DNSEXT R. Arends
Internet-Draft Telematica Instituut
Expires: April 13, 2004 M. Kosters
D. Blacka
Verisign, Inc.
October 14, 2003
DNSSEC Opt-In
draft-blacka-dnssec-opt-in-00
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 13, 2004.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
In DNSSEC (RFC 2535bis, [3], [4], and [5]), delegations to unsigned
subzones are cryptographically secured. Maintaining this
cryptography is not practical or necessary. This document describes
an experimental "Opt-In" model that allows administrators to omit
this cryptography and manage the cost of adopting DNSSEC with large
zones.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
Table of Contents
1. Definitions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Protocol Additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 Server Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.1 Delegations Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.2 Insecure Delegation Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.3 Wildcards and Opt-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.4 Dynamic Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Client Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.1 Delegations Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.2 Validation Process Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.3 NSEC Record Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.4 Use of the AD bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Transition Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
A. Implementing Opt-In using "Views" . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . 23
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
1. Definitions and Terminology
Throughout this document, familiarity with the DNS system (RFC 1035
[1]), DNS security extensions ([3], [4], and [5], referred to in this
document as "RFC 2535bis"), and DNSSEC terminology (RFC 3090 [9]) is
assumed.
The following abbreviations and terms are used in this document:
RR: is used to refer to a DNS resource record.
RRset: refers to a Resource Record Set, as defined by [7]. In this
document, the RRset is also defined to include the covering RRSIG
records, if any exist.
signed name: refers to a DNS name that has, at minimum, a (signed)
NSEC record.
unsigned name: refers to a DNS name that does not (at least) have a
NSEC record.
covering NSEC record/RRset: is the NSEC record used to prove
(non)existence of a particular name or RRset. This means that for
a RRset or name 'N', the covering NSEC record has the name 'N', or
has an owner name less than 'N' and "next" name greater than 'N'.
delegation: refers to a NS RRset with a name different from the
current zone apex (non-zone-apex), signifying a delegation to a
subzone.
secure delegation: refers to a signed name containing a delegation
(NS RRset), and a signed DS RRset, signifying a delegation to a
signed subzone.
insecure delegation: refers to a signed name containing a delegation
(NS RRset), but lacking a DS RRset, signifying a delegation to an
unsigned subzone.
Opt-In insecure delegation: refers to an unsigned name containing
only a delegation NS RRset. The covering NSEC record uses the
Opt-In methodology described in this document.
The key words "MUST, "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY, and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [6].
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
2. Overview
The cost to cryptographically secure delegations to unsigned zones is
high for large delegation-centric zones and zones where insecure
delegations will be updated rapidly. For these zones, the costs of
maintaining the NSEC record chain may be extremely high relative to
the gain of cryptographically authenticating existence of unsecured
zones.
This document describes an experimental method of eliminating the
superfluous cryptography present in secure delegations to unsigned
zones. Using "Opt-In", a zone administrator can choose to remove
insecure delegations from the NSEC chain. This is accomplished by
extending the semantics of the NSEC record by using a redundant bit
in the type map.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
3. Protocol Additions
In RFC 2535bis, delegation NS RRsets are not signed, but are instead
accompanied by a NSEC RRset of the same name and a DS record. The
security status of the subzone is determined by the presence or
absence of the DS RRset, cryptographically proven by the NSEC record.
Opt-In expands this definition by allowing insecure delegations to
exist within an otherwise signed zone without the corresponding NSEC
record at the delegation's owner name. These insecure delegations
are proven insecure by using a covering NSEC record.
Since this represents a change of the interpretation of NSEC records,
resolvers must be able to distinguish between RFC 2535bis NSEC
records and Opt-In NSEC records. This is accomplished by "tagging"
the NSEC records that cover (or potentially cover) insecure
delegation nodes. This tag is indicated by the absence of the NSEC
bit in the type map. Since the NSEC bit in the type map merely
indicates the existence of the record itself, this bit is redundant
and safe for use as a tag.
An Opt-In tagged NSEC record does not assert the (non)existence of
the delegations that it covers (except for a delegation with the same
name). This allows for the addition or removal of these delegations
without recalculating or resigning records in the NSEC chain.
However, Opt-In tagged NSEC records do assert the (non)existence of
other RRsets.
An Opt-In NSEC record MAY have the same name as an insecure
delegation. In this case, the delegation is proven insecure by the
lack of a DS bit in type map and the signed NSEC record does assert
the existence of the delegation.
