DNS Privacy (dprive) Working Group                         S. Bortzmeyer
Internet-Draft                                                     AFNIC
Intended status: Standards Track                         January 1, 2018
Expires: July 5, 2018


   Encryption and authentication of the DNS resolver-to-authoritative
                             communication
              draft-bortzmeyer-dprive-resolver-to-auth-00

Abstract

   This document proposes a mechanism for securing (privacy-wise) the
   communication between the DNS resolver and the authoritative name
   server.

   REMOVE BEFORE PUBLICATION: this document should be discussed in the
   IETF DPRIVE group, through its mailing list.  The source of the
   document, as well as a list of open issues, is currently kept at
   Github [1].

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on July 5, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



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   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction and background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Operational considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   6.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     6.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     6.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     6.3.  URIs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   Appendix B.  Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7

1.  Introduction and background

   To improve the privacy of the DNS user ([RFC7626]), the standard
   solution is to encrypt the requests with TLS ([RFC7858]).  We use
   this DNS-over-TLS solution as well here, since it is standardized,
   already implemented in many programs, and relies on a well-know
   security protocol (inventing a new security protocol is quite
   dangerous).  But just encrypting, without authenticating the remote
   server, leaves the user's privacy vulnerable to active man-in-the-
   middle attacks.  [RFC7858] and
   [I-D.ietf-dprive-dtls-and-tls-profiles] describe how to authenticate
   the DNS resolver, in the stub-to-resolver link.  We describe here
   authentication of the authoritative name server, in the resolver-to-
   authoritative link.

   A stub DNS resolver has only a few resolvers, and there is typically
   a pre-existing relationship.  But a resolver speaks to many
   authoritative name servers, without any prior relationship.  This
   means that, for instance, having a static key for the resolver makes
   sense while it would be clearly unrealistic for the authoritative
   server.

   Instead, we rely on DANE ([RFC6698]).  Authoritative name servers are
   known by name (obtained from zone delegation).  The manager of the
   ns1.example.net name server adds a TLSA record under example.net.
   The client establishes the TLS session, then authentify in the normal
   DANE way.




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   The original charter of the DPRIVE working group, in force at the
   time of this draft, says "The primary focus of this Working Group is
   to develop mechanisms that provide confidentiality between DNS
   Clients and Iterative Resolvers" and adds "but it may also later
   consider mechanisms that provide confidentiality between Iterative
   Resolvers and Authoritative Servers".  This document is here for this
   second step, "between Iterative Resolvers and Authoritative Servers".
   It will probably require a rechartering of the group.

2.  Rules

   A DNS full-service resolver who needs to query an authoritative name
   server establishes a TLS-over-TCP session with this authoritative
   name server.  If the DNS material to perform DANE authentication is
   sent in the TLS session ([I-D.ietf-tls-dnssec-chain-extension]), it
   uses it.  Otherwise, the resolver queries TLSA records ([RFC6698])
   for this name server and authentifies the key or certificate of the
   server this way.  If the name server is ns1.example.net, the TLSA
   record to query is _853._tcp.ns1.example.net.

   Note that the server MAY use raw public keys ([RFC7250]) and so there
   is not always a certificate.  If the server uses raw public keys, the
   TLSA record's Selector field must be 1 (SPKI, SubjectPublicKeyInfo).

   The recommended order is to try TLS before querying the TLSA records.
   True, DANE signals if the server is willing to make DNS-over-TLS (and
   can therefore save a TLS attempt) but cannot guarantee that it will
   work (for instance if a middlebox blocks port 853).  Also, the DANE
   records may be transferred in the TLS session, not through the DNS.

   If the TLS session establishement fails, or if the DANE
   authentication fails, the result depends on whether the resolver runs
   in strict or opportunistic mode
   ([I-D.ietf-dprive-dtls-and-tls-profiles]).  In strict mode, the
   resolver MUST stop using this authoritative name server, and MUST try
   other servers of the DNS zone.  In opportunistic mode, the resolver
   MUST use the authoritative name server despite the failure.  It MAY
   try other name servers of the zone before, in the hope they will
   accept TLS and be authentified.  To avoid a chicken-and-egg problem,
   the resolver, even in strict mode, MAY use insecure servers for the
   meta-queries (getting the TLSA records).  More specifically:

      (0)The resolver remembers the keys of the authoritative name
      servers (in the same way it remembers the lowest RTT among a NS
      RRset),






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      (1)When the resolver needs to talk to a server (say
      ns2.example.net) for which it does not know the key, it does a
      TLSA request for _853._tcp.ns2.example.net,

      (2)If the resolution of this request requires to talk to the very
      server we search the key for, the resolver connects to this server
      with TLS to port 853, does not bother to authenticate, and sends
      the query.  This step offers no authentication.

   (See also [I-D.ietf-dprive-dtls-and-tls-profiles], section 5.)  A
   resolver MAY use the knowledge of TLS authentication it has to choose
   an authoritative name server among a NS RRset.

   At the time of this document, it is expected that very few resolvers
   will use the strict mode, because there is not yet a deployment in
   authoritative name servers.

