Network Working Group M. Boucadair
Internet Draft France Telecom R&D
Document: draft-boucadair-ipte-acct-pib-02.txt June 2003
Category: Experimental
An IP Traffic Engineering PIB for Accounting purposes
<draft-boucadair-ipte-acct-pib-02.txt>
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026 [1].
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Abstract
This document defines a set of IP Traffic Engineering Policy
Provisioning Classes (PRCs) for accounting usage within the context
of a COPS-based policy enforcement scheme. The purpose of those PRCs
is to provide information exploitable by the IP Traffic Engineering
decision-making process. Those PRCs are intended for use by the
reporting process of the IP TE Client-Type [2].
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................2
2. Conventions used in this document...........................3
3. Changes since last version..................................3
4. Accounting and Traffic Engineering..........................3
4.1. Introduction................................................3
4.2. The IP TE Selection Tables..................................4
4.3. The IP TE Accounting Usage Tables...........................4
4.4. PIB overview................................................5
4.5. The relation of the Accounting PIB with external PIB
modules...................................................5
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5. IP TE Usage PIB.............................................5
6. Security Considerations....................................17
7. References.................................................17
8. Acknowledgments............................................18
9. Author's Addresses.........................................18
1. Introduction
Traffic engineering is one of the possible means for solving
congestion problems and permitting efficient use of the network
resources. Indeed, several tools have been proposed to achieve this
goal. Nevertheless, only few solutions introduce a high level of
automation for the allocation of resources and the configuration
operations.
The design of an IP Traffic Engineering (IP TE) policy implies the
manipulation of a large amount of configuration information that
includes routing considerations, traffic forecast, available
resources, etc. These parameters are provisioned as configuration
information to the network devices by means of a COPS-based
communication scheme, thanks to the use of a specific client-type
[2]. But remains the choice of the appropriate parameters to meet
network constraints as well as Quality Of Service (QOS) requirements,
and also to observe the impact of such choice on the stability of the
network.
From this standpoint, several methods can be adopted: either use
statistical data based on mathematical models, or data resulting of
measurements. The advantage of the second method is that it allows
for real time statistics.
Therefore, the actual enforcement of a traffic engineering policy
requires a feedback mechanism not only to qualify how efficient such
enforcement is, but also the impact the future decisions made by the
Policy Decision Point (PDP) and installed by the PDP at the Policy
Enforcement Point (PEP)-embedded devices.
Within the context of this document, the data recorded, monitored
and/or reported by the PEP are the results of the activation of
dynamic routing processes (e.g. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and
Border Gateway Protocol version 4 (BGP)).
We propose in this document to define a set of IP TE accounting usage
Policy Rule Classes (PRC) that will be monitored, recorded and/or
reported by the PEP. Those PRCs complement the PRC classes that have
been defined in the Framework of COPS-PR PIB for Policy Usage [3].
This document is organised as follows:
- Section 4 shows the use of accounting mode within a TE context.
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- Section 5 presents the IP TE Usage PIB.
2. Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [4].
3. Changes since last version
- The introduction has been reworded
- The references section has been updated
- Modification of section 4
4. Accounting and Traffic Engineering
4.1. Introduction
The actual enforcement of an IP TE policy is conditioned by the
manipulation of information such as traffic forecast (according to
customers' requests, for example [5]), and traffic load calculation
(see fig.1). Within the context of a COPS architecture, the
qualification of a policy's efficiency could be based upon the
accounting mode.
[6] defines the capability to report information to the PDP. Several
types of reports are defined: success, failure and accounting. A
framework of the use of the accounting mode is introduced in [3].
+-----------------+
| Other |
| external system |
+-----------------+
^
| +-----------------+
| | TE |
| | Forecast Block |
| +-----------------+
| ^ +------------------+
| | | PDP |
| | | Decision-making |
| | +--------/\--------+
| | +--------\/--------+
| | | |
| | | PDP |
| | | |
| | +---------------- --+
+--------------------------+ | | ^
| PEP | | | |
| +-------------------+ | | | |
| | IP TE Client-Type | | | | |
| | +--------------+ | |<------+ | |
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| | |Report Process| | |<-------------------------+ |
| | |-Monitoring | | |<---------------------------------- +
| | |-Recording | | | IP TE REPORT
| | |-Reporting | | |
| | +--------------+ | |
| +-------------------+ |
+--------------------------+
Fig.1: IP TE Reporting Mechanism
According to Fig.1, the report sent by the IP TE client type is
received by the PDP.
