EAP                                                           F. Bersani
Internet-Draft                                        France Telecom R&D
Expires: March 2, 2005                                    September 2004


           The EAP-PSK Protocol: a Pre-Shared Key EAP Method
                        draft-bersani-eap-psk-06

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   This document is an Internet-Draft and is subject to all provisions
   of section 3 of RFC 3667.  By submitting this Internet-Draft, each
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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).

Abstract

   This document specifies EAP-PSK, an Extensible Authentication
   Protocol (EAP) method for mutual authentication and session key
   derivation using a Pre-Shared Key (PSK).
   In case mutual authentication is successful, EAP-PSK provides a
   protected channel for both parties to communicate over.  In this
   document, this protected channel is used to exchange protected result
   indications.  In the future, it may be used to implement extensions
   for EAP-PSK.



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   EAP-PSK is designed for authentication over insecure networks such as
   IEEE 802.11.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.1   Design goals for EAP-PSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
       1.1.1   Simplicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
       1.1.2   Wide Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
       1.1.3   Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
       1.1.4   Extensibility  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.2   Specification of Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.3   Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     1.4   Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     1.5   Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   2.  Protocol overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     2.1   EAP-PSK key hierarchy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       2.1.1   The PSK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
       2.1.2   The TEK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       2.1.3   The MSK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       2.1.4   The EMSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       2.1.5   The IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     2.2   Cryptographic design of EAP-PSK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       2.2.1   The Key Setup  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
       2.2.2   The Authenticated Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       2.2.3   The Protected Channel  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     2.3   EAP-PSK Message Flows  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       2.3.1   EAP-PSK Standard Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . 19
       2.3.2   EAP-PSK Extended Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   3.  EAP-PSK Message format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     3.1   EAP-PSK First Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     3.2   EAP-PSK Second Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     3.3   EAP-PSK Third Message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     3.4   EAP-PSK Fourth Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   4.  Rules of Operation for the EAP-PSK Protected Channel . . . . . 31
     4.1   Protected Result Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       4.1.1   CONT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       4.1.2   DONE_SUCCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       4.1.3   DONE_FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     4.2   Extended Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   5.  IANA considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
     5.1   Allocation of an EAP-Request/Response Type for EAP-PSK . . 35
     5.2   Allocation of EXT Type numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     6.1   Mutual Authentications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     6.2   Protected Result Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     6.3   Integrity Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
     6.4   Replay Protection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38



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     6.5   Dictionary Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
     6.6   Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
     6.7   Denial of Service Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
     6.8   Session Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     6.9   Exposition of the PSK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     6.10  Fragmentation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     6.11  Channel Binding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     6.12  Fast Reconnect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     6.13  Identity Protection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
     6.14  Protected Ciphersuite Negotiation  . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
     6.15  Confidentiality  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
     6.16  Cryptographic Binding  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
     6.17  Implementation of EAP-PSK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
   7.  Security Claims  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
   8.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
   9.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
   9.1   Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
   9.2   Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
       Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
   A.  Generation of the PSK from a password - Discouraged  . . . . . 52
       Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 53






























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1.  Introduction

1.1  Design goals for EAP-PSK

   The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [2] provides an
   authentication framework which supports multiple authentication
   methods.

   This document specifies an EAP method
 called EAP-PSK that uses a
   Pre-Shared Key (PSK).

   EAP-PSK is the result of developments made at France Telecom R&D in
   2003-2004.  It is published as an RFC for the general information of
   the Internet community and to allow independent implementations.

   Because PSKs are of frequent use in security protocols, other
   protocols may also refer to a PSK or contain this word in their name.
   For instance, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) [53], specifies an
   authentication mode called "WPA-PSK".  EAP-PSK is distinct from these
   protocols and should not be confused with them.

   Design goals for EAP-PSK were:
   o  Simplicity: EAP-PSK should be easy to implement and deploy without
      any pre-existing infrastructure.  It should be available quickly
      as new protocols, such as IEEE 802.11i [30], that employ EAP in a
      different threat model than PPP [48] and thus require "modern" EAP
      methods, have been recently released.
   o  Wide applicability: EAP-PSK should be suitable to authenticate
      over any network, and in particular over IEEE 802.11 [31] wireless
      LANs.
   o  Security: EAP-PSK should be conservative in its cryptographic
      design.
   o  Extensibility: EAP-PSK should be easily extensible.

1.1.1  Simplicity

   For the sake of simplicity, EAP-PSK relies on a single cryptographic
   primitive, AES-128 [9].

   Restricting to such a primitive, and in particular, not using
   asymmetric cryptography like Diffie-Hellman key exchange, makes
   EAP-PSK:
   o  Easy to understand and implement while avoiding cryptographic
      negotiations.
   o  Light-weight and well suited for any type of device, especially
      those with little processing power and memory.

   However, as further discussed in Section 6, this prevents EAP-PSK



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   from offering advanced features such as identity protection, password
   support or Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS).  This choice has been
   deliberately made as a trade-off between simplicity and security.

   For the sake of simplicity, EAP-PSK has also chosen a fixed message
   format and not a Type-Length-Value (TLV) design.

1.1.2  Wide Applicability

   EAP-PSK has been designed in a threat model where the attacker has
   full control over the communication channel.  This is the EAP threat
   model that is presented in Section 7.1 of [2].

1.1.3  Security

   Since the design of authenticated key exchange is notoriously known
   to be hard and error prone, EAP-PSK tries to avoid inventing any new
   cryptographic mechanism.  It attempts to build instead on existing
   primitives and protocols that have been reviewed by the cryptographic
   community.

1.1.4  Extensibility

   EAP-PSK explicitly provides a mechanism to allow for future
   extensions within its protected channel (see Section 2.2.3).  Thanks
   to this mechanism, EAP-PSK will be able to provide more sophisticated
   services, as the need to do so appears.

1.2  Specification of Requirements

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [5].

1.3  Terminology

   Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) Please refer to
             [12] for more details.
   AES-128   A block cipher specified in the Advanced Encryption
             Standard, please refer to [9] for more details.
   Authentication Key (AK) A 16-byte key derived from the PSK that the
             EAP peer and server use to mutually authenticate.
   AKEP2     An authenticated key exchange protocol, please refer to [3]
             for more details.
   Backend Authentication Server A Backend Authentication Server is an
             entity that provides an authentication service to an
             Authenticator.  When used, this server typically executes
             EAP Methods for the Authenticator (This terminology is also



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             used in [29], and has the same meaning in this document).
   Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Please refer to [2] for more
             details.
   EAP Authenticator (or simply Authenticator) The end of the EAP link
             initiating the EAP authentication methods.  (This
             terminology is also used in [29], and has the same meaning
             in this document).
   EAP peer (or simply peer) The end of the EAP link that responds to
             the Authenticator.  (In [29], this end is known as the
             Supplicant).
   EAP server (or simply server) The entity that terminates the EAP
             authentication with the peer.  In the case where there is
             no Backend Authentication Server, this term refers to the
             EAP Authenticator.  Where the EAP Authenticator operates in
             pass-through, it refers to the Backend Authentication
             Server.
   EAX       An authenticated-encryption with associated data mode of
             operation for block ciphers, please refer to [4] for more
             details.
   Extended Master Session Key (EMSK) Additional keying material derived
             between the EAP peer and server that is exported by the EAP
             method.  The EMSK is reserved for future uses that are not
             defined yet and is not provided to a third party.  Please
             refer to [10] for more details.
             EAP-PSK generates a 64-byte EMSK.
   Initialization Vector (IV) A quantity of at least 64 bytes, suitable
             for use in an initialization vector field, that is derived
             between the peer and EAP server.  Since the IV is a known
             value in methods such as EAP-TLS [13], it cannot be used by
             itself for computation of any quantity that needs to remain
             secret.  As a result, its use has been deprecated and EAP
             methods are not required to generate it.  Please refer to
             [10] for more details.
             EAP-PSK does not generate an IV.
   Key-Derivation Key (KDK) A 16-byte key derived from the PSK that the
             EAP peer and server use to derive session keys (namely, the
             TEK, MSK and EMSK).
   Message Authentication Code (MAC) Informally, the purpose of a  MAC
             is to provide assurances regarding both the source of a
             message and its integrity.  Please refer to [42] for more
             details.  IEEE 80211i uses the acronym MIC (Message
             Integrity Check) to avoid confusion with the other meaning
             of the acronym MAC (Medium Access Control).  In this
             document, MAC shall mean Message Authentication Code.
   Master Session Key (MSK) Keying material that is derived between the
             EAP peer and server and exported by the EAP method.  In
             existing implementations a AAA server acting as an EAP
             server transports the MSK to the Authenticator.  Please



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             refer to [10] for more details.
             EAP-PSK generates a 64-byte MSK.
   Network Access Identifier (NAI) The NAI is used to identify the
             parties that are communicating.  Please refer to [1] for
             more details.
   One Key CBC-MAC 1 (OMAC1) A method to generate a Message
             Authentication Code.  OMAC1 is the variant of the OMAC
             message authentication code family that is used by EAP-PSK.
             Please refer to [7] for more details.
   Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) The confidence that the compromise of a
             long-term priva
te key does not compromise any earlier
             session keys.  In other words, once an EAP dialog is
             finished and its corresponding keys are forgotten, even
             someone who has recorded all of the data from the
             connection and gets access to all of the long-term keys of
             the peer and the server cannot reconstruct the keys used to
             protect the conversation without doing a brute force search
             of the session key space.
             EAP-PSK does not have this property.
   Pre-Shared Key (PSK) A Pre-Shared Key simply means a key in symmetric
             cryptography.  This key is derived by some prior mechanism
             and shared between the parties before the protocol using it
             takes place.  It is merely a bit sequence of given length,
             each bit of which has been chosen at random uniformly and
             independently.  For EAP-PSK, the PSK is the long term
             16-byte credential shared by the EAP peer and server.
   Protected Result Indication Please refer to Section 7.16 of [2] for a
             definition of this term.  This feature has been introduced
             because EAP-Success/Failure packets are unidirectional and
             are not protected.
   Transient EAP Key (TEK) A session key which is used to establish a
             protected channel between the EAP peer and server during
             the EAP authentication exchange.  The TEK is appropriate
             for use with the ciphersuite negotiated between the EAP
             peer and server to protect the EAP conversation.  Note that
             the ciphersuite used to set up the protected channel
             between the EAP peer and server during EAP authentication
             is unrelated to the ciphersuite used to subsequently
             protect data sent between the EAP peer and Authenticator.
             Please refer to [10] for more details.
             EAP-PSK uses a 16-byte TEK for its protected channel, which
             is the only ciphersuite available between the EAP peer and
             server to protect the EAP conversation.  This ciphersuite
             uses AES-128 in the EAX mode of operation.