Zones using Opt-In MAY contain a mixture of Opt-In tagged NSEC
records and RFC 2535bis NSEC records. If a NSEC record is not
Opt-In, there MUST NOT be any insecure delegations (or any other
records) between it and the RRsets indicated by the 'next domain
name' in the NSEC RDATA. If it is Opt-In, there MUST only be
insecure delegations between it and the next node indicated by the
'next domain name' in the NSEC RDATA.
In summary,
o An Opt-In NSEC type is identified by a zero-valued (or
not-specified) NSEC bit in the type bit map of the NSEC record.
o A RFC2535bis NSEC type is identified by a one-valued NSEC bit in
the type bit map of the NSEC record.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
and,
o An Opt-In NSEC record does not assert the non-existence of a name
between its owner name and "next" name, although it does assert
that any name in this span MUST be an insecure delegation.
o An Opt-In NSEC record does assert the (non)existence of RRsets
with the same owner name.
3.1 Server Considerations
Opt-In imposes some new requirements on authoritative DNS servers.
3.1.1 Delegations Only
This specification dictates that only insecure delegations may exist
between the owner and "next" names of an Opt-In tagged NSEC record.
Signing tools SHOULD NOT generate signed zones that violate this
restriction. Servers SHOULD refuse to load and/or serve zones that
violate this restriction.
3.1.2 Insecure Delegation Responses
When returning an Opt-In insecure delegation, the server MUST return
the covering NSEC RRset in the Authority section.
In RFC 2535bis, NSEC records already must be returned along with the
insecure delegation. The primary difference that this proposal
introduces is that the Opt-In tagged NSEC record will have a
different owner name from the delegation RRset. This may require
implementations to do a NSEC search on cached responses.
3.1.3 Wildcards and Opt-In
RFC 2535bis describes the practice of returning NSEC records to prove
the non-existence of an applicable wildcard in non-existent name
responses. This NSEC record can be described as a "negative wildcard
proof". The use of Opt-In NSEC records changes the necessity for
this practice. For non-existent name responses when the query name
(qname) is covered by an Opt-In tagged NSEC record, servers MAY
choose to omit the wildcard proof record, and clients MUST NOT treat
the absence of this NSEC record as a validation error.
The intent of the RFC 2535bis negative wildcard proof requirement is
to prevent malicious users from undetectably removing valid wildcard
responses. In order for this cryptographic proof to work, the
resolver must be able to prove:
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
1. The exact qname does not exist. This is done by the "normal"
NSEC record.
2. No applicable wildcard exists. This is done by returning a NSEC
record proving that the wildcard does not exist (this is the
negative wildcard proof).
However, if the NSEC record covering the exact qname is an Opt-In
NSEC record, the resolver will not be able to prove the first part of
this equation, as the qname might exist as an insecure delegation.
Thus, since the total proof cannot be completed, the negative
wildcard proof NSEC record is not useful.
The negative wildcard proof is also not useful when returned as part
of an Opt-In insecure delegation response for a similar reason: the
resolver cannot prove that the qname does or does not exist, and
therefore cannot prove that a wildcard expansion is valid.
The presence of an Opt-In tagged NSEC record does not change the
practice of returning a NSEC along with a wildcard expansion. Even
though the Opt-In NSEC will not be able to prove that the wildcard
expansion is valid, it will prove that the wildcard expansion is not
masking any signed records.
3.1.4 Dynamic Update
Opt-In changes the semantics of Secure DNS Dynamic Update [8]. In
particular, it introduces the need for rules that describe when to
add or remove a delegation name from the NSEC chain. This document
does not attempt to define these rules. Until these rules are
defined, servers MUST NOT process DNS Dynamic Update requests against
zones that use Opt-In NSEC records.
3.2 Client Considerations
Opt-In imposes some new requirements on security-aware resolvers
(caching or otherwise).
3.2.1 Delegations Only
As stated in the "Server Considerations" section above, this
specification restricts the namespace covered by Opt-In tagged NSEC
records to insecure delegations only. Thus, resolvers MUST reject as
invalid any records that fall within an Opt-In NSEC record's span
that are not NS records or corresponding glue records.
3.2.2 Validation Process Changes
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
This specification does not change the resolver's resolution
algorithm. However, it does change the DNSSEC validation process.