The IP TE report classes are instantiated as multiple Provisioning
Instance (PRI) instances, each of which being identified by
PRovisioning Instance iDentifier (PRID). These classes contain
attributes that actually describe the accounting IP TE-related
information collected in the network.
4.2. The IP TE Selection Tables
The documents [7], [8] and [9] define IP Traffic Engineering Policy
Information Base (IP TE PIB). The IP TE PIB could be organized into
the following provisioning classes:
1. The Forwarding classes: the information contained in these classes
is meant to provide a detailed description of the traffic-
engineered routes. Only one table is defined: the IP TE Route
table, which describes the information related to TE routes that
have been installed by the routers in their FIBs.
2. The Metrics classes: the information stored in the tables included
in this class is meant to provide the description of the metric
values that will be taken into account by intra- and inter-domain
routing protocols for the computation and the selection of
traffic-engineered routes.
3. The Statistics classes: the information contained in these classes
is meant to provide statistics on the enforcement of the TE
policies.
These tables are used as selection tables.
4.3. The IP TE Accounting Usage Tables
Within the context of [10], three policies are defined:
- The selection criteria policy: defines the conditions used by PEP
to monitor and record a usage policy.
- The usage policy: defines what attributes are monitored and/or
recorded by the PEP.
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- The linkage policy: provides a linkage for the selection and usage
policies.
As mentioned above, the tables defined in the IP TE PIB are used as
the Selection policies and we introduced in the following Section 4
the Usage classes.
In addition, the IP TE Selection Usage Combination Capability Table
contains objects pointing to the IP TE Usage tables, IP TE Selection
tables and Threshold tables.
4.4. PIB overview
The PIB defined within the context of IP traffic engineering for
accounting purposes has the goal to complete the whole COPS TE
reporting machinery. This PIB contains the following tables:
- ospfTeRouterUsageTable: this class defines the usage attributes to
be reported, and which are related to the router
identified by the Router-Id.
- ospfTeUsageTable : this class defines the usage attributes to use
for OSPF TE purposes.
- isisTeUsageTable : this class defines the usage attributes to use
for IS-IS TE purposes.
- bgpTeTable : this table contains a set of accounting
information related to the activation of BGP
process enabling exchange of QOS information.
- ospfTeThresholdTable: this class defines the threshold attributes
corresponding to OSPF TE usage attributes
specified in ospfTeUsageTable.
- isisTeThresholdTable: this class defines the threshold attributes
corresponding to IS-IS TE usage attributes
specified in isisTeUsageTable.
- bgpTeThresholdTable: this class defines the threshold attributes
corresponding to BGP usage attributes specified
in bgpTeUsageTable.
4.5. The relation of the Accounting PIB with external PIB modules
In the actual stage of the IPTE PIB design effort, several PIB
modules have been proposed to the IETF, mainly [8],[9] and [12].
The accounting PIB could impact these modules by providing additional
input to the process of configuration of the aforementioned modules.
5. IP TE Usage PIB
--
-- The PIB defined within the context of IP traffic engineering
-- for accounting purposes has the goal to complete the whole
-- COPS TE reporting machinery.
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-- Data contained in this PIB arent stabilized yet and will be
-- modified and updated as necessary.
--
IPTE-ACCOUNTING-PIB PIB-DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
ExtUTCTime, Unsigned32, Unsigned64,
Integer32, MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE
FROM COPS-PR-SPPI
TruthValue, TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
FROM SNMPv2-TC
PolicyInstanceId, PolicyReferenceId
FROM COPS-PR-SPPI-TC;
RoleCombination
FROM POLICY-DEVICE-AUX-MIB;
Counter64
FROM SNMPv2-SMI;
ipTeAccountingPib MODULE-IDENTITY
SUBJECT-CATEGORIES {tbd}
LAST-UPDATED "200201250900Z"
ORGANIZATION "France Telecom R&D"
CONTACT-INFO "
Mohamed Boucadair
Adresse: 42, rue des Coutures
BP 6243
14066 Caen Cedex
Phone: +33 2 31 75 92 31
Email: Mohamed.Boucadair@francetelecom.com"
DESCRIPTION
"The PIB module that contains classes describing the
parameters to be monitored, recorded and/or reported
by the PEP for Traffic Engineering accounting
purposes."
