Also, the different domains may not be in a position to use an
infrastructure trusted by both domains to update keys on both sides.
Thus, manually configured keys may be applicable to inter-domain RSVP
authentication.
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
Since it is not practical to carry out the key change at the exact
same time on both sides, some grace period needs to be implemented
during which an RSVP node will accept both the old and the new key.
Otherwise, RSVP operation would suffer interruptions.
4.2. Per Neighbor Key Negotiation
To avoid the problem of manual key provisioning and updates in static
key deployments, key negotiation between RSVP neighbors could be
used. Key negotiation could be used to derive either interface or
neighbor based keys. However, existing key negotiation protocols
such as IKEv1[RFC2409] or IKEv2 [RFC4306] may not be appropriate in
all environments because of the relative complexity of the protocols
and related operations.
4.3. Dynamic Key Distribution using GDOI
[I-D.weis-gdoi-for-rsvp] describes a mechanism to distribute group
keys to a group of RSVP speakers, using GDOI [RFC3547]. In this
model, a key server authenticates each of the RSVP nodes
independently, and then distributes a group key to the entire group.
5. Applicability of Various Keying Methods for RSVP
5.1. Per Neighbor or Per Interface Keys for Authentication
Per interface and per neighbor keys can be used within a single
security domain. As mentioned above, per interface keys are only
applicable when all the hosts reachable on the specific interface
belong to the same security domain.
These key types can also be used between security domains, since they
are specific to a particular interface or neighbor. Again, interface
level keys can only be deployed safely when all the reachable
neighbors on the interface belong to the same security domain.
As discussed in Section 5.3, per neighbor and per interface keys can
not be used in the presence of non-RSVP hops.
5.2. Group Keys for Authentication
Group keys apply naturally to intra-domain RSVP authentication, since
all RSVP nodes implicitely trust each other. Using group keys, they
extend this trust to the group key server. This is represented in
Figure 1.
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
......GKS1.............
: : : : :
: : : : :
source--R1--R2--R3-----destination
| |
|<-----domain 1----------------->|
Figure 1: Group Key Server within a single security domain
A single group key cannot normally be used to cover multiple security
domains however, because by definition the different domains do not
trust each other and would not be willing to trust the same group key
server. For a single group key to be used in several security
domains, there is a need for a single group key server, which is
trusted by both sides. While this is theoretically possible, in
practice it is unlikely that there is a single such entity trusted by
both domains. Figure 2 illustrates this setup.
...............GKS1....................
: : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : :
source--R1--R2--R3--------R4--R5--R6--destination
| | | |
|<-----domain 1--->| |<-------domain 2----->|
Figure 2: A Single Group Key Server across security domains
A more practical approach for RSVP operation across security domains,
is to use a separate group key server for each security domain, and
to use per interface or per peer authentication between the two
domains. Figure 3 shows this set-up.
....GKS1...... ....GKS2.........
: : : : : : : :
: : : : : : : :
source--R1--R2--R3--------R4--R5--R6--destination
| | | |
|<-----domain 1--->| |<-------domain 2----->|
Figure 3: A group Key Server per security domain
5.3. Non-RSVP Hops
In the presence of a non-RSVP router in the path from the sender to
the receiver, regular RSVP keeps working. The non-RSVP node ignores
the RSVP message, and passes it on transparently to the next node.
Figure 4 illustrates this scenario. R2 in this picture does not
participate in RSVP, the other nodes do. In this case, R2 will pass
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
on any RSVP messages unchanged, and will ignore them.
----R3---
/ \
sender----R1---R2(*) R4----receiver
\ /
----R5---
(*) Non-RSVP hop
Figure 4: A non-RSVP Node in the path
However, this creates an additional challenge for RSVP
authentication. In the presence of a non-RSVP hop, with some RSVP
messages such as a Path message, an RSVP router does not know the
RSVP next hop for that message at the time of forwarding it. In
fact, part of the role of a Path message is precisely to discover the
RSVP next hop (and to dynamically re-discover it when it changes, say
because of a routing change). For example, in Figure 4, R1 knows
that the next IP hop for a Path message addresed to the receiver is
R2, but it does necessarily not know if the RSVP next hop is R3 or
R5.
This means that per interface and per neighbor keys cannot easily be
used in the presence of non-RSVP routers on the path between senders
and receivers.
By contrast, group keying will naturally work in the presence of non-
RSVP routers. Referring back to Figure 4, with group keying, R1
would use the group key to sign a Path message addressed to the
receiver and forwards it to R2. Being a non-RSVP node, R2 and will
ignore and forward the Path message to R3 or R5 depending on the
current shortest path as determined by routing. Whether it is R3 or
R5, the RSVP router that receives the Path message will be able to
authenticate it successfully with the group key.