Resolvers MUST be able to use Opt-In tagged NSEC records to
cryptographically prove the validity and security status (as
insecure) of a referral. Resolvers determine the security status of
the referred-to zone as follows:
o In RFC 2535bis, the security status is proven by the existence or
absence of a DS RRset at the same name as the delegation. The
existence of the DS RRset indicates that the referred-to zone is
signed. The absence of the DS RRset is proven using a verified
NSEC record of the same name that does not have the DS bit set in
the type map. This NSEC record MAY also be tagged as Opt-In.
o Using Opt-In, the security status is proven by the existence of a
DS record (for signed) or the presence of a verified Opt-In tagged
NSEC record that covers the delegation name. That is, the NSEC
record does not have the NSEC bit set in the type map, and the
delegation name falls between the NSEC's owner and "next" name.
Using Opt-In does not substantially change the nature of following
referrals within DNSSEC. At every delegation point, the resolver
will have cryptographic proof that the subzone is signed or unsigned.
When receiving either an Opt-In insecure delegation response or a
non-existent name response where that name is covered by an Opt-In
tagged NSEC record, the resolver MUST NOT require proof (in the form
of a NSEC record) that a wildcard did not exist.
3.2.3 NSEC Record Caching
Caching resolvers MUST be able to retrieve the appropriate covering
Opt-In NSEC record when returning referrals that need them. This
requirement differs from RFC 2535bis in that the covering NSEC will
not have the same owner name as the delegation. Some implementations
may have to use new methods for finding these NSEC records.
3.2.4 Use of the AD bit
The AD bit, as defined by [2] and [5], MUST NOT be set when:
o sending a non-existent name (NXDOMAIN) response where the covering
NSEC is tagged as Opt-In.
o sending an Opt-In insecure delegation response, unless the
covering (Opt-In) NSEC record's owner name equals the delegation
name.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
This rule is based on what the Opt-In NSEC record actually proves:
for names that exist between the Opt-In NSEC record's owner and
"next" names, the Opt-In NSEC record cannot prove the non-existence
or existence of the name. As such, not all data in the response has
been cryptographically verified, so the AD bit cannot be set.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
4. Benefits
Using Opt-In allows administrators of large and/or changing
delegation-centric zones to minimize the overhead involved in
maintaining the security of the zone.
Opt-In accomplishes this by eliminating the need for NSEC records for
insecure delegations. This, in a zone with a large number of
delegations to unsigned subzones, can lead to substantial space
savings (both in memory and on disk). Additionally, Opt-In allows for
the addition or removal of insecure delegations without modifying the
NSEC record chain. Zones that are frequently updating insecure
delegations (e.g., TLDs) can avoid the substantial overhead of
modifying and resigning the affected NSEC records.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
5. Example
Consider the zone EXAMPLE, shown below. This is a zone where all of
the NSEC records are tagged as Opt-In.
Example A: Fully Opt-In Zone.
EXAMPLE. SOA ...
EXAMPLE. RRSIG SOA ...
EXAMPLE. NS FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE.
EXAMPLE. RRSIG NS ...
EXAMPLE. DNSKEY ...
EXAMPLE. RRSIG DNSKEY ...
EXAMPLE. NSEC FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. SOA NS RRSIG DNSKEY
EXAMPLE. RRSIG NSEC ...
FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. A ...
FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. RRSIG A ...
FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. NSEC NOT-SECURE-2.EXAMPLE. A RRSIG
FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. RRSIG NSEC ...
NOT-SECURE.EXAMPLE. NS NS.NOT-SECURE.EXAMPLE.
NS.NOT-SECURE.EXAMPLE. A ...
NOT-SECURE-2.EXAMPLE. NS NS.NOT-SECURE.EXAMPLE.
NOT-SECURE-2.EXAMPLE NSEC SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE NS RRSIG
NOT-SECURE-2.EXAMPLE RRSIG NSEC ...
SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE. NS NS.ELSEWHERE.
SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE. DS ...
SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE. RRSIG DS ...
SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE. NSEC EXAMPLE. NS RRSIG DNSKEY
SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE. RRSIG NSEC ...
UNSIGNED.EXAMPLE. NS NS.UNSIGNED.EXAMPLE.
NS.UNSIGNED.EXAMPLE. A ...
In this example, a query for a signed RRset (e.g.,
"FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE A"), or a secure delegation
("WWW.SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE A") will result in a normal RFC 2535bis
response.
