INTERNET-DRAFT
Networking Working Group Gerhard Bogler
Internet Draft Siemens AG
Expires January 16, 1998
Internet Technology for Integration of Carrier Network
Management (TMN) and Enterprise Network Management
<draft-bogler-tmn-internet-00.txt>
Status of this Memo
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Abstract
The complexity of telecommunication networks, i.e. enterprise and
carrier networks, has grown over the last two decades. Management
of carrier networks and enterprise networks has followed different
paradigms up to now:
- In carrier networks the Telecommunications Management Network (TMN)
as created by ITU-T in the early 1980s is still being propagated.
- In enterprise networks the SNMP based approach is widely accepted.
The borders between public (carrier) and private (enterprise) networks
are becoming increasingly transparent, a distinction between both types
of networks may soon be irrelevant from a network management point of
view.
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In the light of this development an integrating framework for network
management can be expected to gain rapid importance.
This Internet Draft shows that Internet technology and existing IETF
standards supplemented by a quite limited set of additional specifica-
tions can be used as the basis for a cooperative network management
approach, integrating management of both network management worlds while
leaving their interior essentially untouched.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Existing Management Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Basic Requirements for a Framework for Integrated
Network Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Framework Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Areas for Work in the IETF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
7. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
9. Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
1. Introduction
1.1 Motivation: the Challenge for Integrated Network Management
Today, enterprise and carrier networks are converging. The discrimina-
tion between enterprise and carrier networks, between IT and telecommuni-
cation is fading. Some consequences for network management are:
- De-regulation in many countries allows organizations to be customers
(users) of a network as well as providers of a service. Network
management is shared among many parties: the "classical" network
operator ('Telco'), the value-adding service provider, the ISP, the
enterprise network user operating an own network, brokers/resellers
of network services etc.
- There is a need to integrate management for different types of nodes
as the underlying technologies are being more and more integrated.
Examples include but are not limited to: IP over ATM, MPOA
(Multiprotocol over ATM, standardized by the ATM-Forum), ATM over
SDH/Sonet.
- Some technologies which are commonly used in enterprise and carrier
networks, e.g. ATM, require integrated management. Note that ATM
nodes in carrier networks are managed using MIBs according to
ATM Forum specifications (M4) or ITU-T Recommendations (I.751) while
ATM nodes in enterprise networks are managed using e.g. the AToM MIB
of the IETF (RFC 1695).
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- Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) using "public" network resources
require cooperation between enterprise and carrier network management.
VPN owners need to manage their dedicated resources in the carrier
network.
In a nutshell, the challenge that the progressing convergence of
networks presents is to manage several network management worlds
(SNMP, CMIP and existing proprietary solutions) in a consistent way
while preserving the vast investments in existing networks and
network management solutions.
This Internet Draft shows that while much of the needed technology
and the standards are already in place, some additional standardization
efforts will be needed to create a common framework for enterprise and
carrier network management.
1.2 Scope
This Internet-Draft does NOT intend to
- contribute to the discussion about pro's and con's of SNMP and CMIP,
- propose any concept to replace existing SNMP and CMIP based solutions,
- define a new management protocol and a new management scheme.
Instead, this Internet-Draft
- is intended to initiate work on the integration of the traditionally
separated network management for enterprise networks and carrier
networks.
- identifies basic requirements and introduces functional entities
which enhance the current management architectures,
- proposes areas of work to be tackled by the IETF in order to support
the requirements.
2 Existing Management Frameworks
Network management for carrier and enterprise networks has been
traditionally separated: TMN framework vs. SNMP/SMI framework.
2.1 The TMN Framework
In the 1980s, the vision was established to monitor and tune all types
of telecommunication network, usually without any manual intervention.
In 1988, the International Telecommunications Union (formerly CCITT)
was the first to define formally the concept of Telecommunications
Management Networks [7].
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The TMN concept relies on 3 pillars:
- its functional architecture (which may be mapped in various ways to
concrete physical configurations),
- its Logical Layered Architecture (LLA) and
- its standardized interfaces.
2.1.1 The TMN Functional Architecture
TMN according to ITU-T Rec. M.3010 identifies 3 main function blocks:
- Operations Systems Function (OSF) block: The OSF processes management
information for the purpose of monitoring/coordinating and/or
controlling telecommunication functions.
- Network Element Function (NEF) block: The NEF is a functional block
which communicates with the TMN for the purpose of being monitored
and/or controlled. The NEF is the characterizing part of the Network
Elements, such as switches.