1.4  Conventions

   All numbers presented in this document are considered in network-byte



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   order.

   || denotes concatenation of strings (and not the logical OR).

   MAC(K, String) denotes the MAC of String under the key K (the
   algorithm used in this document to compute the MACs is OMAC1 with
   AES-128, see Section 2.2.2).

   [String] denotes the concatenation of String with the MAC of String
   calculated as specified by the context.  Hence, we have, with K
   specified by the context:
   [String]=String||MAC(K,String) .

   ** denotes integer exponentiation.

   "i" denotes the unsigned binary representation on 16 bytes of the
   integer i in network byte order.  Therefore this notation only makes
   sense when i is between 0 and 2**128-1.

   <i> denotes the unsigned binary representation on 4 bytes of the
   integer i in network byte order.  Therefore this notation only makes
   sense when i is between 0 and 2**32-1.

1.5  Related Work

   At the time this document is written, only three EAP methods are
   standards track EAP methods per IETF terminology (see [18]), namely:
   o  MD5-Challenge (EAP-Request/Response type 4), defined in [2], which
      uses a MD5 challenge similar to [49].
   o  OTP (EAP-Request/Response type 5), defined in [2], which aims at
      providing One-Time Password support similar to [24] and [43].
   o  GTC (EAP-Request/Response type 6), defined in [2], which aims at
      providing Generic Token Card Support.

   Unfortunately, all three methods are deprecated for security reasons
   that are explained in part in [2].

   Myriads of EAP methods have however been otherwise proposed:
   o  One as an experimental RFC (EAP-TLS [13]) - which therefore is not
      a standard (see [28])
   o  Some as individual Internet-Drafts submissions (e.g., [46] or this
      document).
   o  And some even undocumented (e.g., Rob EAP which has
      EAP-Request/Response type 31).

   However, no secure and mature Pre-Shared Key EAP method is yet easily
   and widely available, which is all the more regrettable that
   Pre-Shared Key methods are the most basic ones!



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   The existing proposals for a future Pre-Shared Key EAP method are
   briefly reviewed hereafter (please refer to [17] for a more thorough
   synthesis on EAP methods).

   Among these proposals, there are some which:
   o  Are broken from a security point of view, e.g.:
      *  LEAP which is specified in [41] and which vulnerabilities are
         discussed in [54].
      *  EAP-MSCHAPv2 which is specified in [36] and which
         vulnerabilities are indirectly discussed in [47].
   o  Essentially require additional infrastructure, e.g., EAP-SIM [27],
      EAP-AKA [14] or OTP/token card methods like [33].
   o  Are not shared key methods but often confused with them, namely
      the password methods, e.g., EAP-SRP [19] or SPEKE [32] - which
      wide adoption very unfortunately seem to be hindered by
      Intellectual Property Rights issues.
   o  Are generic tunneling methods which do not essentially rely on
      Pre-Shared Keys as they require a public-key certificate for the
      server and allow the peer to authenticate with whatever EAP method
      or even other non-EAP authentication mechanisms, namely [34] and
      [23].
   o  Are abandoned but have provided the basis for EAP-PSK, namely,
      EAP-Archie [52].
   o  Are possible alternatives to EAP-PSK (i.e., claimed to be secure
      and subject of active work):
      *  EAP-FAST [46].
      *  EAP-IKEv2 [51].
      *  EAP-TLS (when shared key/password support is added to TLS, see
         [55]).

   EAP-PSK differs from the aforementioned methods on the following
   points:
   o  No attacks on EAP-PSK within its threat model has yet been found.
   o  EAP-PSK was not designed to leverage a pre-existing
      infrastructure.  Thus, it does not inherit potential limitations
      of such an infrastructure and it should be easier to deploy "from
      scratch".
   o  EAP-PSK wished to avoid IPR blockages.
   o  EAP-PSK does not have any dependencies on protocols other than
      EAP.
   o  EAP-PSK restricted to simply proposing a Pre-Shared Key method
      with symmetric cryptography
      *  To remain simple to understand and implement
      *  To avoid potentially complex configurations and negotiations
   o  EAP-PSK was designed with efficiency in mind.






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2.  Protocol overview

2.1  EAP-PSK key hierarchy

   This section presents the key hierarchy used by EAP-PSK.  This
   hierarchy is inspired by the EAP Key hierarchy described in [10].

2.1.1  The PSK

   EAP-PSK uses a 16-byte Pre-Shared Key called the PSK as its long term
   credential.

   This PSK is shared between the EAP peer and the EAP server.

   EAP-PSK assumes that the PSK is known only to the EAP peer and EAP
   server.  The security properties of the protocol may be compromised
   if it has wider distribution.

   EAP-PSK also assumes the EAP server and EAP peer identify the correct
   PSK to use with each other thanks to their respective NAIs.

   This PSK is used, as shown in Figure 1, to derive two 16-byte
   subkeys, respectively called the Authentication Key (AK) and the
   Key-Derivation Key (KDK).  This derivation need only be done once: it
   is called the key setup, see Section
2.2.1.

                   +---------------------------+
                   |            PSK            |
                   |        (16 bytes)         |
                   +---------------------------+
                      |                     |
                      v                     v
   +---------------------------+     +---------------------------+
   |            AK             |     |            KDK            |
   |        (16 bytes)         |     |        (16 bytes)         |
   +---------------------------+     +---------------------------+

            Figure 1: Derivation of AK and KDK from the PSK


2.1.1.1  AK

   EAP-PSK uses AK to mutually authenticate the EAP peer and the EAP
   server.

2.1.1.2  KDK

   EAP-PSK uses KDK to derive session keys shared by the EAP peer and



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   the EAP server (namely, the TEK, MSK and EMSK).

2.1.2  The TEK

   EAP-PSK derives a 16-byte TEK thanks to a random number exchanged
   during authentication (RAND_S, see Section 3.1) and KDK.

   This TEK is used to implement a protected channel for both mutually
   authenticated parties to communicate over securely.

2.1.3  The MSK

   EAP-PSK derives a MSK thanks to a random number exchanged during
   authentication (RAND_S, see Section 3.1) and the KDK.

   The MSK is 64 bytes long, which complies with [2].

2.1.4  The EMSK

   EAP-PSK derives an EMSK thanks to a random number exchanged during
   authentication (RAND_S, see Section 3.1) and the KDK.

   The EMSK is 64 bytes long, which complies with [2].

2.1.5  The IV

   EAP-PSK does not derive any IV, which complies with [10].

2.2  Cryptographic design of EAP-PSK

   EAP-PSK relies on a single cryptographic primitive, a block cipher,
   which is instantiated with AES-128.  AES-128 takes a 16-byte
   Pre-Shared Key and a 16-byte Plain Text block as inputs.  It outputs
   a 16-byte Cipher Text block.  For a detailed description of AES-128,
   please refer to [9].

   AES-128 has been chosen because:
   o  It is standardized and implementations are widely available.
   o  It has been carefully reviewed by the cryptographic community and
      is believed to be secure.

   Other block ciphers could easily be proposed for EAP-PSK, as EAP-PSK
   does not intricately depend on AES-128.  The only parameters of
   AES-128 that EAP-PSK depends on, are the AES-128 block and key size
   (16 bytes).  For the sake of simplicity, EAP-PSK has however been
   chosen to restrict to a single mandatory block cipher and not allow
   the negotiation of other block ciphers.  In case AES-128 is
   deprecated for security reasons, EAP-PSK should also be deprecated



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   and a cut-and-paste EAP-PSK' should be defined with another block
   cipher.  This EAP-PSK' should not be backward compatible with EAP-PSK
   because of the security issues with AES-128.  EAP-PSK' should
   therefore use a different EAP-Request/Response Type number.  With the
   EAP-Request/Response Type number space structure defined in [2], this
   should not be a problem.

   EAP-PSK uses three cryptographic parts:
   o  A key setup to derive AK and KDK from the PSK.
   o  An authenticated key exchange protocol to mutually authenticate
      the communicating parties and derive session keys.
   o  A protected channel protocol for both mutually authenticated
      parties to communicate over.

2.2.1  The Key Setup

   EAP-PSK needs two cryptographically separated 16-byte subkeys for
   mutual authentication and session key derivation.  Indeed, it is a
   rule of the thumb in cryptography to use different keys for different
   applications.

   It could have implemented these two subkeys either by specifying a
   32-byte PSK that would then be split in two 16-byte subkeys, or by
   specifying a 16-byte PSK that would then be cryptographically
   expanded to two 16-byte subkeys.

   Because provisioning a 32-byte long term credential is more
   cumbersome than a 16-byte one, and the strength of the derived
   session keys is 16 bytes either ways, the latter option was chosen.

   Hence, the PSK is only used by EAP-PSK to derive AK and KDK.  It is
   RECOMMENDED that this derivation be done only once, immediately after
   the PSK has been provisioned.  As soon as AK and KDK have been
   derived, the PSK MAY be deleted.  If the PSK is deleted, it SHOULD be
   done so securely (see, for instance, [20] for guidance on secure
   deletion of the PSK).

   Derivation of AK and KDK from the PSK is called the key setup:
   o  The input to the key setup is the PSK.
   o  The outputs of the key setup are AK and KDK.

   AK and KDK are derived from the PSK using the modified counter mode
   of operation of AES-128.  The modified counter mode is a length
   increasing function, i.e., it expands one AES-128 input block into a
   longer t-block output, where t>=2.  This mode was chosen for the key
   setup because it had already been chosen for the derivation of the
   session keys (see Section 2.2.2).




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   The details of the derivation of AK and KDK from the PSK are shown in
   Figure 2.