::= {tbd}
--
-- The ipTe Accounting Class
--
ipTeAccountingClasses
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { ipTeAccountingPib 1 }
--
-- The MPLS TE Accounting Class
--
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-- This class defines tables related to MPLS TE
-- To be done in next version of this draft.
lspTeAccountingClasses
OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { ipTeAccountingPib 2 }
--
-- ospfTeRouterUsageTable
--
ospfTeRouterUsageTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF ospfTeRouterUsageEntry
PIB-ACCESS report-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This class defines the usage attributes to be
reported, and which are related to the router
identified by the Router-Id."
::= { ipTeAccountingClasses 1}
ospfTeRouterUsageEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX ospfTeUsageRouterEntry
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry for the ospfTeRouterUsageTable."
PIB-INDEX { ospfTeRouterUsagePrid}
UNIQUENESS { ospfTeRouterUsageLinkPrid,
ospfTeUsageIfActif}
::= {ospfTeRouterUsageTable 1}
ospfTeRouterUsageEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
ospfTeRouterUsagePrid InstanceID,
ospfTeRouterUsageLinkPrid Prid,
ospfTeRouterUsageIfActif Counter64 }
ospfTeRouterUsagePrid OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Prid
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An integer index that uniquely identifies this
instance of the ospfTeRouterUsage class."
::= { ospfTeRouterUsageEntry 1 }
ospfTeRouterUsageLinkPrid OBJECT-TYPE
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SYNTAX Prid
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The PRID of the Linkage policy instance used to refer
this usage policy instance."
::= { ospfTeRouterUsageEntry 2 }
ospfTeRouterUsageIfActif OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of interfaces that participate to an OSPF-
TE route computation in the router identified by
Router-ID."
::= { ospfTeRouterUsageEntry 3 }
--
-- ospfTeUsageTable
--
ospfTeUsageTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF ospfTeUsageEntry
PIB-ACCESS report-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This class defines the usage attributes to use for
OSPF TE purposes."
::= { ipTeAccountingClasses 2 }
ospfTeUsageEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX ospfTeUsageEntry
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry for the ospfTeUsageTable."
PIB-INDEX { ospfTeUsagePrid}
UNIQUENESS { ospfTeUsageLinkPrid,
OspfTeUsageLinkDelay }
::= {ospfTeUsageTable 1 }
ospfTeUsageEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ospfTeUsagePrid InstanceID,
ospfTeUsageLinkPrid Prid,
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ospfTeUsageLinkDelay Unsigned32 }
ospfTeUsagePrid OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Prid
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An integer index that uniquely identifies this
instance of the ospfTeUsage class."
::= { ospfTeUsageEntry 1 }
ospfTeUsageLinkPrid OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Prid
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The PRID of the Linkage policy instance used to refer
this usage policy instance."
::= { ospfTeUsageEntry 2 }
ospfTeUsageLinkDelay OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The one-way delay that has been observed on this
route."
::= { ospfTeUsageEntry 3 }
--
-- isisTeUsageTable
--
isisTeUsageTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF isisTeUsageEntry
PIB-ACCESS report-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This class defines the usage attributes to use for
IS-IS TE purposes."
::= { ipTeAccountingClasses 3 }
isisTeUsageEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX isisTeUsageEntry
STATUS current
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DESCRIPTION
"An entry for the isisTeUsageTable."
PIB-INDEX { isisTeUsagePrid}
UNIQUENESS { isisTeUsageLinkPrid,
isisTeUsageLinkDelay }
::= {isisTeUsageTable 1 }
isisTeUsageEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
isisTeUsagePrid InstanceID,
isisTeUsageLinkPrid Prid,
isisTeUsageLinkDelay Unsigned32 }
isisTeUsagePrid OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Prid
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An integer index that uniquely identifies this
instance of the isisTeUsage class."
::= { isisTeUsageEntry 1 }
isisTeUsageLinkPrid OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Prid
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The PRID of the Linkage policy instance used to refer
this usage policy instance."
::= { isisTeUsageEntry 2 }
isisTeUsageLinkDelay OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The one-way delay that has been observed on this
route."
::= { isisTeUsageEntry 3 }
--
-- bgpTeUsageTable
--
bgpTeTable OBJECT-TYPE
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SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF bgpTeUsageEntry
PIB-ACCESS report-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This table contains a set of accounting information
related to the activation of BGP process enabling
exchange of QOS information."
