Network Working Group G. Bernstein
Internet Draft Grotto Networking
Intended status: Standards Track Y. Lee
Expires: August 2008 Huawei
February 21, 2008
Signaling Extensions for Wavelength Switched Optical Networks
draft-bernstein-ccamp-wson-signaling-01.txt
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Abstract
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This memo provides extensions to Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) signaling for control of wavelength switched
optical networks (WSON). These extensions build on previous work for
the control of G.709 based networks.
Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [RFC2119].
Table of Contents
1. Introduction...................................................2
2. Terminology....................................................3
3. WSON Signal Types, Forward Error Correction, and Rates.........3
3.1. Traffic Parameters for WSON signals.......................3
4. Distributed Wavelength Assignment..............................5
4.1. Wavelength Sets...........................................5
4.1.1. Inclusive/Exclusive Wavelength Lists.................6
4.1.2. Inclusive/Exclusive Wavelength Ranges................7
4.1.3. Bitmap Wavelength Set................................7
4.2. Wavelength Assignment Method Selection....................9
4.3. Supplemental Information for Wavelength Assignment........9
4.4. Least-Loaded Wavelength Assignment (informational).......11
5. Security Considerations.......................................12
6. IANA Considerations...........................................12
7. Acknowledgments...............................................12
8. References....................................................13
8.1. Normative References.....................................13
8.2. Informative References...................................13
9. Contributors..................................................14
Author's Addresses...............................................14
Intellectual Property Statement..................................15
Disclaimer of Validity...........................................15
1. Introduction
This memo provides extensions to Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) signaling for control of wavelength switched
optical networks (WSON). In particular, extensions are given to
characterize optical signal types via traffic parameters, control a
distributed wavelength assignment process, and convey information
necessary for that process in a compact manner. These extensions
build on previous work for the control of G.709 based networks.
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2. Terminology
CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
FOADM: Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer.
ROADM: Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer. A reduced port
count wavelength selective switching element featuring ingress and
egress line side ports as well as add/drop side ports.
RWA: Routing and Wavelength Assignment.
Wavelength Conversion/Converters: The process of converting an
information bearing optical signal centered at a given wavelength to
one with "equivalent" content centered at a different wavelength.
Wavelength conversion can be implemented via an optical-electronic-
optical (OEO) process or via a strictly optical process.
WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSON): WDM based optical
networks in which switching is performed selectively based on the
center wavelength of an optical signal.
3. WSON Signal Types, Forward Error Correction, and Rates
Although WSONs are fairly transparent to the signals they carry, to
ensure compatibility amongst various networks devices and end systems
it can be important to include key lightpath characteristics as
traffic parameters in signaling [WSON-Frame].
3.1. Traffic Parameters for WSON signals
As in [RFC4606] and [RFC4328] the following traffic parameters would
become the contents for the RSVP SENDER_TSPEC and FLOWSPEC objects.
The WSON traffic parameters SHOULD be defined as follows:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Mod Type | Mod Params| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| BitRate/Analog Bandwidth |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Modulation (Mod) Types:
We have potentially the following:
Value Type
----- ----
0 Unspecified or Unknown
1 NRZ
2 RZ
Modulation Parameters(Mod Params):
RZ 0 - 33%, 1 - 50%, 2 - 67% duty cycles
See [G.959.1] and [Winzer06].
These are specific to the modulation type employed and may or may not
be used. For example NRZ modulation typically doesn't have extra
parameters, while RZ modulation has a duty cycle parameter.
Bitrate/Analog Bandwidth:
For digital signals this is the bit rate given as a 32 bit IEEE
floating point number.
For analog signals or when modulation type is given as 0
(unspecified), this is the bandwidth of the signal around the center
frequency (c/lambda) and not the bit/byte rate. This is given as a 32
bit IEEE floating point number that represents the bandwidth in
Hertz. The exact definition of bandwidth, e.g., 3dB power bandwidth,
etc. is TBD and may be network specific.