   +--------------------------+
   |            "0"           |
   |  Input Block (16 bytes)  |
   +--------------------------+
                 |
                 v
        +----------------+
        |                |
        | AES-128(PSK,.) |
        |                |
        +----------------+
                 |
                 |
                 +----------------------------+
                 |                            |
                 v                            v
   +--------+  +---+            +--------+  +---+
   | c1="1" |->|XOR|            | c2="2" |->|XOR|
   |16 bytes|  +---+            |16 bytes|  +---+
   +--------+    |              +--------+    |
                 |                            |
        +----------------+            +----------------+
        |                |            |                |
        | AES-128(PSK,.) |            | AES-128(PSK,.) |
        |                |            |                |
        +----------------+            +----------------+
                 |                            |
                 |                            |
                 v                            v
    +------------------------+    +------------------------+
    |           AK           |    |          KDK           |
    |       (16 bytes)       |    |      (16 bytes)        |
    +------------------------+    +------------------------+

       Figure 2: Derivation of AK and KDK from the PSK in Details

   The input block is "0".  For the sake of simplicity, this input block
   has been chosen constant: it could have been set to a value depending
   on the peer and the server (for instance, the XOR of their respective
   NAIs appropriately truncated or zero-padded), but this did not seem
   to add much security to the scheme, whereas it added complexity.  Any
   16-byte constant could have been chosen, as the security is not
   supposed to depend on the particular value taken by the constant.
   "0" was arbitrarily chosen.




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2.2.2  The Authenticated Key Exchange

   The authentication protocol used by EAP-PSK is inspired of AKEP2
   which is described in [3].

   AKEP2 consists of a one and half round trip exchange, as shown in
   Figure 3.

   Bob                                                       Alice
    |
      A||RA                            |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                          |
    |                     [B||A||RA||RB]                       |
    |--------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                          |
    |                        [A||RB]                           |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------|

                      Figure 3: Overview of AKEP2

   In AKEP2,
   o  RA and RB are random numbers chosen respectively by Alice and Bob.
   o  A and B are Alice's and Bob's respective identities.  They allow
      Alice and Bob to retrieve the key that they have to use to run an
      authenticated key exchange between each other.  They are also
      included in the protocol for cryptographic reasons.
   o  The MACs (see Section 1.4 for the notation "[]") are calculated
      using a dedicated key.

   EAP-PSK instantiates this protocol with:
   o  The server as Alice and the peer as Bob.
   o  RA and RB as 16-byte random numbers.
   o  A and B as Alice's and Bob's respective NAIs.
   o  The MAC algorithm as OMAC1 with AES-128 using AK and producing a
      tag length of 16 bytes.
   o  The modified counter mode of operation of AES-128 using KDK, to
      derive session keys as a result of this exchange.

   OMAC1 was chosen as the MAC algorithm because it is capable of
   handling of arbitrary length messages, and its design is simple.  It
   also enjoys a security proof.  It is also under consideration by NIST
   for standardization.  For a detailed description of OMAC1, please
   refer to [7].

   In AKEP2 the key exchange is "implicit": the session keys are derived
   from RB.  In EAP-PSK, the session keys are also derived from RB by
   using KDK and the modified counter mode of operation of AES-128
   described in [6].  This mode was chosen because it is a simple key



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   derivation schemes that relies on a block cipher and has a proof of
   its security.  It is a length increasing function, i.e., it expands
   one AES-128 input block into a longer t-block output, where t>=2.
   The derivation of the session keys is shown in Figure 4.

   +--------------------------+      +-------------------------------+
   |           RB             |      |              KDK              |
   |  Input Block (16 bytes)  |      | Key Derivation Key (16 bytes) |
   +--------------------------+      +-------------------------------+
               |                                     |
               v                                     v
   +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                                                                 |
   |                         Modified Counter Mode                   |
   |                                                                 |
   +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
          |                     |                         |
          v                     v                         v
   +------------+   +----------------------+   +----------------------+
   |     TEK    |   |          MSK         |   |         EMSK         |
   | (16 bytes) |   |      (64 bytes)      |   |      (64 bytes)      |
   +------------+   +----------------------+   +----------------------+

                Figure 4: Derivation of the Session Keys

      The input to the derivation of the session keys is RB.
      The outputs of the derivation of the session keys are:
      *  The 16-byte TEK (the first output block).
      *  The 64-byte MSK (the concatenation of the second to fifth
         output blocks).
      *  The 64-byte EMSK (the concatenation of the sixth to ninth
         output blocks).

   The details of the derivation of the session keys are shown in Figure
   5.

   +--------------------------+
   |           RB             |
   |  Input Block (16 bytes)  |
   +--------------------------+
                 |
                 v
        +----------------+
        |                |
        | AES-128(KDK,.) |
        |                |
        +----------------+
                 |



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                 |
                 +---------------------+-- - - - - - - - - - --+
                 |                     |                       |
                 v                     v                       v
   +--------+  +---+     +--------+  +---+       +--------+  +---+
   | c1="1" |->|XOR|     | c2="2" |->|XOR|.......| c9="9" |->|XOR|
   |16 bytes|  +---+     |16 bytes|  +---+       |16 bytes|  +---+
   +--------+    |       +--------+    |         +--------+    |
                 |                     |                       |
        +----------------+   +----------------+      +----------------+
        |                |   |                |      |                |
        | AES-128(KDK,.) |   | AES-128(KDK,.) |......| AES-128(KDK,.) |
        |                |   |                |      |                |
        +----------------+   +----------------+      +----------------+
                 |                     |                       |
                 |                     |                       |
                 v                     v                       v
        +-----------------+  +-----------------+     +------------------+
        | Output Block #1 |  | Output Block #2 |     | Output Block #9  |
        |    (16 bytes)   |  |    (16 bytes)   |.....|    (16 bytes)    |
        |      TEK        |  | MSK (block 1/4) |     | EMSK (block 4/4) |
        +-----------------+  +-----------------+     +------------------+

          Figure 5: Derivation of the Session Keys in Details

   The counter values are set respectively to the first t integers (that
   is ci="i", with i=1 to 9).

   Keying material is sensitive information and SHOULD be handled
   accordingly (see Section 6.9 for further discussion.

2.2.3  The Protected Channel

   EAP-PSK provides a protected channel for both parties to communicate
   over, in case of a successful authentication.  This protected channel
   is currently used to exchange protected result indications and may be
   used in the future to implement extensions.

   EAP-PSK uses the EAX mode of operation to provide this protected
   channel.  For a detailed description of EAX, please refer to [4].
   Figure 6 shows how EAX is used to implement EAP-PSK protected
   channel.









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   +-----------+ +----------------+ +---------------------+ +----------+
   |  Nonce N  | |    Header H    | | Plain Text Payload  | |   TEK    |
   |  4 bytes  | |    22 bytes    | |  Variable length L  | | 16 bytes |
   +-----------+ +----------------+ +---------------------+ +----------+
         |                 |                   |                 |
         v                 v                   v                 v
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
   |                                                                   |
   |                                EAX                                |
   |                                                                   |
   +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
                           |                   |
                           v                   v
                +---------------------+   +----------+
                | Cipher Text Payload |   |   Tag    |
                |  Variable length L  |
| 16 bytes |
                +---------------------+   +----------+

                    Figure 6: The Protected Channel

   This protected channel:
   o  Provides replay protection.
   o  Encrypts and authenticates a Plain Text Payload that becomes an
      Encrypted Payload.  The Plain Text Payload MUST not exceed 960
      bytes, see Section 3.3, Section 3.4 and Section 6.10.
   o  Only authenticates a Header that is thus sent in clear.

   EAX is instantiated with AES-128 as the underlying block cipher.

   AES-128 is keyed with the TEK.

   The nonce N is used to provide cryptographic security to the
   encryption and data origin authentication as well as protection
   replay.  Indeed, N is a 4-byte sequence number starting from <0> that
   is monotonically incremented at each EAP-PSK message within one
   EAP-PSK dialog, except retransmissions of course.
   N was taken to be 4 bytes to avoid 16-byte arithmetic.  Since EAX
   uses a 16-byte nonce, N is padded with 96 zero bits for its high
   order bits.
   For cryptographic reasons, N is not allowed to wrap up.  In the
   unlikely yet possible event of the server having sent an EAP-PSK
   message with N set to <2**32-2>, it MUST NOT send any further message
   on this protected channel, which would cause to reuse the value 0.
   Either the conversation is finished after the server receives the
   EAP-PSK answer from the peer with N set to <2**32-1> and the server
   proceeds (typically by sending an EAP-Success or Failure), or the
   conversation is not finished and MUST then be aborted (a new EAP-PSK
   dialog MAY subsequently be started to try again to authenticate).



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   Thus, the maximum number of messages that can be exchanged over the
   same protected channel is 2**32 (which should not be a limitation in
   practice as this is approximately equal to 4 billions).

   The Header H consists in the first 22 bytes of the EAP Request or
   Response packet (i.e.  the EAP Code, Identifier, Length and Type
   fields followed by the EAP-PSK Flags and RAND_S fields).  Although it
   may appear unorthodox that an upper layer (EAP- PSK) protects some
   information of the lower layer (EAP), this was chosen to comply with
   EAP recommendation (see Section 7.5.  of [2]) and seems to be
   existing practice at IETF (see, for instance, [38]).

   The Plain Text Payload is the payload that is to be encrypted and
   integrity protected.  The Cipher Text payload is the result of the
   encryption of the Plain Text.

   The Tag is a MAC that protects both the Header and the Plain Text
   Payload.
   The verification of the Tag MUST only be done after a successful
   verification of the Nonce for replay protection.
   If the verification of the Tag succeeds, then the Encrypted Payload
   is decrypted to recover the Plain Text Payload.  If the verification
   of the Tag fails, then no decryption is performed and this MAC
   failure SHOULD be logged.
   The tag length is chosen to be 16 bytes for EAX within EAP-PSK.  This
   length is considered appropriate by the cryptographic community.

   EAX was mainly chosen because:
   o  It strongly relies on OMAC in its design and OMAC1, a variant of
      OMAC, had already been chosen in EAP-PSK for the authentication
      part.
   o  Its design is simple.
   o  It enjoys a security proof.
   o  It is free of any Intellectual Property Rights claims.