A query for a nonexistent RRset will result in a response that
differs from RFC 2535bis by: the NSEC record will be tagged as
Opt-In, there may be no NSEC record proving the non-existence of a
matching wildcard record, and the AD bit will not be set.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
A query for an insecure delegation RRset (or a referral) will return
both the answer (in the Authority section) and the corresponding
Opt-In NSEC record to prove that it is not secure.
Example A.1: Response to query for WWW.UNSIGNED.EXAMPLE. A
RCODE=NOERROR, AD=0
Answer Section:
Authority Section:
UNSIGNED.EXAMPLE. NS NS.UNSIGNED.EXAMPLE
SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE. NSEC EXAMPLE. NS RRSIG DS
SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE. RRSIG NSEC ...
Additional Section:
NS.UNSIGNED.EXAMPLE. A ...
In the Example A.1 zone, the EXAMPLE. node MAY use either style of
NSEC record, because there are no insecure delegations that occur
between it and the next node, FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. In other words,
Example A would still be a valid zone if the NSEC record for EXAMPLE.
was changed to the following RR:
EXAMPLE. NSEC FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. (SOA NS
RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC )
However, the other NSEC records (FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. and
SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE.) MUST be tagged as Opt-In because there are
insecure delegations in the range they define. (NOT-SECURE.EXAMPLE.
and UNSIGNED.EXAMPLE., respectively).
NOT-SECURE-2.EXAMPLE. is an example of an insecure delegation that is
part of the NSEC chain and also covered by an Opt-In tagged NSEC
record. Because NOT-SECURE-2.EXAMPLE. is a signed name, it cannot be
removed from the zone without modifying and resigning the prior NSEC
record. Delegations with names that fall between
NOT-SECURE-2.EXAMPLE. and SECOND-SECURE.EXAMPLE. may be added or
removed without resigning any NSEC records.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
6. Transition Issues
Opt-In is not backwards compatible with RFC 2535bis. RFC 2535bis
compliant DNSSEC implementations will not recognize Opt-In tagged
NSEC records as different from RFC 2535bis NSEC records. Because of
this, RFC 2535bis implementations will reject all Opt-In insecure
delegations within a zone as invalid.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
7. Security Considerations
Opt-In allows for unsigned names, in the form of delegations to
unsigned subzones, to exist within an otherwise signed zone. All
unsigned names are, by definition, insecure, and their validity or
existence cannot by cryptographically proven.
In general:
o Records with unsigned names (whether existing or not) suffer from
the same vulnerabilities as records in an unsigned zone. These
vulnerabilites are described in more detail in [11] (note in
particular sections 2.3, "Name Games" and 2.6, "Authenticated
Denial").
o Records with signed names have the same security whether or not
Opt-In is used.
Note that with or without Opt-In, an insecure delegation may have its
contents undetectably altered by an attacker. Because of this, the
primary difference in security that Opt-In introduces is the loss of
the ability to prove the existence or nonexistence of an insecure
delegation within the span of an Opt-In NSEC record.
In particular, this means that a malicious entity may be able to
insert or delete records with unsigned names. These records are
normally NS records, but this also includes signed wildcard
expansions (while the wildcard record itself is signed, its expanded
name is an unsigned name).
For example, if a resolver received the following response from the
example zone above:
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
Example S.1: Response to query for WWW.DOES-NOT-EXIST.EXAMPLE. A
RCODE=NOERROR
Answer Section:
Authority Section:
DOES-NOT-EXIST.EXAMPLE. NS NS.FORGED.
EXAMPLE. NSEC FIRST-SECURE.EXAMPLE. SOA NS \
RRSIG DNSKEY
EXAMPLE. RRSIG NSEC ...
Additional Section:
The resolver would have no choice but to believe that the referral to
NS.FORGED. is valid. If a wildcard existed that would have been
expanded to cover "WWW.DOES-NOT-EXIST.EXAMPLE.", an attacker could
have undetectably removed it and replaced it with the forged
delegation.
Note that being able to add a delegation is functionally equivalent
to being able to add any record type: an attacker merely has to forge
a delegation to nameserver under his/her control and place whatever
records needed at the subzone apex.
While in particular cases, this issue may not present a significant
security problem, in general it should not be lightly dismissed.
Therefore, it is strongly RECOMMENDED that Opt-In be used sparingly.