- Q-Adapter Function (QAF) block: The QAF is used to connect non-TMN
entities, i.e. entities with non-TMN interfaces. It should be noted
that from a TMN's point of view SNMP-based Network Elements would have
to interact with a TMN via a QAF.
The TMN function blocks interact accross TMN reference points.
2.1.2 The TMN Logical Layered Architecture (LLA)
Management functions in the TMN, i.e. the TMN OSFs, have been organized
in 4 layers defining the so called Logical Layered Architecture (LLA)
of the TMN. The layers are:
- Element management layer (EML):
The EML manages each network element on an individual basis and
supports an abstraction of the functions provided by the NE layer.
- Network management layer (NML):
the NML has the responsibility for the management of all the NEs, as
presented by the EML, both individually and as a set. It is not
concerned with how a particular element provides services internally.
- Service management layer (SML):
Service management is concerned with, and responsible for, the
contractual aspects of services that are being provided to customers
or are being made available to potential new customers.
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- Business management layer (BML):
The business management layer has responsibility for the total
enterprise and is the layer at which agreements between network
operators are made.
2.1.3 The TMN Interfaces
In order to achieve interoperability between management systems (in TMN
terms Operations Systems = OS) and managed systems, respectively, between
two management systems, TMN defines standardized interfaces (see [9]).
The TMN interfaces are the realization of the TMN reference points.
The most prominent ones are:
- The Q3 interface
is the interface between management systems and network elements of
one network operator (corresponding to the q3 reference point in the
TMN functional architecture shown in Figure 1).
Q3 has been the main focus of TMN standarization up to now.
- The X interface
is the interface between management systems of different network
operators (carrier or enterprise networks).
As basis for the TMN interfaces, the OSI systems management technology
was chosen, a set of standards developed jointly by the International
Standards Organization (ISO) and ITU. According to ITU-T Rec. M.3010,
TMN interfaces consist of a communications protocol stack, defined in
ITU-T Recommendations Q.811 and Q.812 [9] with the CMIP protocol on top
[8] and an information model specified according to ITU-T Recs. X.722
(Guide to the Definition of Managed Objects [10]).
TMN interfaces have been deployed in a number of carrier networks.
In enterprise networks, TMN interfaces have had virtually no influence
up to now.
2.2 The SNMP/SMI Framework
Management of modern enterprise networks is dominantly based on
Internet standards. SNMP version 1 (SNMPv1) is the original
Internet-standard Network Management Framework.
It consists of these three documents:
- RFC 1157 [1] defines the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP),
the protocol used for network access to managed objects.
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- RFC 1155 [2] defines the Structure of Management Information (SMI),
the mechanisms used for describing and naming objects for the purpose
of management.
- RFC 1212 [3] defines a more concise description mechanism which is
wholly consistent with the SMI.
Currently, SNMP is being progressed by the IETF towards SNMP v3.
3. Basic Requirements for a Framework for Integrated Network Management
Two types of basic requirements can be identified: operational
requirements stating the goals, i.e. what shall be achieved by this
management framework, and technology requirements stating which
technology is best suited to achieve these goals.
3.1 Key Operational Requirements
The network management framework shall support
- end-to-end management.
This requirement addresses the need to cooperate with more than one
network element to perform complex management tasks at the higher
management layers, i.e. above element management. An example is the
creation of an ATM virtual circuit or a SONET path.
- integrated management across multiple network technologies.
This requirement addresses the need to jointly manage network
elements of different technologies. An example is coordinated
management of IP routers and ATM switches.
- cooperation between several (human) operators, management applications
and managed systems.
This requirement acknowledges the fact that management in modern
networks is shared among many parties. Examples include: management
of ATM end-to-end accross the boundaries of network operators' domains
or coordinated provisioning of services involving various departments
of a service provider's organization (e.g. customer care and switch
managements, billing department etc.).
- network user access to network management in a 'public' operator's
domain. This capability is generally known as Customer Network
Management (CNM).
This requirement addresses the trend that, in particular,
operators of enterprise networks require direct control of their
subscribed services and network resources in a carrier's network.
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An example is management of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) by a
corporate user of the carrier network.
- interworking with existing and new SNMP and CMIP based management
systems. The framework shall allow also for interworking with
proprietary management systems.
This requirement addresses the fact that huge investments have been
made by enterprise and carrier network operators in their infra-
structures. Any management framework which proposed to replace
existing solutions, e.g. by introducing a new management protocol
between management systems and Network Elements is most probably
bound to fail.