::= { ipTeAccountingClasses 4 }
bgpTeUsageEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX bgpTeUsageEntry
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry to bgpTeUsage Class."
PIB-INDEX { bgpTeUsagePrid }
UNIQUENESS { bgpTeUsageLinkPrid,
bgpTeUsageActIf,
bgpTeUsageOneWayDelay }
::= { bgpTeUsageTable 1 }
bgpTeUsageEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
bgpTeUsagePrid InstanceId,
bgpTeUsageLinkPrid Prid,
bgpTeUsageActIf Counter64,
bgpTeUsageOneWayDelay Unsigned32 }
bgpTeUsagePrid OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InstanceId
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An integer index that uniquely identifies this
instance of the bgpTeUsage class."
::= { bgpTeUsageEntry 1 }
bgpTeUsageLinkPrid OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Prid
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
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"The PRID of the Linkage policy instance used to base
this usage policy instance upon."
::= { bgpTeUsageEntry 2 }
bgpTeUsageActIf OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Specifies the number of interfaces that participate
to the BGP route computation process."
::= { bgpTeUsageEntry 3 }
bgpTeUsageOneWayDelay OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Unsigned32
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Specifies the one-way delay that has been observed on
this route."
::= { bgpTeUsageEntry 4 }
--
-- The Threshold class that accompanies the OSPF and BGP usage
-- tables
--
--
-- OSPF Threshold attributes
--
ospfTeThresholdTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF ospfThresholdEntry
PIB-ACCESS Install
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This class defines the threshold attributes
corresponding to OSPF TE usage attributes specified in
ospfTeUsageTable."
::= { ipTeAccountingClasses 5 }
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ospfTeThresholdEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX ospfTeThresholdEntry
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Defines the attributes to hold threshold values."
PIB-INDEX { ospfTeThresholdId }
::= { ospfTeThresholdId 1 }
ospfTeThresholdEntry::= SEQUENCE {
ospfTeThresholdId InstanceID,
ospfTeThresholdBwThresholds Integer64,
ospfTeThresholdRsvBwThresholds Integer64 }
ospfTeThresholdId OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InstanceId
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Arbitrary integer index that uniquely identifies an
instance of the class."
::= { ospfTeThresholdEntry 1 }
ospfTeThresholdBwThresholds OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The threshold the used bandwidth on the link
shouldn't exceed."
::= { ospfTeThresholdEntry 2 }
ospfTeThresholdRsvBwThresholds OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The threshold the reserved bandwidth on the link
shouldn't exceed."
::= { ospfTeThresholdEntry 3 }
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--
-- ISIS Threshold attributes
--
isisTeThresholdTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF isisThresholdEntry
PIB-ACCESS Install
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This class defines the threshold attributes
corresponding to ISIS TE usage attributes specified in
isisTeUsageTable."
::= { ipTeAccountingClasses 6 }
isisTeThresholdEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX isisTeThresholdEntry
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Defines the attributes to hold threshold values."
PIB-INDEX { isisTeThresholdId }
::= { isisTeThresholdId 1 }
isisTeThresholdEntry::= SEQUENCE {
isisTeThresholdId InstanceID,
isisTeThresholdBwThresholds Integer64,
isisTeThresholdRsvBwThresholds Integer64 }
isisTeThresholdId OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InstanceId
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Arbitrary integer index that uniquely identifies an
instance of the class."
::= { isisTeThresholdEntry 1 }
isisTeThresholdBwThresholds OBJECT-TYPE
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SYNTAX Integer64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The threshold the used bandwidth on the link
shouldn't exceed."
::= { isisTeThresholdEntry 2 }
isisTeThresholdRsvBwThresholds OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The threshold the reserved bandwidth on the link
shouldn't exceed."
::= { isisTeThresholdEntry 3 }
--
-- BGP Threshold attributes
--
bgpTeThresholdTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF bgpThresholdEntry
PIB-ACCESS Install
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This class defines the threshold attributes
corresponding to BGP usage attributes specified in
bgpTeUsageTable."
::= { ipTeAccountingClasses 7 }
bgpTeThresholdEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX bgpTeThresholdEntry
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Defines the attributes to hold threshold values."