3.  Operational considerations

   DNS-over-TLS depends on TCP, and the resolver and the authoritative
   name server must therefore have persistent TCP connections
   ([RFC7766]).

   A resolver may have a lot of client-side state, when managing
   hundreds of connections to remote authoritative servers ([tdns]).

   The latency when connecting to a authoritative name server is
   certainly an issue.  TLS 1.3 and TCP Fast Open ([RFC7413]) may help.

   Open question: do we require a minimum TLS version of 1.3?
   ([I-D.ietf-tls-tls13])

   Because the resolver cannot know in advance if the TLS connection
   will work (even if there is a DANE record), using parallel attemps
   ("happy eyeballs", [RFC8305]) is important.  A resolver working in
   opportunistic mode should try port 53 and 853 in parallel.

   An authoritative name server cannot know if the resolver authentified
   it, and how.  In the future, it may be interesting to have a EDNS
   option to signal a successful authentication, or a failure, but this
   is out of scope currently.

   If it is a concern that the same authoritative name servers are used
   for ordinary DNS and for encrypted DNS, there are several solutions.
   We may use front-end systems dispatching requests to port 53 and 853
   to different servers.





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   A resolver must be configurable in mode strict or opportunistic (the
   strict mode is very unrealistic at this time and should not be the
   default).  It may have a configuration to be in strict mode only for
   some domains.

4.  IANA Considerations

   No action for IANA.  This section can be deleted.

5.  Security Considerations

   The state to be kept in both the client and the server may make some
   denial-of-service attacks easier.  Following the advices of section
   10 of [RFC7766] is recommended.

   In opportunistic mode, there is no guarantee to have a secure use of
   the DNS, or even a guarantee to be informed of a problem.
   Opportunistic mode is a "best effort" privacy service.  Even in
   strict mode, some leaks may occur, through the DANE meta-queries, and
   through SNI indication in the TLS session.

   Encryption does not protect against a rogue server that will capture
   you requests and use them for evil purposes.  It must therefore be
   combined with data minimization techniques ([RFC7816]).

6.  References

6.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-dprive-dtls-and-tls-profiles]
              Dickinson, S., Gillmor, D., and T. Reddy, "Usage and
              (D)TLS Profiles for DNS-over-(D)TLS", draft-ietf-dprive-
              dtls-and-tls-profiles-11 (work in progress), September
              2017.

   [RFC6698]  Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
              of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August
              2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.

   [RFC7858]  Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
              and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.







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6.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.bortzmeyer-dprive-step-2]
              Bortzmeyer, S., "Next step for DPRIVE: resolver-to-auth
              link", draft-bortzmeyer-dprive-step-2-05 (work in
              progress), December 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-dnssec-chain-extension]
              Shore, M., Barnes, R., Huque, S., and W. Toorop, "A DANE
              Record and DNSSEC Authentication Chain Extension for TLS",
              draft-ietf-tls-dnssec-chain-extension-05 (work in
              progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-22 (work in progress),
              November 2017.

   [RFC7250]  Wouters, P., Ed., Tschofenig, H., Ed., Gilmore, J.,
              Weiler, S., and T. Kivinen, "Using Raw Public Keys in
              Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport
              Layer Security (DTLS)", RFC 7250, DOI 10.17487/RFC7250,
              June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7250>.

   [RFC7413]  Cheng, Y., Chu, J., Radhakrishnan, S., and A. Jain, "TCP
              Fast Open", RFC 7413, DOI 10.17487/RFC7413, December 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7413>.

   [RFC7626]  Bortzmeyer, S., "DNS Privacy Considerations", RFC 7626,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7626, August 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7626>.

   [RFC7766]  Dickinson, J., Dickinson, S., Bellis, R., Mankin, A., and
              D. Wessels, "DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
              Requirements", RFC 7766, DOI 10.17487/RFC7766, March 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7766>.

   [RFC7816]  Bortzmeyer, S., "DNS Query Name Minimisation to Improve
              Privacy", RFC 7816, DOI 10.17487/RFC7816, March 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7816>.

   [RFC8305]  Schinazi, D. and T. Pauly, "Happy Eyeballs Version 2:
              Better Connectivity Using Concurrency", RFC 8305,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8305, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8305>.






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   [tdns]     Liang, Z., Wessels, D., Zi, H., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A.,
              and N. Somaiya, "T-DNS: Connection-Oriented DNS to Improve
              Privacy and Security; USC/ISI Technical Report ISI-TR-
              706", August 2014,
              <http://www.isi.edu/~johnh/PAPERS/Zhu16b.pdf>.

6.3.  URIs

   [1] https://github.com/bortzmeyer/ietf-dprive-step-2

Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   TODO

Appendix B.  Alternatives

   A comprehensive (?) list of other possible designs for this problem
   is in [I-D.bortzmeyer-dprive-step-2].

Author's Address

   Stephane Bortzmeyer
   AFNIC
   1, rue Stephenson
   Montigny-le-Bretonneux  78180
   France

   Phone: +33 1 39 30 83 46
   Email: bortzmeyer+ietf@nic.fr
   URI:   http://www.afnic.fr/





















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