3.2 Technology Requirements
The network management framework shall support
- a WWW-style user interface. Off-the shelf WWW-browsers shall be used
in the management stations.
This requirement addresses the fact that the user interfaces provided
by WWW browsers have received wide acceptance and can be seen as
state-of-the-art for user interfaces to server-based information
services.
- a common representation of management procedures, operations and
information elements of different styles and formats.
This requirement addresses the need to provide the operator with
one common view of the items he is handling. That means he should be
able to work at a service (= management task) level view which
integrates or at least hides details of network resource.
Another requirement is to integrate management related information
resources, e.g. operation manuals and training/tutorial information.
- flexible linking of the entities listed above by hyperlinks as used
in the WWW.
This requirement is a consequence from the need to support the variety
of end-to-end operational procedures, network management task steps
etc. A browser-based user interface is used to present the various
elements making up integrated network management to the operator.
- customization of this linked HTML structure via the network operators
management stations and also across a CNM interface.
This requirement addresses the fact that in practice network
management is highly network operator specific. Basic management
operations are combined in very specific ways to fit into the
respective organization of a network operator. Obviously this is also
true for enterprise network users. Therefore the requirement for
customization capabilities holds also for a CNM interface.
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- interfaces to existing management systems (SNMP and CMIP based, and
proprietary).
This requirement is a consequence from the need to cooperate with
existing management systems especially at the element management
layer.
- the mapping of linked HTML structures to sets/sequences of SNMP/CMIP
(or proprietary) operations.
This requirement is a consequence from the fact that from the
operator's point of view network management tasks, operations and
information elements are represented by a WWW-like structure while
interaction with existing management systems has to use existing
protocols and data structures.
- linking of network originating events (traps in SNMP, event
notifications in CMIP) to the relevant pages in the SIB.
This requirement addresses the need for the network operator to get
knowledge of, and react to, events in the managed network. Examples
include major outages of network resources, overload of nodes and
transport systems.
4. Framework Architecture
4.1 Building Blocks
This section proposes three architectural enhancements to the existing
management frameworks which address the requirements in the previous
section:
- the use of WWW technology for representing management tasks
- the introduction of cooperative sessions for network management
- the interworking with SNMP based, CMIP based and proprietary
management systems.
The principal architectural entities which are introduced are:
- CSC Cooperative Session Control
- SIB Server Information Base
- GAP Gateway Application
Figure 1 gives an overview. For the sake of simplicity standard
components are not shown such as the WWW-server function and the SNMP
respectively CMIP protocol machines for communication with existing
management systems.
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-- --
| | management stations | |
-- (using WWW browsers) --
/ \ / \
---- +-----------------+ ----
| | | |
+----------+ Inter/Intranet +----------+
| |
-- +---+---------+---+
| | | |
-- SIB +-----+---------+------+ \
/ \ customiz. | ----- ----- | |
---- interface | | CSC |-----| SIB | | |
+--------------+ ----- ----- | |
+-+---------+--------+-+ > Management
| | | | Server
+-+--+ +-+--+ +-+--+ |
|GAP | |GAP | |GAP | |
+-+--+ +-+--+ +-+--+ /
| | |
+----------+ +----+-----+ +----------+
|Mgmt.syst.| |Mgmt.syst.| |Mgmt.syst.|
|e.g. SNM | |e.g. CM | |e.g. propr|
+----+-----+ +----+-----+ +-----+----+
| | |
+--+-+ +--+-+ +-+--+ Network
| NE | | NE | | NE | Elements
+----+ +----+ +----+
e.g. router, bridge e.g. carrier switch e.g. transm. equipm.
Figure 1: Architectural Entities for WWW-based network management
The principal functional entities are characterized as follows:
- Cooperative Session Control Function (CSC)
The CSC controls the multi-party sessions. It handles adding and
removing of session participants which can be humans (e.g. operator
staff) and applications (e.g. in existing management systems).
The CSC uses information represented by so-called cooperation task
descriptions which are represented by linked HTML pages.
- Server Information Base (SIB)
The server information base is the repository of entities required for
WWW-based, cooperative, multi-technology, end-to-end management. It
contains the following types of entities:
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- Managed entities representing the resources to be managed;
this includes also resources in the management server
- management task descriptions
- elementary management operations
- information entities (help texts, multimedia guidance etc.)
- processing entities, i.e. pieces of code representing management
logic relating to one or more of the entities above,
e.g. the mapping of a management task to a set of management
operations, or the mapping of an elementary operation to an SNMP
operation etc.