PIB-INDEX { bgpTeThresholdPrid }
::= { bgpTeThresholdId 1 }
bgpTeThresholdEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
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bgpTeThresholdId InstanceID,
bgpTeThresholdNlriAddress InetAddress,
bgpTeThresholdNextHopAddress InetAddress,
bgpTeThresholdOneWayDelayThreshold Integer64,
bgpTeThresholdInterPacketDelayThreshold Integer64,
bgpTeThresholdLossRateThreshold Integer64 }
bgpTeThresholdId OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InstanceId
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Arbitrary integer index that uniquely identifies an
instance of the class."
::= { bgpTeThresholdEntry 1 }
bgpTeThresholdNlriAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetAddress
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The IP address to match against the NLRI field of
QOS_NLRI attribute of the BGP4 UPDATE message
introduced in [11]."
::= { bgpTeThresholdEntry 2 }
bgpTeThresholdNextHopAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InetAddress
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The address of the next router."
::= { bgpTeThresholdEntry 3 }
bgpTeThresholdOneWayDelayThreshold OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The threshold of the one-way delay, that will trigger
a report in the next reporting interval when
exceeded."
::= { bgpTeThresholdEntry 4 }
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bgpTeThresholdInterPacketDelayThreshold OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The threshold of the inter-packet delay variation,
that will trigger a report in the next reporting
interval, when exceeded."
::= { bgpTeThresholdEntry 5 }
bgpTeThresholdLossRateThreshold OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer64
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The threshold, in terms of loss rate, that will
trigger a report in the next reporting interval, when
exceeded."
::= { bgpTeThresholdEntry 6 }
END
6. Security Considerations
Data manipulated within the context of IP TE accounting could be used
by the IP TE decision-making processes, but only authorized COPS-PR
communications can take place. Therefore, this draft does not
introduce any additional security issues other than those that have
been identified in the COPS-PR specification [12].
Nevertheless, the activation of an integrity mechanism is recommended
for external systems making use of the TE accounting data.
7. References
[1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP
9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[2] Jacquenet, C., "An IP Traffic Engineering COPS Client-type",
draft jacquenet-ip-te-cops-04.txt, Work in Progress, December
2002.
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[3] Rawlins, D., Kulkarni, A., Bokaemper, M., Ho Chan, K., "Framework
of COPS-PR Policy Usage Feedback", draft-ietf-rap-feedback-frwk-
03.txt, October 2002.
[4] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997
[5] Goderis, D., T'Joens, Y., Jacquenet, C., Memenios, G., Pavlou,
G., Egan, R., Griffin, D., Georgatsos, P., Georgiadis,
L.,"Specification of a Service Level Specification (SLS)
Template", draft-tequila-sls-02.txt, Work in Progress, February
2002.
[6] Boyle, J., Cohen, R., Durham, D., Herzog, S., Raja, R., Sastry,
A., "The COPS (Common Open Policy Service) Protocol", RFC 2748,
January 2000.
[7] Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C., "An IP Traffic Engineering Policy
Information Base", draft-jacquenet-ip-te-pib-03.txt, Work in
Progress, December 2002.
[8] Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C., "IGP Policy Information Base for TE
purposes", Work in Progress.
[9] Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C., "BGP Policy Information Base for
QoS purposes", Work in Progress.
[10] Rawlins, D., Kulkarni, A., Bokaemper, M., Ho Chan, K. "
Framework Policy Information Base for Usage Feedback ", draft-
ietf-rap-feedback-fr-pib-04.txt, November 2002.
[11] Jacquenet, C., "Providing Quality of Service Indication by the
BGP-4 Protocol: the QOS_NLRI Attribute", draft-jacquenet-qos-nrli-
04.txt, Work in Progress, March 2002.
[12] Ho Chan, K., Durham, D., Gai, S., Herzog, S., McLoghrie, K.,
Reichmeyer, F., Seligson, J., Smith, A., Yavatkar, R., "COPS Usage
for Policy Provisioning (COPS-PR)", RFC 3084, March 2001.
[12] Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C., "An IP Forwarding PIB", Work in
Progress.
8. Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank M. Jacquenet for his remarks and
suggestions.
9. Author's Addresses
Mohamed Boucadair
France Telecom R & D
DMI/SIR
42, rue des Coutures
BP 6243
14066 Caen Cedex 4
France
Phone: +33 2 31 75 92 31
Email: mohamed.boucadair@rd.francetelecom.com
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