2.3  EAP-PSK Message Flows

   EAP-PSK may consist of two different types of message flows:
   o  The "standard authentication", which is:
      *  Mandatory to implement.
      *  Fully specified in this document.
      *  The simpler type of message flow, which is expected to be used
         most frequently.
   o  The "extended authentication", which is:
      *  Optional to implement (i.e., there are no mandatory
         extensions).
      *  Partly specified in this document since it depends on
         extensions and none are currently specified, let alone in this



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         document.
      *  The type of message flow that should be used when extensions of
         EAP-PSK are needed by more sophisticated usage scenarios and
         are available.

   EAP-PSK introduces the concept of session to facilitate its analysis
   and provide a cleaner interface to other layers.  A session is a
   particular instance of an EAP-PSK dialog between two parties.  This
   session is identified by a session identifier.

2.3.1  EAP-PSK Standard Authentication

   EAP-PSK standard authentication is comprised of four messages, i.e.,
   two round trips.

   EAP-PSK standard authentication is presented in Figure 7.

   peer                                                      server
    |                                    Flags||RAND_S||ID_S   |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                          |
    |   Flags||RAND_S||RAND_P||MAC_P||ID_P                     |
    |--------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                          |
    |                     Flags||RAND_S||MAC_S||PCHANNEL_S_0   |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                          |
    |   Flags||RAND_S||PCHANNEL_P_1                            |
    |--------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                          |

               Figure 7: EAP-PSK Standard Authentication

   o  The first message is sent by the server to the peer to:
      *  Send a 16-byte random challenge (RAND_S).  RAND_S was called RA
         in Section 2.2.2
      *  State its identity (ID_S).  ID_S was denoted by A in Section
         2.2.2.
   o  The second message is sent by the peer to the server to:
      *  Send another 16-byte random challenge (RAND_P).  RAND_P was
         called RB in Section 2.2.2
      *  State its identity (ID_P).  ID_P was denoted by B in Section
         2.2.2.
      *  Authenticate to the server by proving that it is able to
         compute a particular MAC (MAC_P), which is a function of the
         two challenges and AK:
         MAC_P = OMAC1-AES-128(AK, ID_P||ID_S||RAND_S||RAND_P)




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   o  The third message is sent by the server to the peer to:
      *  Authenticate to the peer by proving that it is able to compute
         another MAC (MAC_S), which is a function of the peer's
         challenge and AK:
         MAC_S = OMAC1-AES-128(AK, ID_S||RAND_P)
      *  Set up the protected channel (P_CHANNEL_S_0) to:
         +  Confirm that it has derived session keys (at least the TEK).
         +  Give a protected result indication of the authentication.
   o  The fourth message is sent by the peer to the server to finish the
      setup of the protected channel (P_CHANNEL_P_1) to:
      *  Confirm that it has derived session keys (at least the TEK).
      *  Give a protected result indication of the authentication.

   All EAP-PSK messages include a sort of header which is comprised of
   two fields:
   o  Flags which is a 1-byte field that is currently only used to
      number EAP-PSK messages.
   o  RAND_S which is the 16-byte challenge sent by the server that is
      used as a session identifier.

   This standard message flow could be comprised of only three messages,
   like AKEP2, were it not the request/response nature of EAP that
   prevents the third message to be the last one.  Since the fourth
   message is mandatory, EAP-PSK chose to take advantage
of this and set
   up a protected channel.

   The standard message flow also includes a statement by the peer of
   its identity, in addition to the EAP-Response/Identity it may have
   sent.  This behavior follows Section 5.1 of [2] which recommends that
   the EAP-Response/Identity be used primarily for routing purposes and
   selecting which EAP method to use, and therefore that EAP methods
   include a method-specific mechanism for obtaining the identity, so
   that they do not have to rely on the Identity Response..

2.3.2  EAP-PSK Extended Authentication

   To remain simple and yet be extensible to meet future requirements,
   EAP-PSK provides an extension mechanism within its protected channel:
   the payload of the protected channel may contain an optional
   extension field (EXT).

   EAP-PSK extended authentication is presented in Figure 8.

   Although support of the EXT field is mandatory, there is no mandatory
   extension type to support.  The mandatory support of the EXT field is
   dictated:
   o  To guarantee a robust behavior in the future where some peers
      might support some extensions and others not.  All peers will thus



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      be able to understand that an extended authentication is being
      attempted and indicate whether or not they support the extension
      that is tried.
   o  To ensure that all implementations will indeed be extensible.

   No extension is currently defined.

   One extension at most may be run within an EAP-PSK dialog: there can
   neither be sequences of extensions nor interleaved extensions.
   However, extensions may take a variable number of round trips to
   complete.

   Only the server can start an extension and, if it does so, it MUST
   start it in the first payload it sends over the protected channel.

   peer                                                      server
    |                                    Flags||RAND_S||ID_S   |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                          |
    |   Flags||RAND_S||RAND_P||MAC_P||ID_P                     |
    |--------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                          |
    |                Flags||RAND_S||MAC_S||PCHANNEL_S_0(EXT)   |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                          |
    |   Flags||RAND_S||PCHANNEL_P_1(EXT)                                      |
    |--------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                          |
    .                                                          .
    .                                                          .
    .                                                          .
    |                       Flags||RAND_S||PCHANNEL_S_2i(EXT)  |
    |<---------------------------------------------------------|
    |                                                          |
    |   Flags||RAND_S||PCHANNEL_P_2i+1(EXT)                                   |
    |--------------------------------------------------------->|
    |                                                          |

               Figure 8: EAP-PSK Extended Authentication

   Please refer to Section 4 for more details on how extended
   authentication works.









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3.  EAP-PSK Message format

   For the sake of simplicity, EAP-PSK uses a fixed message format.
   There are four different types of EAP-PSK messages:
   o  The first EAP-PSK message, which is sent by the server to the
      peer.
   o  The second EAP-PSK message, which is sent by the peer to the
      server.
   o  The third EAP-PSK message, which is sent by the server to the
      peer.
   o  The fourth EAP-PSK message, which is sent by the peer to the
      server.  This is also the type of the message that the peer
      further sends to the server in case       of an extended authentication.
      This is also essentially the type of message that the server
      further sends to the peer in case of an extended authentication:
      the only slight modification that occurs in this last case is the
      setting of the EAP Code to 1 instead of 2 in the other cases.

   For the sake of clarity, the whole EAP packet that encapsulates the
   EAP-PSK message, i.e., the EAP-PSK message plus its EAP headers, are
   depicted in Figure 9, Figure 11, Figure 12 and Figure 16.

3.1  EAP-PSK First Message

   The first EAP-PSK message is sent by the server to the peer.  It has
   the format presented in Figure 9.

























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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Code=1     |  Identifier   |            Length             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Type EAP-PSK |     Flags     |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                             RAND_S                            |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
   :                                                               :
   :                              ID_S                             :
   :                                                               :
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 9: EAP-PSK First Message

   The first EAP-PSK message consists of:
   o  A 1-byte Flags field
   o  A 16-byte random number: RAND_S
   o  A variable length field that conveys the server's NAI: ID_S.  The
      length of this field is deduced from the EAP length field.  The
      length of this NAI MUST NOT exceed 966 bytes.  This restriction
      aims at avoiding fragmentation issues (see Section 6.10).

   The Flags field has the format presented in Figure 10.

   0
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | T | Reserved  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


                     Figure 10: EAP-PSK Flags Field

   The Flags field is comprised of two subfields:
   o  A 2-bit T subfield which indicates the type of the EAP-PSK
      message:
      *  T=0 for the first EAP-PSK message presented in Section 3.1.




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      *  T=1 for the second EAP-PSK message presented in Section 3.2.
      *  T=2 for the third EAP-PSK message presented in Section 3.3.
      *  T=3 for the fourth EAP-PSK message presented in Section 3.4 and
         the subsequent EAP-PSK messages that may be exchanged during
         extended authentication.
   o  A 6-bit Reserved subfield that is set to zero on transmission and
      ignored on reception.

   The PCHANNEL Nonce field N (see Section 3.3) is used to distinguish
   between
 the different EAP-PSK messages that may be exchanged during
   extended authentication which all have T set to 3, i.e., the fourth
   EAP-PSK message and possibly the next ones.

3.2  EAP-PSK Second Message

   The second EAP-PSK message is sent by the peer to the server.  It has
   the format presented in Figure 11.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Code=2     |  Identifier   |            Length             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Type EAP-PSK |     Flags     |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                             RAND_S                            |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                             RAND_P                            |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               |                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                             MAC_P                             |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               |                                               |



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   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               +
   :                              ID_P                             :
   :                                                               :
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                   Figure 11: EAP-PSK Second Message

   It consists of:
   o  A 1-byte Flags field
   o  The 16-byte random number sent by the server in the first EAP-PSK
      message (RAND_S) that serves as a session identifier
   o  A 16-byte random number: RAND_P
   o  A 16-byte MAC: MAC_P
   o  A variable length field that conveys the peer's NAI: ID_P.  The
      length of this field is deduced from the EAP length field.  The
      length of this NAI MUST NOT exceed 966 bytes.  This restriction
      aims at avoiding fragmentation issues (see Section 6.10).

   The Flags field format is presented in Figure 10.

3.3  EAP-PSK Third Message

   The third EAP-PSK message is sent by the server to the peer.  It has
   the format presented in Figure 12.

























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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Code=1     |  Identifier   |            Length             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Type EAP-PSK |     Flags     |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                             RAND_S                            |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                             MAC_S                             |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               |                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               +
   :                            PCHANNEL                           :
   :                                                               :
   :                                                               :
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                    Figure 12: EAP-PSK Third Message

   It consists of:
   o  A 1-byte Flags field
   o  The 16-byte random number sent by the server in the first EAP-PSK
      message (RAND_S) that is used as a session identifier
   o  A 16-byte MAC: MAC_S
   o  A variable length field that constitutes the protected channel:
      PCHANNEL

   The Flags field format is presented in Figure 10.

   If there is no extension, i.e., if the authentication is standard,
   the PCHANNEL field consists of:
   o  A 4-byte Nonce N (see Section 2.2.3).
   o  A 16-byte Tag (see Section 2.2.3).
   o  A 2-bit result indication flag R.




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   o  A 1-bit extension flag E, which is set to 0.
   o  A 5-bit Reserved field, which is set to zero on emission and
      ignored on reception.