5.4. Subverted RSVP Nodes
A subverted node is defined here as an untrusted node, for example
because an intruder has gained control over it. Since RSVP
authentication is hop-by-hop and not end-to-end, a subverted node in
the path breaks the chain of trust. This is to a large extent
independent of the type of keying used.
For interface or per-neighbor keying, the subverted node can now
introduce fake messages to its neighbors. This can be used in a
variety of ways, for example by changing the receiver address in the
Path message, or by generating fake Path messages. This allows path
states to be created on every RSVP router along any arbitrary path
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
through the RSVP domain. That in itself could result in a form of
Denial of Service by allowing exhaustion of some router resources
(e.g. memory). The subverted node could also generate fake Resv
messages upstream corresponding to valid Path states. In doing so,
the subverted node can reserve excessive amounts of bandwidth thereby
possibly performing a denial of service attack.
Group keying allows the additional abuse of sending fake RSVP
messages to any node in the RSVP domain, not just adjacent RSVP
nodes. However, in practice this can be achieved to a large extent
also with per neighbor or interface keys, as discussed above.
Therefore the impact of subverted nodes on the path is comparable,
independently whether per-interface, per-neighbor or group keys are
used.
5.5. RSVP Encryption
The keying material can also be used to encrypt the RSVP messages
using IPsec [RFC2401], instead of, or in addition to authenticating
them. The same considerations apply for this case as discussed above
for the authentication case. Group keys are applicable only within a
trusted domain, but they allow operation through non-RSVP speakers
without further configuration. Per interface or per neighbor keys
work also inter-domain, but do not operate in the presence of a non-
RSVP router.
The existing GDOI standard as described in [RFC3547] contains all
relevant policy options to allow for RSVP encryption, and no
extensions are necessary. An example GDOI policy would be to encrypt
all packets of the RSVP protocol itself (IP protocol 46). A router
implementing GDOI is therefore automatically able to encrypt RSVP.
[Editor's note: Applicability of tunnel vs transport mode still need
to be discussed.]
5.6. RSVP Notify Messages
[RFC3473] introduces the Notify message and allows such Notify
messages to be sent in a non-hop-by-hop fashion. As discussed in the
Security Considerations section of [RFC3473], this can interfere with
RSVP's hop-by-hop integrity and authentication model. [RFC3473]
describes how standard IPsec based integrity and authentication can
be used to protect Notify messages. We observe that, alternatively,
in some environments, group keying may allow use of regular RSVP
authentication ([RFC2747]) for protection of non-hop-by-hop Notify
messages. For example, this may be applicable to controlled
environments where nodes invoking notification requests are known to
belong to the same key group as nodes generating Notify messages.
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
6. End Host Considerations
Unless RSVP Proxy entities ([I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rsvp-proxy-approaches]
are used, RSVP signaling is controlled by end systems and not
routers. As discussed in [RFC4230], RSVP allows both user-based
security and host-based security. User-based authentication aims at
"providing policy based admission control mechanism based on user
identities or application." To identify the user or the application,
a policy element called AUTH_DATA, which is contained in the
POLICY_DATA object, is created by the RSVP daemon at the user's host
and transmitted inside the RSVP message. This way, a user may
authenticate to the Policy Decision Point (or directly to the first
hop router). Host-based security relies on the same mechanisms as
between routers (i.e. INTEGRITY object ) as specified in [RFC2747].
For host-based security, interface or neighbor based keys may be
used, however, key management with pre-shared keys can be difficult
in a large scale deployment, as described in section 4. In principle
an end host can also be part of a group key scheme, such as GDOI. If
the end systems are part of the same zone of trust as the network
itself, group keying can be extended to include the end systems. If
the end systems and the network are in different zones of trust,
group keying cannot be used.
7. Applicability to Other Architectures and Protocols
While, so far, this document only discusses RSVP security assuming
the traditional RSVP model as defined by [RFC2205] and [RFC2747], the
analysis is also applicable to other RSVP deployment models as well
as to similar protocols:
o Aggregation of RSVP for IPv4 and IPv6 Reservations [RFC3175]: This
scheme defines aggregation of individual RSVP reservations, and
discusses use of RSVP authentication for the signaling messages.
Group keying is applicable to this scheme, particularly when
automatic Deaggregator discovery is used, since in that case, the
Aggregator does not know ahead of time which Deaggregator will
intercept the initial end-to-end RSVP Path message.
o Generic Aggregate Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
Reservations [RFC4860]: This document also discusses aggregation
of individual RSVP reservations. Here again, group keying applies
and is mentioned in the Security Considerations section.
o Aggregation of Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) Reservations
over MPLS TE/DS-TE Tunnels [RFC4804]([RFC4804]): This scheme also
defines a form of aggregation of RSVP reservation but this time
over MPLS TE Tunnels. Similarly, group keying may be used in such
an environment.