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4. Distributed Wavelength Assignment
As indicated in the WSON framework document [WSON-Frame] that the use
of a signaling protocol to perform distributed wavelength assignment
may be highly desirable.
4.1. Wavelength Sets
The LABEL_SET mechanism of [RFC3471] and [RFC3473] can be used to
describe the current set of available labels. However, the size of
the label set object is of potential concern in WSON signaling since
the number of channels in commercial WDM systems continues to grow.
In the following, a more compact representation of wavelength label
sets is given.
The starting point for our label sets is the lambda label format
defined in [Otani] and enhance on the CCAMP mailing list shown below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Where
Grid is used to indicate which ITU-T grid specification is being
used.
C.S. = Channel spacing used in a DWDM system, i.e., with a ITU-T
G.694.1 grid.
S = sign of the offset from the center frequency of 193.1THz for the
ITU-T 6.694.1 grid.
n = Used to specify the frequency as 193.1THz +/- n*(channel spacing)
where the + or - is chosen based on the sign (S) bit.
The general format for a wavelength set is given below. This format
uses the Action concept from [RFC3471] with an additional Action to
define a "bit map" type of label set. Note that the second 32 bit
field is a lambda label in the previously defined format. This
provides important information on the WDM grid type and channel
spacing that will be used in the more compact encodings.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Action | Reserved | Num Wavelengths |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Additional fields as necessary per action |
|
Action:
0 - Inclusive List
1 - Exclusive List
2 - Inclusive Range
3 - Exclusive Range
4 - Bitmap Set
4.1.1. Inclusive/Exclusive Wavelength Lists
In the case of the inclusive/exclusive lists the wavelength set
format is given by:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Action=0 or 1 | Reserved | Num Wavelengths |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| n2 | n3
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| nm | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Where Num Wavelengths tells us the number of wavelength in this
inclusive or exclusive list this does not include the initial
wavelength in the list hence if the number of wavelengths is odd then
zero padding of the last half word is required.
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This format for the wavelength set results in over a 50% reduction in
the size wavelength set object and that this object can get
significantly larger as the number of WDM channels grows.
4.1.2. Inclusive/Exclusive Wavelength Ranges
In the case of inclusive/exclusive ranges the wavelength set format
is given by:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Action=2 or 3 | Reserved | Num Wavelengths |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
In this case Num Wavelengths specifies the number of wavelengths in
the range starting at the given wavelength and incrementing the Num
Wavelengths number of channel spacing up in frequency (regardless of
the value of the sign bit). This encoding results in over a 50% space
saving over the RFC3471 label set. However since the label set object
in this case was quite compact already this only important when
multiple ranges are used to specify a complete wavelength set.
4.1.3. Bitmap Wavelength Set
In the case of Action = the bitmap the wavelength set format is given
by:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Action = 4 | Reserved | Num Wavelengths |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Bit Map Word #1 (Lowest frequency channels) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Bit Map Word #N (Highest frequency channels) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Where Num Wavelengths in this case tells us the number of wavelengths
represented by the bit map which is required to be ceiling[(Num
Wavelengths)/32]. Each bit in the bit map represents a particular
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frequency with a value of 1/0 indicating the frequency is
available/not-available. Bit position zero represents the lowest
frequency, while each succeeding bit position represents the next
frequency a channel spacing (C.S.) above the previous.
Example:
A 40 channel C-Band DWDM system with 100GHz spacing with lowest
frequency 192.0THz (1561.4nm) and highest frequency 195.9THz
(1530.3nm). These frequencies correspond to n = -11, and n = 28
respectively. Now suppose the following channels are available:
Frequency(THz) n Value bit map position
--------------------------------------------------
192.0 -11 0
192.5 -6 5
193.1 0 11
193.9 8 19
194.0 9 20
195.2 21 32
195.8 27 38
With the Grid value set to indicate an ITU-T G.694.1 DWDM grid, C.S.
set to indicate 100GHz, and with S (sign) set to indicate negative
this lambda bit map set would then be encoded as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Action = 4 | Reserved | Num Wavelengths = 40 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Grid | C.S. |S| Reserved | n for lowest frequency = 11 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0| Not used in 40 Channel system (all zeros) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Note that the consistent use of a bit map wavelength set allows for
simple and efficient bit/byte operations to determine available
wavelengths along a path rather than processing lists of wavelength
labels.