   R, E and Reserved are sent encrypted by the protected channel (see
   Section 2.2.3).

   If there is no extension, PCHANNEL has the format presented in Figure
   13 (where R, E and Reserved are presented in the clear for the sake
   of clarity, although in reality they are sent encrypted).

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             Nonce                             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                              Tag                              |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | R |0| Reserved|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 13: The PCHANNEL Field with E=0

   If there is an extension,
 i.e., if the authentication is extended,
   the PCHANNEL field consists of:
   o  A 4-byte Nonce N (see Section 2.2.3).
   o  A 16-byte Tag (see Section 2.2.3).
   o  A 2-bit result indication flag R.
   o  A 1-bit extension flag E, which is set to 1.
   o  A 5-bit Reserved field, which is set to zero on emission and
      ignored on reception.
   o  A variable length EXT field.

   R, E, Reserved and EXT are sent encrypted by the protected channel
   (see Section 2.2.3).

   If there is an extension, PCHANNEL has the format presented in Figure
   14 where R, E, Reserved and EXT are presented in the clear for the
   sake of clarity, although in reality they are sent encrypted)..






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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             Nonce                             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                              Tag                              |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | R |1| Reserved|                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               +
   :                            EXT                                :
   :                                                               :
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 14: The PCHANNEL Field with E=1

   This EXT field is split in two subfields:
   o  The EXT_Type subfield which indicates the type of the extension
   o  The EXT_Payload subfield which consists in the payload of the
      extension.  The EXT_Payload length is derived from the EAP Length
      field.  EXT_Payload MUST have a bit-length that is a multiple of 8
      bits and MUST NOT exceed 960 bytes.  The latter restriction aims
      at avoiding fragmentation issues (see Section 6.10) whereas the
      former comes from the EAP length being specified in bytes.

   The format of the EXT field is presented in Figure 15.


















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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   EXT_Type    |                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                                               +
   :                           EXT_Payload                         :
   :                                                               :
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                        Figure 15: The EXT Field


3.4  EAP-PSK Fourth Message

   The fourth EAP-PSK message is sent by the peer to the server.  It has
   the format presented in Figure 16.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |    Code=2     |  Identifier   |            Length             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Type EAP-PSK |     Flags     |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                                                               +
   |                             RAND_S                            |
   +                                                               +
   |                                                               |
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               +
   :                                                               :
   :                            PCHANNEL                           :
   :                                                               :
   :                                                               :
   +                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                   Figure 16: EAP-PSK Fourth Message

   It consists of:
   o  A 1-byte Flags field
   o  The 16-byte random number sent by the server in the first EAP-PSK
      message (RAND_S) that is used as a session identifier



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   o  A variable length field that constitutes the protected channel:
      PCHANNEL

   The Flags field format is presented in Figure 10.

   The PCHANNEL field has the following structure, which was already
   described in Section 3.3.

   If there is no extension, i.e., if the authentication is standard,
   the PCHANNEL field consists of:
   o  A 4-byte Nonce N (see Section 2.2.3).
   o  A 16-byte Tag (see Section 2.2.3).
   o  A 2-bit result indication flag R.
   o  A 1-bit extension flag E, which is set to 0.
   o  A 5-bit Reserved field, which is set to zero on emission and
      ignored on reception.

   R, E and Reserved are sent encrypted by the protected channel (see
   Section 2.2.3).

   If there is no extension, PCHANNEL has the format presented in Figure
   13.

   If there is an extension, i.e., if the authentication is extended,
   the PCHANNEL field consists of:
   o  A 4-byte Nonce N (see Section 2.2.3).
   o  A 16-byte Tag (see Section 2.2.3).
   o  A 2-bit result indication flag R.
   o  A 1-bit extension flag E, which is set to 1.
   o  A 5-bit Reserved field, which is set to zero on emission and
      ignored on reception.
   o  A variable length EXT field.

   R, E, Reserved and EXT are sent encrypted by the protected channel
   (see Section 2.2.3).

   If there is an extension, PCHANNEL has the format presented in Figure
   14.

   This EXT field is split in two subfields:
   o  The EXT_Type subfield which indicates the type of the extension
   o  The EXT_Payload subfield which consists in the payload of the
      extension.  The EXT_Payload length is derived from the EAP Length
      field.  EXT_Payload MUST have a bit-length that is a multiple of 8
      bits and MUST NOT exceed 960 bytes.  The latter restriction aims
      at avoiding fragmentation issues (see Section 6.10).

   The format of the EXT field is presented in Figure 15.



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4.  Rules of Operation for the EAP-PSK Protected Channel

   In this section, the rules of operation of the EAP-PSK protected
   channel are presented:
   o  How protected result indications are implemented.
   o  How an extended authentication works in details.

4.1  Protected Result Indications

   The R flag of the PC
HANNEL field in the third and fourth type of
   EAP-PSK messages is used to provide result indications.

   Since this 2-bit flag is communicated over the protected channel, it
   is:
   o  Encrypted so that only the peer and the server can know its value.
   o  Integrity-protected so that it cannot be modified by an attacker
      without the peer or the server detecting this modification.
   o  Protected against replays.

   This 2-bit R flag can take the following values:
   o  01 to mean CONT
   o  10 to mean DONE_SUCCESS
   o  11 to mean DONE_FAILURE

   The peer and the server each remember some information about both the
   values of R that they have sent and the values of R they have
   received.  It is the conjunction of both sent and received R values
   that indicate the success or the failure of the EAP-PSK dialog.

   In case of a standard authentication, the following values of R
   should be exchanged:
   o  Either the server sends a DONE_SUCCESS in the PCHANNEL of the
      third EAP-PSK message, to which the peer replies with a
      DONE_SUCCESS in the PCHANNEL of the fourth EAP-PSK message, which
      successfully ends the EAP-PSK dialog.
   o  Or the server sends a DONE_FAILURE in the PCHANNEL of the third
      EAP-PSK message, to which the peer replies with a DONE_FAILURE in
      the PCHANNEL of the fourth EAP-PSK message, which unsuccessfully
      ends the EAP-PSK dialog.

   In case of an extended authentication, more complex exchanges may
   occur, which is why the CONT value was introduced.

   The rules of operation for each value R may take are presented in
   details hereafter.






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4.1.1  CONT

   The server and the peer each initialize the values of R they intend
   to send and receive as CONT.

   CONT stands for "Continue".  It indicates that the EAP-PSK dialog is
   not yet successful and that the party sending it wants to continue
   the dialog to try and reach success.

   Indeed, although the peer and the server MUST have successfully
   authenticated each other, thanks to MAC_P and MAC_S, before they
   start communicating over the protected channel, the EAP-PSK dialog
   may not yet be deemed successful after this mutual authentication
   because of authorization issues.  For instance, a prepaid customer of
   a wireless Hot-Spot might have successfully authenticated but has to
   refill its account, e.g., with a credit card transaction over the
   protected channel, before it is authorized.

4.1.2  DONE_SUCCESS

   DONE_SUCCESS indicates that the party that sent it deems the EAP-PSK
   dialog successful and therefore proposes to end this dialog.

   Once the server has sent a DONE_SUCCESS, it MUST keep sending this
   value for R.

   The peer MUST first receive a DONE_SUCCESS from the server before it
   is allowed to send a DONE_SUCCESS.

   After the peer has received a DONE_SUCCESS from the server, it MAY:
   o  Send a CONT to the server if it has not reached success on its
      side.  The server that receives a CONT SHOULD continue the EAP-PSK
      dialog (see Section 6.2 for some discussion on the security
      implications of this SHOULD).
   o  Send a DONE_SUCCESS to the server, which will end the EAP-PSK
      dialog with success.
   o  Send a DONE_FAILURE to the server, which will end the EAP-PSK
      dialog with failure.

4.1.3  DONE_FAILURE

   DONE_FAILURE indicates that the party that sent it deems the EAP-PSK
   dialog unsuccessful and proposes to end this dialog because nothing
   will make it change its mind.

   If the server is the first to send a DONE_FAILURE, then, the peer
   that receives this DONE_FAILURE MUST reply with a DONE_FAILURE and
   fail, which ends the EAP-PSK dialog.



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   If the peer is the first to send a DONE_FAILURE, then, the server
   that receives this DONE_FAILURE MUST immediately end this EAP-PSK
   dialog without sending any further EAP-PSK message, and fail.

4.2  Extended Authentication

   An extended authentication can only be started by the server.

   Exactly one extension (identified by the EXT_Type subfield of the EXT
   field) MUST be run during an EAP-PSK extended authentication dialog.

   The extension is run over the protected channel: it can assume
   confidentiality, integrity and replay protection.

   To start an extended authentication, the server sets the PCHANNEL E
   flag to 1 and includes the EXT_Payload of the extension it has
   chosen.

   Since EAP-PSK does not provide fragmentation, the extension MUST NOT
   send an EXT_Payload larger than 960 bytes, which corresponds to the
   1020-byte EAP MTU that may minimally be assumed (see [2]).

   Moreover, an extension MUST NOT send an empty EXT_Payload (because
   this has a particular meaning for EAP-PSK, see below).

   When the peer receives the third EAP-PSK message with the E flag set
   to 1, it checks whether it is able to process the proposed extension.

   If the peer is not able to process the proposed extension, i.e., it
   does not recognize the EXT_Type of the proposed extension, it sets
   E=1 in its reply (the fourth EAP-PSK message) and include an EXT
   field of the same EXT_Type but with an empty EXT_Payload.
   Depending on the values taken by the R flags, the EAP-PSK dialog MAY:
   o  End
      *  In case the peer's policy mandates that it fails in case of an
         unrecognized extension, it sends a DONE_FAILURE in the fourth
         EAP-PSK message.
      *  In case the server has sent a DONE_SUCCESS in the third EAP-PSK
         message and the peer's policy authorizes it to succeed even if
         the extension is not recognized, the peer sends a DONE_SUCCESS
   o  Continue for exactly one round-trip, namely, in case the server
      has sent a CONT in the third EAP-PSK message and the peer's policy
      authorizes it to succeed even if the extension is not recognized,
      the peer replies with a CONT in the fourth EAP-PSK message.  The
      server MUST then, depending on its policy, either send a
      DONE_SUCCESS or a DONE_FAILURE to the peer in the fifth EAP-PSK
      message.  If the server sent a DONE_SUCCESS in the fifth EAP-PSK
      message, the peer MUST send a DONE_SUCCESS in the sixth EAP-PSK



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      message.  All these messages MUST have the E flag sent to 1 with
      an EXT field of with the EXT_Type of the extension that was
      proposed and an empty EXT_Payload (this behavior was chosen to
      simplify implementations).