- event-related entities, i.e. stored event notifications
(spontaneously emitted in the case of CMIP, retrieved by polling
in the case of SNMP)
All these entities are represented to the operator by WWW-type pages
connected by hyperlinks.
- Gateway Applications (GAP)
The management server makes use of Gateway Application (GAP) to
cooperate with existing (and new) management systems, i.e. for
sending commands and receiving event information.
The GAPs include the conversion of management commands and event
messages to/from WWW representation (HTTP/HTML) and handle access
authorization to existing management systems.
GAPs can be used to adapt to management systems based on standard
MIBs (SNMP or CMIP) or to proprietary management systems. It should
be noted that this adaptation does not necessarily need to cover the
complete functionality of the respective element management systems.
4.2 External Interfaces
Internal interfaces, i.e. interfaces within the management server such
as the interface between CSC and SIB (see Fig. 1), are outside the scope
of this Internet Draft.
(1) Interface: Management Station (operator or user domain) -
Management Server
This shall be a WWW-type interface (HTTP).
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(2) Interface: Management Server - existing/new element management
systems
The communication mechanisms for this interface are determined by
the corresponding management system, i.e. SNMP or CMIP
(or proprietary).
(3) Interface: SIB Customization
This shall be a WWW-type interface.
This interface allows the operator staff to customize the Server
Information Base. The corresponding MIB (SIB MIB) is described
using the SNMP framework. This SIB MIB is proposed as a subject for
further study.
4.3 Principles of the Server Information Base (SIB)
The SIB consists of a linked structure of WWW-type pages.
The operator performs management tasks by surfing this linked WWW
structure. He follows hyperlinks which lead to management task
descriptions and operation forms (corresponding to elementary
management operations) to be filled in.
Concrete management interaction with an existing EM/NM (element
management/network management) system is implicitly invoked by
clicking at the corresponding hyperlink.
Data and operation results received from an element management system
at one step of a management task can be passed to subsequent steps of
the management task by following predefined hyperlinks.
The operator can view alarm messages originating from the network by
selecting corresponding WWW pages. The operator can access multimedia
guidance information ("help", represented as WWW pages) in any phase of
a management task.
Gateway applications are responsible for interworking with the existing
element managers. This includes coordination of these interactions.
An example may illustrate these principles:
A member of an operator's staff accesses network management
functionality by entering the URL designated for end-to-end
management. This causes a start page to pop up.
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Let's assume that the staff member intends to create an ATM PVC
(Permanent Virtual Circuit). By following the appropriate hyperlinks
he will finally arrive at a task description page titled 'Create an
ATM PVC'.
At this point the staff member has several options:
- to enter immediately the requested information for creating the
ATM PVC, e.g. Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, identification
of the respective end points in the network elements etc.
- to ask for further information about the task, i.e. request a
description of the procedure 'how to create an ATM PVC' or request
information about syntax and/or semantics of a specific parameter,
e.g. QoS.
- to request information about availability, current status etc. of
the network resources required for that task.
- to request another human operator or management to join the
management session; an example may be to query the account status
of the future owner of the ATM PVC being provisioned.
The staff member can choose between these options by selecting the
appropriate hyperlink.
He is guided through the whole management task step by step, being
offered only those hyperlinks which are relevant depending on the
status of the task.
After providing all the information needed to create the ATM PVC,
execution of the single elementary operations which make up the
task is triggered in the respective element management systems.
These element management systems perform the necessary actions on the
network elements in their respective domains.
The responses of the element managers are collected, corresponding
HTML pages are created and stored in the SIB. A summary response
page is generated and stored in the SIB.
Finally the staff member who has initiated the management task is
informed about completion of this task.
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5. Areas for Work in the IETF
5.1 What is Already in Place, or Currently under Work?
The majority of the needed technology and standards is already in place:
Transport Protocols:
IETF: IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP
ISO/ITU-T: OSI layers 1-6, layer 7 association control (ACSE)
No additional standardization effort is necessary in this area.
Management Protocols/MIBs:
IETF: SNMP, SMI, many equipment specific MIBs
ISO/ITU-T: CMIP, GDMO, several application specific MIBs
SNMP version 3 is currently under work.
No additional standardization efforts in the management protocol area
are proposed in this Internet draft.
MIB efforts are proposed in section 5.2.
User Interfaces:
IETF: HTML and add-ons
No additional standardization efforts in the user interface area are
proposed in this Internet draft.