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4.2. Wavelength Assignment Method Selection
As discussed in [HZang00] a number of different wavelength assignment
algorithms maybe employed. In addition as discussed in [WSON-Frame]
the wavelength assignment can be either for a unidirectional
lightpath or for a bidirectional lightpath constrained to use the
same lambda in both directions. A simple TLV could be used to
indication wavelength assignment directionality and wavelength
assignment method. This would be placed in an LSP_REQUIRED_ATTRIBUTES
object per [RFC4420]. The use of a TLV in the LSP required attributes
object was pointed out in [Xu].
Directionality: 0 unidirectional, 1 bidirectional
Wavelength Assignment Method: 0 unspecified (any), 1 First-Fit, 2
Random, 3 Least-Loaded (multi-fiber). Others TBD.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Direction | WA Method | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
4.3. Supplemental Information for Wavelength Assignment
Distributed wavelength assignment makes extensive use of the label
set object/TLV of [RFC3471]. Some higher performance algorithms
suitable for multi-fiber networks such as Least-Loaded assignment
require supplemental information concerning the potential lambdas to
be used. An ordered set of TLVs in correspondence with the group of
one or more label set TLVs can be used to convey this information in
the form of a general wavelength "acceptability" metric.
Note that the label set syntax of [RFC3471] allows group of
wavelengths into ranges. For the purpose of supplementing this
information with wavelength count only those wavelengths with the
same counts could be grouped.
The general format for supplemental wavelength selection information
could be as follows:
The information carried in a Wavelength Set Metric TLV is:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Info Type | Metric Size | Num Metrics |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Wavelength Metric Info |
| From lowest to highest frequency if more that one value |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Info Type: 8 bits
0 - Single Value
The enclosed single value for the wavelength metric is given to all
wavelengths in the corresponding wavelength set.
1 - List
The enclosed list gets applied in a one-to-one fashion to each
wavelength in the corresponding wavelength set. An error occurs if
the number of metrics in this list and the number of wavelengths in
the wavelength set is not equal.
Metric Size:
Indicates the size of the wavelength metric information as follows
0 - 8 bits
1 - 16 bits
2 - 32 bits
Number 0f Metrics: 24 bits
Wavelength Metric: (1, 2, or 4 octets)
The wavelength metric represents in some fashion the
desirability or lack thereof to use this wavelength over another
available wavelength. Different wavelength assignment algorithms may
use this information differently.
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4.4. Least-Loaded Wavelength Assignment (informational)
The Least-Loaded wavelength assignment algorithm [HZang00] can be
implemented in a distributed fashion via signaling with the addition
of channel count metric information. Least-loaded assignment applies
to multi-fiber links hence the supplemental information pertains to
the number of available channels at a particular wavelength. Hence
the subchannel metric of section 4.3. would simple be the channel
count of a particular wavelength.
The per node processing to implement the least-loaded assignment
algorithm consists of receiving the label set and supplementary
information TLVs (wavelengths and their channel counts) and taking
the minimum of the received channel counts and the egress channel
counts on a per wavelength basis. Where wavelengths with zero
available channels will be discarded from the label set. The
resulting channel counts and wavelength set will then be forwarded on
to the next node for processing. For more details on least loaded
wavelength assignment see [WSON-Frame] and [HZang00].