   If the peer is able to process the proposed extension, then it does
   so.  In this case, the extension MUST be aware of the R values sent
   and received and able to propose to update them.  All the subsequent
   messages exchanged between the peer and the server MUST have the E
   flag sent to 1 with an EXT field of the EXT_Type of the extension
   that was proposed and a non-empty EXT_Payload.








































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5.  IANA considerations

   This section provides guidance to the IANA regarding registration of
   values related to the EAP-PSK protocol, in accordance with [8].

   The following terms are used here with the meanings defined in [8]:
   "name space" and "registration".

   The following policies are used here with the meanings defined in
   [8]: "Expert Review" and "Specification Required".

   This document introduces two new Internet Assigned Numbers Autho
rity
   (IANA) considerations:
   o  It requires IANA to allocate an EAP-Request/Response Type for
      EAP-PSK.
   o  There is one name space in EAP-PSK that requires registration: the
      EXT_Type values (see Section 3.3 and Section 3.4).

   For registration requests where a Designated Expert should be
   consulted, the responsible IESG area director should appoint the
   Designated Expert.  The intention is that any allocation will be
   accompanied by a published RFC.  But in order to allow for the
   allocation of values prior to the RFC being approved for publication,
   the Designated Expert can approve allocations once it seems clear
   that an RFC will be published.  The Designated expert will post a
   request to the EAP WG mailing list (or a successor designated by the
   Area Director) for comment and review, including an Internet-Draft.
   Before a period of 30 days has passed, the Designated Expert will
   either approve or deny the registration request and publish a notice
   of the decision to the EAP WG mailing list or its successor, as well
   as informing IANA.  A denial notice must be justified by an
   explanation and, in the cases where it is possible, concrete
   suggestions on how the request can be modified so as to become
   acceptable.

5.1  Allocation of an EAP-Request/Response Type for EAP-PSK

   This document requires IANA to allocate a new EAP Type for EAP-PSK.

5.2  Allocation of EXT Type numbers

   EAP-PSK is not intended as a general-purpose protocol, and
   allocations of EXT_Type SHOULD NOT be made for purposes unrelated to
   authentication, authorization and accounting.

   EXT_Type numbers have a range from 1 to 255.

   EXT_Type 255 has been allocated for Experimental use.



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   EXT_Type 1-254 may be allocated on the advice of a Designated Expert,
   with Specification Required.

















































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6.  Security Considerations

   [2] highlights several attacks that are possible against EAP as EAP
   does not provide any robust security mechanism.

   This section discusses the claimed security properties of EAP-PSK as
   well as vulnerabilities and security recommendations in the threat
   model of [2].

6.1  Mutual Authentications

   EAP-PSK provides mutual authentication.

   The server believes that the peer is authentic because it can
   calculate a valid MAC and the peer believes that the server is
   authentic because it can calculate another valid MAC.

   The authentication protocol which inspired EAP-PSK, AKEP2, enjoys a
   security proof in the provable security paradigm, see [3].

   The MAC algorithm used in the instantiation of AKEP2 within EAP-PSK,
   OMAC1, also enjoys a security proof in the provable security
   paradigm, see [7].  A tag length of 16 bytes for OMAC1 is currently
   deemed appropriate by the cryptographic community for entity
   authentication.

   The underlying block cipher used, AES-128, is widely believed to be a
   secure block cipher.

   Finally, the key used for mutual authentication, AK, is only used for
   that purpose, which makes  this part cryptographically independent of
   the other parts of the protocol.

6.2  Protected Result Indications

   EAP-PSK provides protected result indications thanks to its 2-bit R
   flag (see Section 4.1).

   Care MAY be taken against Byzantine failures, that is to say, for
   instance, when a peer tries to force a server to engage in a never
   ending conversation.  This could for example, be done by a peer that
   keeps sending a CONT after it has received a DONE_SUCCESS from the
   server.  A policy MAY limit the number of rounds in an EAP-PSK
   extended authentication to mitigate this threat, which is outside our
   threat model.

   It should also be noted that the cryptographic protection of the
   result indications does not prevent message deletion.



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   For instance, let us consider a scenario in which:
   o  A server sends a DONE_SUCCESS to a peer.
   o  The peer replies with a DONE_SUCCESS.

   In case the last message from the peer is intercepted, and an EAP
   Success is sent to the peer before any retransmission from the server
   reaches it or the retransmissions from the server are also deleted,
   the peer will believe that it has successfully authenticated to the
   server while the server will fail.

   This behavior is well known (see e.g., [26]) and in a sense
   unavoidable.  There is a trade-off between efficiency and the "level"
   of information sharing that is attainable.  EAP-PSK specified a
   single round trip of DONE_SUCCESS because, it is believed that:
   o  In case there is an adversary capable of disrupting the
      communication channel, it can do so whenever it wants (be it after
      one or 10 round trip or even during data communication).
   o  Other layers/applications will generally start by doing a specific
      key exchange and confirmation procedure using the keys derived by
      EAP-PSK.  This is typically done by IEEE 802.11i "four-way
      handshake".  In case the error is not detected by EAP- PSK, it
      should be detected then (please note however, that it is bad
      practice to rely on external mechanism to ensure synchronization,
      unless this is an explicit property of the external mechanism).

6.3  Integrity Protection

   EAP-PSK provides integrity protection thanks to the Tag of its
   protected channel (see Section 2.2.3).

6.4  Replay Protection

   EAP-PSK provides replay protection thanks to the Nonce of its
   protected channel (see Section 2.2.3).

6.5  Dictionary Attacks

   Because EAP-PSK is not a password protocol, it is not vulnerable to
   dictionary attacks.

   Indeed, the PSK used by EAP-PSK MUST NOT be derived from a password.
   Derivation of the PSK from a password may lead to dictionary attacks.

   However using a 16-byte PSK key has:
   o  Ergonomic impacts: some people may find it cumbersome to manually
      provision a 16-byte PSK.
   o  Deployment impacts: some people may want to reuse existing
      credential databases that contain passwords and not PSKs.



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   Since, despite the warning not to use passwords, people will probably
   do that anyway, guidance to derive a PSK from a password is provided
   in Appendix A.  The method proposed in Appendix A only tries to make
   dictionary attacks harder.  It does not eliminate them.

   It is however not a fatality that passwords be used instead of PSKs:
   people rarely use password derived certificates, so why should they
   do so for shared keys?

6.6  Key Derivation

   EAP-PSK supports key derivation.

   The key hierarchy is specified in Section 2.1.

   The mechanism used for key derivation is the modified counter mode.

   The instantiation of the modified counter in EAP-PSK complies with
   the conditions stated in [6] so that the security proof for this mode
   holds.

   The underlying block cipher used, AES-128, is widely believed to be a
   secure block cipher.

   A first key derivation occurs to calculate AK and KDK from the PSK:
   it is called the key setup (see Section 2.2.1).
   It uses the PSK as the key to the modified counter mode.  Thus, AK
   and KDK are believed to be cryptographically separated and computable
   only to those who have knowledge of the PSK.

   A second key derivation occurs t
o derive session keys, namely, the
   TEK, MSK and EMSK (see Section 2.2.2).
   It uses KDK as the key to the modified counter mode.

   It should be emphasized that the peer has control of the session keys
   derived by EAP-PSK.  In particular, it can easily choose the random
   number it sends in EAP-PSK so that one of the 9 derived 16-byte key
   blocks (see Section 2.1) takes a pre-specified value.

   It was chosen not to prevent this control of the session keys by the
   peer because:
   o  Preventing it would have added some complexity to the protocol
      (typically, the inclusion of a one-way mode of operation of AES in
      the key derivation part).
   o  It is believed that the peer won't try to force the server to use
      some pre- specified value for the session keys.  Such an attack is
      outside the threat model and seems to have little value compared
      to a peer sharing its PSK.



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   This is however not the behavior recommended by EAP in section 7.10
   of [2].

   Since deriving the session keys requires some cryptographic
   computations, it is RECOMMENDED that the session keys be derived only
   once authentication has succeeded (i.e., once the server has
   successfully verified MAC_P for the server side, and once the peer
   has successfully verified MAC_S for the peer side).

   It is RECOMMENDED to take great care in implementations, so that
   derived keys are not made available if the EAP-PSK dialog fails,
   e.g., ends with DONE_FAILURE.

   The TEK MUST NOT be made available to anyone except to the current
   EAP-PSK dialog.

6.7  Denial of Service Resistance

   Denial of Service resistance (DoS) has not been a design goal for
   EAP-PSK.

   It is however believed that EAP-PSK does not provide any obvious and
   avoidable venue for such attacks.

   It is worth noting that the server has to do a cryptographic
   calculation and maintain some state when it engages in an EAP-PSK
   conversation, namely generate and remember the 16-byte RAND_S.  This
   should however not lead to resource exhaustion as this state and the
   associated computation are fairly lightweight.

   It is RECOMMENDED that EAP-PSK does not allow EAP notifications to be
   interleaved in its dialog to prevent potential DoS attacks.  Indeed,
   since EAP Notifications are not integrity protected, they can easily
   be spoofed by an attacker.  Such an attacker could force a peer that
   allows Notifications to engage in a discussion which would delay his
   authentication or result in the peer taking unexpected actions (e.g.,
   in case a notification is used to prompt the peer to do some "bad"
   action).

   It is up to the implementation of EAP-PSK or to the peer and the
   server to specify the maximum number of failed cryptographic checks
   that are allowed.  For instance, does the reception of a bogus MAC_P
   in the second EAP-PSK message cause a fatal error or is it discarded
   to continue waiting for the valid response of the valid peer? There
   is a trade-off between possibly allowing multiple tentative forgeries
   and allowing a direct DoS (in case the first error is fatal).





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6.8  Session Independence

   Thanks to its key derivation mechanisms, EAP-PSK provides session
   independence: passive attacks (such as capture of the EAP
   conversation) or active attacks (including compromise of the MSK or
   EMSK) does not enable compromise of subsequent or prior MSKs or
   EMSKs.