5.2 What Needs Still to Be Done?
In order to fulfill the requirements for integrated network management
some additions to the existing technology/standards are proposed:
Framework:
Work is proposed to determine and detail the functional entities and
their principal interaction needed for cooperative, WWW based network
management. This framework should also cover security aspects.
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Multi-party Sessions:
Work is proposed to investigate usability of protocols defined by the
mmusic-group (Session Initiation Protocol; Session Description
Protocol) for network management.
MIBs:
Work is proposed for creating a SIB MIB for managing the Server
Information Base (SIB). This 'SIB MIB' shall be used by the network
operator and (parts of it) also by selected users via a CNM interface.
The SIB MIB shall cover managed objects representing:
- management tasks
- elementary management operations (which are mapped by GAPs to SNMP
or CMIP operations)
- information entities (e.g. help texts, multimedia guidance
information etc.)
- processing entities, i.e. software components performing a specific
task, such as plausibility checks etc.
- grouping entities of the SIB to new complex SIB entities
- linking entities of the SIB
- network originating events
- managed objects representing supporting entities (e.g. event logs)
Mapping (GAPs):
Work is proposed to investigate the rules for mapping between the
linked HTML structure of the SIB and the elementary management
operations determined by the cooperating management systems (SNMP,
CMIP). An initial proposal addressing this topic was submitted in
11/96 as an Internet Draft (in the meantime deleted).
What kind of RFCs should be created?
The output of this activity could be structured as follows:
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RFC 'Requirements and Framework':
requirements and framework architecture of WWW-based integrated
network management (scope: roughly characterized by the contents of
sections 2 and 3 of this Internet draft). This should include also
security aspects of integrated network management.
RFC 'Mapping':
mapping management tasks (procedures), management elementary
operations, text and multimedia information to URLs (design a
scheme which allows to represent and address the various entities
which make up network management using WWW techniques).
RFC 'SIB MIB':
A 'Customizing MIB' for the support of management of the server
information base. This MIB shall support creating, deleting and
modifying management tasks and other entities of the SIB.
A further RFC which may be created (depending on the usability of
IP session protocol for cooperative network management):
RFC 'CSC': This RFC could cover the application and management of a
multi-party session control for network management. This includes a
'session control MIB'.
6. Security Considerations
Security considerations are not discussed in this initial draft.
7. Acknowledgments
The author is indebted for valuable comments from Reinhard Scholl
and Max Sevcik.
8. References
[1] J. Case, M.Fedor, M. Schoffstall and C. Davin, "The Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", RFC 1157, May 1990
[2] M. Rose, K. McCloghrie,"Structure and Identification of Management
Information for TCP/IP-based Internets", RFC 1155, May 1990
[3] M. Rose, K. McCloghrie, "Concise MIB Definitions",
RFC 1212, March 1991
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[4] T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding and H. Frystyck, "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol, HTTP/1.0", RFC 1945, May 1996,
[5] T. Berners-Lee, D. Connolly: "Hypertext Markup Language 2.0",
RFC 1866, November 1995.
[6] T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, M. McCahill, "Uniform Resource
Locators (URL)", RFC 1738, December 1994.
[7] ITU-T: Recommendation M.3010 "Principles for a Telecommunications
Management Network",
[8] ISO/IEC, ITU-T, Information Technology - OSI, Common Management
Information Protocol (CMIP) -
Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 9596-1, ITU-T
Recommendation X.711
[9] ITU-T, Lower Layer Protocol Profiles for the Q3 Interface,
Recommendation Q.811
Higher Layer Protocol Profiles for the Q3 Interface,
Recommendation Q.812
[10] ISO/IEC, ITU-T, Information Technology - OSI, Guidelines for the
Definition of Managed Objects, Recommendation X.722
[11] ITU-T, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Management of the
Network Element View, Recommendation I.751
[12] ATM Forum, M4 Interface Requirements and Logical MIB:
ATM Network Element View, af-nm-0020.000, October 1994
ATR Forum, CMIP Specification for the M4 Interface,
af-nm-0027.001, September 1995
[13] M. Ahmed, K. Tesink, IETF, "Definition of Managed Objects for ATM
Management version 8.0 using SMIv2, RFC 1695
9. Author's Address
Gerhard Bogler
Siemens AG,
Hofmannstrasse 51,
D-81359 Munich, Germany
tel.: +49-89-722 27685,
fax: +49-89-722 23528,
gerhard.bogler@oen.siemens.de
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