In particular, zone signing tools SHOULD NOT default to Opt-In, and
MAY choose to not support Opt-In at all.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
8. IANA Considerations
None.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
9. Acknowledgments
The contributions, suggestions and remarks of the following persons
(in alphabetic order) to this draft are acknowledged:
Mats Dufberg, Miek Gieben, Olafur Gudmundsson, Bob Halley, Olaf
Kolkman, Edward Lewis, Ted Lindgreen, Rip Loomis, Bill Manning,
Dan Massey, Scott Rose, Mike Schiraldi, Jakob Schlyter, Brian
Wellington.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
Normative References
[1] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[2] Gudmundsson, O. and B. Wellington, "Redefinition of DNS AD bit",
draft-ietf-dnsext-ad-is-secure-06 (work in progress), June 2002.
[3] Massey, D., Larson, M., Austein, R., Rose, S. and R. Arends,
"DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-intro-05 (work in progress), February
2003.
[4] Arends, R., "Resource Records for DNS Security Extensions",
draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-records-02 (work in progress), November
2002.
[5] Arends, R., "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
Extensions", draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-protocol-00 (work in
progress), October 2002.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
Informative References
[6] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[7] Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS Specification",
RFC 2181, July 1997.
[8] Eastlake, D., "Secure Domain Name System Dynamic Update", RFC
2137, April 1997.
[9] Lewis, E., "DNS Security Extension Clarification on Zone
Status", RFC 3090, March 2001.
[10] Conrad, D., "Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC", RFC 3225,
December 2001.
[11] Atkins, D. and R. Austein, "Threat Analysis Of The Domain Name
System", draft-ietf-dnsext-dns-threats-02 (work in progress),
November 2002.
Authors' Addresses
Roy Arends
Telematica Instituut
Drienerlolaan 5
7522 NB Enschede
NL
EMail: roy.arends@telin.nl
Mark Kosters
Verisign, Inc.
21355 Ridgetop Circle
Dulles, VA 20166
US
Phone: +1 703 948 3200
EMail: markk@verisign.com
URI: http://www.verisignlabs.com
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
David Blacka
Verisign, Inc.
21355 Ridgetop Circle
Dulles, VA 20166
US
Phone: +1 703 948 3200
EMail: davidb@verisign.com
URI: http://www.verisignlabs.com
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
Appendix A. Implementing Opt-In using "Views"
In many cases, it may be convenient to implement an Opt-In zone by
combining two separately maintained "views" of a zone at request
time. In this context, "view" refers to a particular version of a
zone, not to any specific DNS implementation feature.
In this scenario, one view is the secure view, the other is the
insecure (or legacy) view. The secure view consists of an entirely
signed zone using Opt-In tagged NSEC records. The insecure view
contains no DNSSEC information. It is helpful, although not
necessary, for the secure view to be a subset (minus DNSSEC records)
of the insecure view.
In addition, the only RRsets that may solely exist in the insecure
view are non-zone-apex NS RRsets. That is, all non-NS RRsets (and the
zone apex NS RRset) MUST be signed and in the secure view.
These two views may be combined at request time to provide a virtual,
single Opt-In zone. The following algorithm is used when responding
to each query:
V_A is the secure view as described above.
V_B is the insecure view as described above.
R_A is a response generated from V_A, following RFC 2535bis.
R_B is a response generated from V_B, following DNS resolution as
per RFC 1035 [1].
R_C is the response generated by combining R_A with R_B, as
described below.
A query is DNSSEC-aware if it either has the DO bit [10] turned
on, or is for a DNSSEC-specific record type.
1. If V_A is a subset of V_B and the query is not DNSSEC-aware,
generate and return R_B, otherwise
2. Generate R_A.
3. If R_A's RCODE != NXDOMAIN, return R_A, otherwise
4. Generate R_B and combine it with R_A to form R_C:
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
For each section (ANSWER, AUTHORITY, ADDITIONAL), copy the
records from R_A into R_B, EXCEPT the AUTHORITY section SOA
record, if R_B's RCODE = NOERROR.
5. Return R_C.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
Intellectual Property Statement
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it
has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the
IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and
standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of
claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of
licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to
obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can
be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive
Director.
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assignees.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 23]
Internet-Draft DNSSEC Opt-In October 2003
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Arends, et al. Expires April 13, 2004 [Page 24]