6.9  Exposition of the PSK

   EAP-PSK does not provide perfect forward secrecy.  Compromise of the
   PSK leads to compromise of recorded past sessions.

   Compromise of the PSK enables the attacker to impersonate the peer
   and the server: compromise of the PSK leads to "full" compromise of
   future sessions.

   EAP-PSK provides no protection against a legitimate peer sharing its
   PSK with a third party.  Such protection may be provided by
   appropriate repositories for the PSK, which choice is outside the
   scope of this document.  The PSK used by EAP-PSK MUST only be shared
   between two parties: the peer and the server.  In particular, this
   PSK MUST NOT be shared by a group of peers communicating with the
   same server.

   The PSK used by EAP-PSK MUST be cryptographically separated from keys
   used by other protocols, otherwise the security of EAP-PSK may be
   compromised.  It is a rule of the thumb in cryptography to use
   different keys for different applications.

6.10  Fragmentation

   EAP-PSK does not support fragmentation and reassembly.

   Indeed, the largest EAP-PSK frame is at most 1015 bytes long,
   because:
   o  The maximum length for the peer NAI identity used in EAP- PSK is
      966 bytes (see Section 3.2).  This should not be a limitation in
      practice (see Section 2.2 of [11] for more considerations on NAI
      length).
   o  The maximum length for the EXT_Payload field used in EAP-PSK is
      960 bytes (see Section 3.3 and Section 3.4).

   Per Section 3.1 of [2], the lower layers over which EAP MAY be run
   are assumed to have an EAP MTU of 1020 bytes or greater.  Since the
   EAP header is 5 bytes long, supporting fragmentation for EAP-PSK is
   unnecessary.




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   Extensions that require sending a payload larger than 960 bytes
   should provide their own fragmentation and reassembly mechanism.

6.11  Channel Binding

   EAP-PSK does not provide channel binding as this feature is still
   very much work in progress (see [15]).

   However, it should be easy to add it to EAP-PSK as an extension (see
   Section 2.3.2).

6.12  Fast Reconnect

   EAP-PSK does not provide any fast reconnect capability.

   Indeed, as noted for instance in [16], mutual authentication (without
   counters or timestamps) requires three exchanges, thus four exchanges
   in EAP since any EAP-Request MUST be answered to by an EAP-Response.

   Since this minimum bound is already reached in EAP-PSK standard
   authentication, there is no way the number of round-trips used within
   EAP-PSK can be reduced without using timestamps or counters.
   Timestamps and counters were deliberately avoided for the sake of
   simplicity and security (e.g., synchronization issues).

6.13  Identity Protection

   Since it was chosen to restrict to a single cryptographic primitive
   from symmetric cryptography, namely the block cipher AES-128, it
   appears that it is not possible to provide "reasonable" identity
   protection without failing to meet the simplicity goal.

   Hereafter is an informal discussion of what is meant by identity
   protection and the rationale behind the requirement of identity
   protection.  For some complementary discussion, refer to [40].

   Identity protection basically means preventing the disclosure of the
   identities of the communicating parties over the network, which is
   quite contradictory with authentication.  There are two levels of
   identity protection: protection against passive attackers and
   protection against active eavesdroppers.

   As explained in [40], "a common example [for identity protection] is
   the case of mobile devices wishing to prevent an attacker from
   correlating their (changing) location with the logical identity of
   the device (or user)".

   In case only symmetric cryptography is used, only a weak form of



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   identity protection may be offered, namely pseudonym management.
In
   other words, the peer and the server agree on pseudonyms that they
   use to identify each other and usually change them periodically,
   possibly in a protected way so that an attacker cannot learn new
   pseudonyms before they are used.

   With pseudonym management, there is a trade-off between allowing for
   pseudonym resynchronization (thanks to a permanent identity) and
   being vulnerable to active attacks (in which the attacker forges
   messages simulating a pseudonym desynchronization).
   Indeed, a protocol using time-varying pseudonyms may want to
   anticipate "desynchronization" situations such as, for instance, when
   the peer believes that its current pseudonym is "pseudo1@bigco.com"
   whereas the server believes this peer will use the pseudonym
   "pseudo2@bigco.com" (which is the pseudonym the server has sent to
   update "pseudo1@bigco.com").

   Because pseudonym management adds complexity to the protocol and
   implies this unsatisfactory trade-off, it was decided not to include
   this feature in EAP-PSK.

   However, EAP-PSK may trivially provide some protection when the
   concern is to avoid the "real-life" identity of the user being
   "discovered".  For instance, let us take the example of user John Doe
   that roams and connects to a Hot-Spot owned and operated by Wireless
   Internet Service Provider (WISP) BAD.  Suppose this user
   authenticates to his home WISP (WISP GOOD) with an EAP method under
   an identity (e.g., "john.doe@wispgood.com") that allows WISP BAD (or
   an attacker) to recover his "real-life" identity, i.e.  John Doe.  An
   example drawback of this, is that a competitor of John Doe's WISP may
   want to win John Doe as a new customer by sending him some special
   targeted advertisement.
   EAP-PSK can very simply thwart this attack, merely by avoiding to
   provide John Doe with a NAI that allows easy recovery of his real-
   life identity.  It is believed that, when a NAI that is not
   correlated to a real-life identity, is used, no valuable information
   leaks because of the EAP method.
   Indeed, the identity of the WISP used by a peer has to be disclosed
   anyway in the realm portion of its NAI to allow AAA routing.
   Moreover, the Medium Access Control Address of the peer's Network
   Interface Card can generally be used to track the peer as efficiently
   as a fixed NAI.

   It is worth noting that the server systematically discloses its
   identity, which may allow probing attacks.  This may not be a problem
   as the identity of the server is not supposed to remain secret.
   Quite on the contrary, users tend to want to know to whom they will
   be talking to choose the right network to attach to.



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6.14  Protected Ciphersuite Negotiation

   EAP-PSK does not allow to negotiate cipher suites.  Hence, it is not
   vulnerable to negotiation attacks and does not implement protected
   cipher suite negotiation.

6.15  Confidentiality

   Although EAP-PSK provides confidentiality in its protected channel,
   it cannot claim to do so as per Section 7.2.1 of [2]: "A method
   making this claim MUST support identity protection".

6.16  Cryptographic Binding

   Since EAP-PSK is not intended to be tunneled within another protocol
   that omits peer authentication, it does not implement cryptographic
   binding.

6.17  Implementation of EAP-PSK

   To really provide security, not only must a protocol be well-thought
   and correctly specified, but its implementation must take special
   care.

   For instance, implementing cryptographic algorithms requires special
   skills since cryptographic software is not only vulnerable to
   classical attacks (e.g., buffer overflow or missing checks) but also
   to some special cryptographic attacks (e.g., side channels attacks
   like timing ones, see [39]).  In particular, care must be taken to
   avoid such attacks in EAX implementation, please refer to [4] for a
   note on this point.

   An EAP-PSK implementation SHOULD use a good source of randomness to
   generate the random numbers required in the protocol.  Please refer
   to [22] for more information on generating random numbers for
   security applications.

   Handling sensitive material (namely, keying material such as the PSK,
   AK, KDK, etc.) SHOULD be done so in a secure way (see, for instance,
   [20] for guidance on secure deletion).

   The specification of a repository for the PSK that EAP-PSK uses is
   outside of the scope of this document.  In particular, nothing
   prevents from storing this PSK on a tamper-resistant device such as a
   smart card rather than having it memorized or written down on a sheet
   of paper.  The choice of the PSK repository may have important
   security impacts.




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7.  Security Claims

   This section provides the security claims required by [2].

   [a] Mechanism.  EAP-PSK is based on symmetric cryptography (AES-128)
       and uses a 16-byte Pre-Shared Key (PSK).
   [b] Security claims.  EAP-PSK provides:
       *  Mutual authentication (see Section 6.1)
       *  Integrity protection (see Section 6.3)
       *  Replay protection (see Section 6.4)
       *  Key derivation (see Section 6.6)
       *  Dictionary attack resistance (see Section 6.5)
       *  Session independence (see section Section 6.5)
   [c] Key strength.  EAP-PSK provides a 16-byte effective key strength.
   [d] Description of key hierarchy.  Please see Section 2.1.
   [e] Indication of vulnerabilities.  EAP-PSK does not provide:
       *  Identity protection (see Section 6.13)
       *  Confidentiality (see Section 6.15)
       *  Fast reconnect (see Section 6.12)
       *  Fragmentation (see Section 6.10)
       *  Cryptographic binding (see Section 6.16)
       *  Protected cipher suite negotiation (see Section 6.14)
       *  Perfect Forward Secrecy (see Section 6.6)
       *  Key agreement: the session key is chosen by the peer (see
          Section 6.6)
       *  Channel binding (see Section 6.11)

























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8.  Acknowledgments

   This EAP method has been inspired by EAP-SIM and EAP-Archie.  Many
   thanks to their respective authors: Jesse Walker, Russ Housley, Henry
   Haverinen and Joseph Salowey.

   Extra thanks to Jesse Walker for his thorough and challenging review
   of EAP-PSK.

   Special thanks to
   o  Henri Gilbert for some interesting discussions on the
      cryptographic parts of EAP-PSK.
   o  Aurelien Magniez for his valuable feedback on network aspects of
      EAP-PSK, his curiosity and rigor that led to numerous
      improvements, and his help in the first implementation of EAP-PSK
      under Microsoft Windows and Freeradius.
   o  Thomas Otto for his valuable feedback on EAP-PSK and the
      implementation of the first version of EAP-PSK under Xsupplicant.

   EAP-PSK also benefited from exchanges with other EAP methods
   designers: many thanks to Hannes Tschofenig (EAP-IKEv2) and Nancy
   Cam-Winget (EAP-FAST).

   Finally, thanks to Jari Arkko and Bernard Aboba, the beloved EAP WG
   chairs, for the work they stimulate!


























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9.  References

9.1  Normative References

   [1]  Aboba, B. and M. Beadles, "The Network Access Identifier", RFC
        2486, January 1999.

   [2]  Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J. and H.
        Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication P
rotocol (EAP)", RFC 3748,
        June 2004.