Example: Wavelength set and wavelength channel count metric for the
previous 40 Channel DWDM system. Suppose that in the previous 40
channel system was also a multi-fiber system and that the wavelengths
(frequencies) have the following number of channels (this is a multi-
fiber system) available:
Frequency(THz) channels available
-----------------------------------------
192.0 3
192.5 2
193.1 1
193.9 2
194.0 2
195.2 1
195.8 1
Then the wavelength metric list corresponding to the wavelength set
of the example in section 4.1.3. could be given by:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Info Type=1 | M.Size = 0 | Num Metrics = 7 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 2 | 1 | 1 | Padded to 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
5. Security Considerations
This document has no requirement for a change to the security models
within GMPLS and associated protocols. That is the OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE,
and PCEP security models could be operated unchanged.
However satisfying the requirements for RWA using the existing
protocols may significantly affect the loading of those protocols.
This makes the operation of the network more vulnerable to denial of
service attacks. Therefore additional care maybe required to ensure
that the protocols are secure in the WSON environment.
Furthermore the additional information distributed in order to
address the RWA problem represents a disclosure of network
capabilities that an operator may wish to keep private. Consideration
should be given to securing this information.
6. IANA Considerations
TBD. Once finalized in our approach we will need identifiers for such
things and modulation types, modulation parameters, wavelength
assignment methods, etc...
7. Acknowledgments
This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.
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8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3471] Berger, L., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description", RFC 3471,
January 2003.
[RFC3473] Berger, L., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-
Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473,
January 2003.
[RFC4328] Papadimitriou, D., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Extensions for G.709 Optical
Transport Networks Control", RFC 4328, January 2006.
[RFC4420] Farrel, A., Ed., Papadimitriou, D., Vasseur, J.-P., and A.
Ayyangar, "Encoding of Attributes for Multiprotocol Label
Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Path (LSP) Establishment
Using Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering
(RSVP-TE)", RFC 4420, February 2006.
[RFC4606] Mannie, E. and D. Papadimitriou, "Generalized Multi-
Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Extensions for Synchronous
Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SDH) Control", RFC 4606, August 2006.
8.2. Informative References
[WSON-Frame] G. Bernstein, Y. Lee, W. Imajuku, "Framework for GMPLS
and PCE Control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks",
work in progress: draft-bernstein-ccamp-wavelength-
switched-03.txt, February 2008.
[HZang00] H. Zang, J. Jue and B. Mukherjeee, "A review of routing and
wavelength assignment approaches for wavelength-routed
optical WDM networks", Optical Networks Magazine, January
2000.
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[Otani] T. Otani, H. Guo, K. Miyazaki, D. Caviglia, "Generalized
Labels of Lambda-Switching Capable Label Switching Routers
(LSR)", work in progress: draft-otani-ccamp-gmpls-lambda-
labels-01.txt, November 2007.
[Xu] S. Xu, D. King, "Extensions to GMPLS RSVP-TE for
Bidirectional Lightpath the Same Wavelength", work in
progress: draft-xu-rsvpte-bidir-wave-01, November 2007.
[Winzer06] Peter J. Winzer and Rene-Jean Essiambre, "Advanced
Optical Modulation Formats", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.
94, no. 5, pp. 952-985, May 2006.
[G.959.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.959.1, Optical Transport Network
Physical Layer Interfaces, March 2006.
[G.694.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.694.1, Spectral grids for WDM
applications: DWDM frequency grid, June 2002.
[G.694.2] ITU-T Recommendation G.694.2, Spectral grids for WDM
applications: CWDM wavelength grid, December 2003.
[G.Sup43] ITU-T Series G Supplement 43, Transport of IEEE 10G base-R
in optical transport networks (OTN), November 2006.
9. Contributors
Author's Addresses
Greg Bernstein (ed.)
Grotto Networking
Fremont, CA, USA
Phone: (510) 573-2237
Email: gregb@grotto-networking.com
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Young Lee (ed.)
Huawei Technologies
1700 Alma Drive, Suite 100
Plano, TX 75075
USA
Phone: (972) 509-5599 (x2240)
Email: ylee@huawei.com
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