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
o Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN): [I-D.ietf-pcn-architecture]
defines an architecture for flow admission and termination based
on aggregated pre-congestion information. One deployment model
for this architecture is based on IntServ over DiffServ: the
DiffServ region is PCN-enabled, RSVP signalling is used end-to-end
but the PCN-domain is a single RSVP hop, i.e. only the PCN-
boundary-nodes process RSVP messages. In this scenario, RSVP
authentication may be required among PCN-boundary-nodes and the
considerations about keying approaches discussed earlier in this
document apply. In particular, group keying may facilitate
operations since the ingress PCN-boundary-node does not
necessarily know ahead of time which Egress PCN-boundary-node will
intercept and process the initial end-to-end Path message. Note
that from the viewpoint of securing end-to-end RSVP, there are a
lot of similarities in scenarios involving RSVP Aggregation over
aggregate RSVP reservations ([RFC3175], [RFC4860]), RSVP
Aggregation over MPLS-TE tunnels ([RFC4804]), and RSVP
(Aggregation) over PCN ingress-egress aggregates.
8. Security Considerations
This entire document discusses RSVP security.
9. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank everybody who provided feedback on
this document. Specific thanks to Bob Briscoe, Hannes Tschofenig and
Brian Weis.
10. Changes to Previous Version
The following changes were made in version 01:
o New section "Applicability to Other Architectures and Protocols":
Goal is to clarify the scope of this document: The idea presented
here is also applicable to other architectures
(PCN[I-D.ietf-pcn-architecture], RFC3175 and RFC4860, etc.
o Clarified the scope of this document versus RFC4230 (in the
introduction, last paragraph).
o Added a section on "End Host Considerations".
o Expanded section 5.5 (RSVP Encryption) to clarify that GDOI
contains all necessary mechanisms to do RSVP encrpytion.
o Tried to clarify the "trust to do what?" question raised by Bob
Briscoe in a mail on 26 Jul 2007. See the section on trust model.
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
o Lots of small editorial changes (references, typos, figures, etc).
o Added an Acknowledgements section.
11. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-pcn-architecture]
Eardley, P., "Pre-Congestion Notification Architecture",
October 2007.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-rsvp-proxy-approaches]
Faucheur, F., "RSVP Proxy Approaches",
draft-ietf-tsvwg-rsvp-proxy-approaches-02 (work in
progress), September 2007.
[I-D.weis-gdoi-for-rsvp]
Weis, B., "Group Domain of Interpretation (GDOI) support
for RSVP", July 2007.
[RFC2205] Braden, B., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., and S.
Jamin, "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1
Functional Specification", RFC 2205, September 1997.
[RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
[RFC2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange
(IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998.
[RFC2747] Baker, F., Lindell, B., and M. Talwar, "RSVP Cryptographic
Authentication", RFC 2747, January 2000.
[RFC3175] Baker, F., Iturralde, C., Le Faucheur, F., and B. Davie,
"Aggregation of RSVP for IPv4 and IPv6 Reservations",
RFC 3175, September 2001.
[RFC3473] Berger, L., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic
Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473, January 2003.
[RFC3547] Baugher, M., Weis, B., Hardjono, T., and H. Harney, "The
Group Domain of Interpretation", RFC 3547, July 2003.
[RFC3562] Leech, M., "Key Management Considerations for the TCP MD5
Signature Option", RFC 3562, July 2003.
[RFC4230] Tschofenig, H. and R. Graveman, "RSVP Security
Properties", RFC 4230, December 2005.
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
[RFC4306] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
RFC 4306, December 2005.
[RFC4804] Le Faucheur, F., "Aggregation of Resource ReSerVation
Protocol (RSVP) Reservations over MPLS TE/DS-TE Tunnels",
RFC 4804, February 2007.
[RFC4860] Le Faucheur, F., Davie, B., Bose, P., Christou, C., and M.
Davenport, "Generic Aggregate Resource ReSerVation
Protocol (RSVP) Reservations", RFC 4860, May 2007.
Authors' Addresses
Michael H. Behringer
Cisco Systems Inc
Village d'Entreprises Green Side
400, Avenue Roumanille, Batiment T 3
Biot - Sophia Antipolis 06410
France
Email: mbehring@cisco.com
URI: http://www.cisco.com
Francois Le Faucheur
Cisco Systems Inc
Village d'Entreprises Green Side
400, Avenue Roumanille, Batiment T 3
Biot - Sophia Antipolis 06410
France
Email: flefauch@cisco.com
URI: http://www.cisco.com
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft RSVP Keying Applicability November 2007
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
Acknowledgment
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
Administrative Support Activity (IASA).
Behringer & Le Faucheur Expires May 19, 2008 [Page 14]