   [3]  Bellare, M. and P. Rogaway, "Entity Authentication and Key
        Distribution", CRYPTO 93, Springer-Verlag LNCS 773, 1994.

   [4]  Bellare, M., Rogaway, P. and D. Wagner, "The EAX mode of
        operation", FSE 04, Springer-Verlag LNCS 3017, 2004.

   [5]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
        Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [6]  Gilbert, H., "The Security of One-Block-to-Many Modes of
        Operation", FSE 03, Springer-Verlag LNCS 2287, 2003.

   [7]  Iwata, T. and K. Kurosawa, "OMAC: One-Key CBC MAC", FSE 03,
        Springer-Verlag LNCS 2887, 2003.

   [8]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
        Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.

   [9]  National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Specification
        for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)", Federal Information
        Processing Standards (FIPS) 197, November 2001.

9.2  Informative References

   [10]  Aboba, B., "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key
         Management Framework", draft-ietf-eap-keying-03 (work in
         progress), July 2004.

   [11]  Aboba, B., "The Network Access Identifier",
         draft-arkko-roamops-rfc2486bis-02 (work in progress), July
         2004.

   [12]  Aboba, B., Calhoun, P., Glass, S., Hiller, T., McCann, P.,
         Shiino, H., Zorn, G., Dommety, G., Perkins, C., Patil, B.,
         Mitton, D., Manning, S., Beadles, M., Walsh, P., Chen, X.,
         Sivalingham, S., Hameed, A., Munson, M., Jacobs, S., Lim, B.,
         Hirschman, B., Hsu, R., Xu, Y., Campbell, E., Baba, S. and E.



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         Jaques, "Criteria for Evaluating AAA Protocols for Network
         Access", RFC 2989, November 2000.

   [13]  Aboba, B. and D. Simon, "PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol",
         RFC 2716, October 1999.

   [14]  Arkko, J. and H. Haverinen, "Extensible Authentication Protocol
         Method for 3rd Generation Authentication  and Key Agreement
         (EAP-AKA)", draft-arkko-pppext-eap-aka-13 (work in progress),
         October 2004.

   [15]  Arkko, J. and P. Eronen, "Authenticated Service Identities for
         the Extensible Authentication Protocol  (EAP)",
         draft-arkko-eap-service-identity-auth-01 (work in progress),
         October 2004.

   [16]  Bellare, M., Pointcheval, D. and P. Rogaway, "Authenticated Key
         Exchange Secure   Against Dictionary attacks", EUROCRYPT 00,
         Springer-Verlag LNCS 1807, 2000.

   [17]  Bersani, F., "EAP shared key methods: a tentative synthesis of
         those proposed so far",
         draft-bersani-eap-synthesis-sharedkeymethods-00 (work in
         progress), April 2004.

   [18]  Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3",
         BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.

   [19]  Carlson, J., Aboba, B. and H. Haverinen, "EAP SRP-SHA1
         Authentication Protocol", draft-ietf-pppext-eap-srp-03.txt
         (work in progress), July 2001.

   [20]  Department of Defense of the United States, "National
         Industrial Security Program Operating Manual", DoD 5220-22M,
         January 1995.

   [21]  Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC
         2246, January 1999.

   [22]  Eastlake, D., Crocker, S. and J. Schiller, "Randomness
         Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750, December 1994.

   [23]  Funk, P. and S. Blake-Wilson, "EAP Tunneled TLS Authentication
         Protocol (EAP-TTLS)", draft-ietf-pppext-eap-ttls-05 (work in
         progress), July 2004.

   [24]  Haller, N., Metz, C., Nesser, P. and M. Straw, "A One-Time
         Password System", RFC 2289, February 1998.



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   [25]  Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)",
         RFC 2409, November 1998.

   [26]  Halpern, J. and Y. Moses, "Knowledge and common   knowledge in
         a distributed environment", Journal of the ACM 37:3, 1990.

   [27]  Haverinen, H. and J. Salowey, "Extensible Authentication
         Protocol Method for GSM Subscriber Identity  Modules
         (EAP-SIM)", draft-haverinen-pppext-eap-sim-14 (work in
         progress), October 2004.

   [28]  Huitema, C., Postel, J. and S. Crocker, "Not All RFCs are
         Standards", RFC 1796, April 1995.

   [29]  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Local and
         Metropolitan Area Networks: Port-Based Network Access Control",
         IEEE Standard 802.1X, September 2001.

   [30]  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Approved
         Draft Supplement to Standard for Telecommunications and
         Information Exchange Between Systems-LAN/MAN Specific
         Requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control
         (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Specification
         for Enhanced Security", IEEE 802.11i-2004, 2004.

   [31]  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Standard
         for Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems
         - LAN/MAN Specific Requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
         Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications",
         IEEE Standard 802.11, 1999.

   [32]  Jablon, D., "The SPEKE Password-Based Key Agreement Methods",
         draft-jablon-speke-02 (work in progress), November 2002.

   [33]  Josefsson, S., "The EAP SecurID(r) Mechanism",
         draft-josefsson-eap-securid-01 (work in progress), February
         2002.

   [34]  Josefsson, S., Palekar, A., Simon, D. and G. Zorn, "Protected
         EAP Protocol (PEAP) Version 2",
         draft-josefsson-pppext-eap-tls-eap-10 (work in progress),
         October 2004.

   [35]  Kaliski, B., "PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography
         Specification Version 2.0", RFC 2898, September 2000.

   [36]  Kamath, V. and A. Palekar, "Microsoft EAP CHAP Extensions",
         draft-kamath-pppext-eap-mschapv2-01 (work in progress), April



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         2004.

   [37]  Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol",
         draft-ietf-ipsec-ikev2-17 (work in progress), October 2004.

   [38]  Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header", RFC 2402,
         November 1998.

   [39]  Kocher, P., "Timing Attacks on Implementations of
         Diffie-Hellman, RSA, DSS, and Other Systems", CRYPTO 96,
         Springer-Verlag LNCS 1109, 1996.

   [40]  Krawczyk, H., "SIGMA: the `SIGn-and-MAc' Approach to
         Authenticated Diffie-Hellman and its Use in the IKE Protocols",
         CRYPTO 03, Springer-Verlag LNCS 2729, June 2003.

   [41]  MacNally, C., "Cisco LEAP protocol description", September
         2001.

   [42]  Menezes, A., van Oorschot, P. and S. Vanstone, "Handbook of
         Applied Cryptography", , 1996.

   [43]  Metz, C., "OTP Extended Responses", RFC 2243, November 1997.

   [44]  National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Password
         Usage", Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 112,
         May 1985.

   [45]  Rescorla, E., "A Survey of Authentication Mechanisms",
         draft-iab-auth-mech-03 (work in progress), March 2004.

   [46]  Salowey, J., "EAP Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling
         (EAP-FAST)", draft-cam-winget-eap-fast-01 (work in progress),
         October 2004.

   [47]  Schneier, B., Mudge and D. Wagner, "Cryptanalysis of
         Microsoft's PPTP Authentication Extensions (MS-CHAPv2)", CQRE
         99, Springer-Verlag LNCS 1740, October 1999.

   [48]  Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)"
, STD 51, RFC
         1661, July 1994.

   [49]  Simpson, W., "PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
         (CHAP)", RFC 1994, August 1996.

   [50]  Stanley, D., Walker, J. and B. Aboba, "EAP Method Requirements
         for Wireless LANs", draft-walker-ieee802-req-04 (work in
         progress), August 2004.



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   [51]  Tschofenig, H. and D. Kroeselberg, "EAP IKEv2 Method
         (EAP-IKEv2)", draft-tschofenig-eap-ikev2-05 (work in progress),
         October 2004.

   [52]  Walker, J. and R. Housley, "The EAP Archie Protocol",
         draft-jwalker-eap-archie-01 (work in progress), June 2003.

   [53]  Wi-Fi Alliance, "Wi-Fi Protected Access, version 2.0", April
         2003.

   [54]  Wright, J., "Weaknesses in LEAP Challenge/Response", Defcon 03,
         August 2003.

   [55]  Eronen, P., "Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites for Transport Layer
         Security (TLS)", draft-ietf-tls-psk-02 (work in progress),
         October 2004.


Author's Address

   Florent Bersani
   France Telecom R&D
   38, rue du General Leclerc
   Issy-Les-Moulineaux  92794 Cedex 9
   FR

   EMail: florent.bersani@francetelecom.com
























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Appendix A.  Generation of the PSK from a password - Discouraged

   It is formally discouraged to use a password to generate the PSK,
   since this opens the door to exhaustive search or dictionary, two
   attacks that would not otherwise be possible.

   EAP-PSK only provides a 16-byte key strength when a 16-byte PSK is
   drawn at random from the set of all possible 16-byte strings.

   However, as people will probably do this anyway, guidance is provided
   hereafter to generate the PSK from a password.

   For some hints on how passwords should be selected, please refer to
   [44].

   The technique presented herein is drawn from [35].  It is intended to
   try to mitigate the risks associated with password usage in
   cryptography, typically dictionary attacks.

   If the binary representation of the password is strictly fewer than
   16 bytes long (which by the way means that the chosen password is
   probably weak because it is too short), then it is padded to 16 bytes
   with zeroes as its high order bits.

   If the binary representation of the password is strictly more than 16
   bytes long, then it is hashed down to exactly 16 bytes using the
   Matyas-Meyer-Oseas hash (please refer to [42] for a description of
   this hash.  Using the notation of Figure 9.3 of [42], g is the
   identity function and E is AES-128 in our construction.) with
   IV=0x0123456789ABCDEFFEDCBA9876543210 (this value has been
   arbitrarily selected).

   We now assume that we have a 16-byte number derived from the initial
   password (that can be the password itself if its binary
   representation is exactly 16 bytes long).  We shall call this number
   P16.

   Following the notations used in [35], the PSK is derived thanks to
   PBKDF2 instantiated with:
   o  P16 as P
   o  The first 96 bits of the XOR of the peer and server NAIs as Salt
      (zero-padded in the high-order bits if necessary).
   o  5000 as c
   o  16 as dkLen

   Although this gives better protection than nothing, this derivation
   does not stricto sensu protect against dictionary attacks.  It only
   makes dictionary precomputation harder.



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