SPRING Working Group                                           C. Bowers
Internet-Draft                                                H. Gredler
Intended status: Standards Track                        Juniper Networks
Expires: May 21, 2016                                        U. Chunduri
                                                           Ericsson Inc.
                                                       November 18, 2015


                 Advertising LSPs with Segment Routing
            draft-bowers-spring-advertising-lsps-with-sr-02

Abstract

   Segment routing uses globally-known labels to accomplish forwarding
   along shortest paths, and label stacks to accomplish explicit routing
   along arbitrary paths.  These labels are advertised using an IGP.
   This draft describes how label bindings corresponding to RSVP, LDP,
   BGP labeled-unicast, and static LSPs are advertised in segment
   routing and how these labels can be combined with other segment
   routing labels to create forwarding paths.  This draft also describes
   how context labels for egress node protection are advertised in using
   segment routing IGP extensions.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 21, 2016.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Segment routing label binding advertisements  . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Conventions used in the following examples  . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Advertising an RSVP-TE LSP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Advertising a backup ERO  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Advertising an LDP LSP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Advertising a BGP labeled-unicast LSP . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  Advertising a static LSP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   8.  Advertising a context label for egress node protection  . . .  12
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   10. Management Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   12. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   13. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     13.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     13.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1.  Introduction

   [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing] describes the segment routing
   architecture.  In segment routing, LDP-like forwarding behavior along
   shortest paths is achieved using globally-known node labels.
   Globally-known node labels can be distributed in one of two ways.
   Each router can directly advertise a globally unique node label in
   the IGP.  Or each router can advertise a globally unique node index
   value as well as a locally assigned label block, allowing any router
   in the IGP area to determine the mapping of locally-assigned label to
   globally unique node index for any other router in the area.

   In order to forward traffic along strict explicit paths, segment
   routing uses stacks of local adjacency labels.  Each router uses the
   IGP to advertise locally significant adjacency labels corresponding
   to each of the router's outgoing interfaces.  This allows any router
   in the IGP area to construct an arbitrary forwarding path by imposing
   a stack of adjacency labels on a packet.  Forwarding is accomplished
   at each router by reading the top label on the stack to determine
   next-hop interface (based on its adjacency label to interface




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   mapping), popping that top label, and forwarding the packet out the
   next-hop interface.

   The above is only a short description of the use of node and
   adjacency labels in segment routing.  See
   [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing] for more detail on node and
   adjacency label semantics as well as combining node and adjacency
   labels in a label stack.

   In addition to node and adjacency label advertisements, which
   advertise label bindings corresponding to nodes and interfaces, it is
   useful to advertise more abstract label bindings in the IGP, using a
   Binding advertisement.  This draft describes how label bindings
   corresponding to RSVP, LDP, BGP labeled-unicast, and static LSPs are
   advertised in segment routing and how these labels can be combined
   with other segment routing labels to create forwarding paths.  This
   draft also describes how context labels for egress node protection
   are advertised using a Binding advertisement.

2.  Segment routing label binding advertisements

   An LSP and its associated label is advertised in the IGP using the
   Binding advertisement extensions defined in
   [I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions] and
   [I-D.ietf-ospf-segment-routing-extensions].  The router which is the
   ingress for the LSP advertises the label as well as the Forwarding
   Equivalency Class(FEC) associated with the LSP.  The advertisement
   may include other information that describes the LSP.  An Explicit
   Route Object(ERO) may be included to describe the path taken by the
   LSP.  An ERO metric value may be included to indicate the cumulative
   IGP or TE metric associated with the LSP along the path described by
   the ERO.

                    +-----+      +-----+      +-----+
                    |     |      |     |      |     |
                R1--|     |--R4--|     |--R7--|     |--R10
                    |     |      |     |      |     |
                    +-----+      +-----+      +-----+

                         Figure 1: Example network

   Consider the network shown in Figure 1.  A router R4 advertising a
   label L1 and a FEC F using a Binding advertisement to advertise an
   LSP is indicating the following forwarding behavior.  (See
   [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing] for a description of the segment
   routing label operation and forwarding terminology.)  Assume that a
   particular packet P arrives at R4 with a segment list/label stack
   whose incoming active segment is label L1.  R4 performs a NEXT



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   operation on the segment list (equivalent to a label POP operation).
   Assume that this results in a label stack of depth m-1, with the m-1
   label being the new active segment with respect to segment routing
   forwarding actions.  R4 forwards P to the router associated with FEC
   F (call it R7) by means of a Label Switched Path.  The precise set of
   MPLS label operations that get P from R4 to R7 is not specified.
   However, the label operations MUST satisfy the properties of a "Label
   Switched Path of level m" described in [RFC3031] Section 3.15, where
   R4 plays the role of LSP Ingress and R7 plays the role of LSP Egress.
   In particular, if R4 (acting as the LSP Ingress) pushes a level m
   label onto P's label stack, then the forwarding decision on each
   router between R4 and R7 cannot make use of label information below
   the level m label in the label stack.

   Instead, the forwarding decision at R7 (acting as the LSP Egress)
   does make use of label information (or packet header information)
   below the level m label.  Note that the level m LSP from R4 to R7 is
   not exclusively reserved for carrying traffic that enters at R4 via
   the segment routing mechanism described above.  In general, it will
   also carry labeled or unlabeled packets that enter the LSP via other
   mechanisms.  Also, the packets may have entered the LSP at a router
   other than R4 in the case of label merging.  For example, in
   situations where R7 needs to make use of the value of the level m
   label for the processing of other traffic, R7 may distribute a non-
   null label to the penultimate hop router in the level m LSP from R4
   to R7.  R7 needs to be able to properly and consistently process the
   packet P that originated at R4 via the segment routing mechanism
   described above, regardless of the details of how R7 is performing
   the LSP egress role for other traffic.

   If m=1, then R7 should forward P based on the received packet header
   information.  If m>1, then the m-1 label of P at R7 MUST correspond
   to a label distributed by R7.  If the m-1 label corresponds to a
   segment routing label, then R7 MUST treat the m-1 label as the
   incoming active segment and perform the corresponding incoming label
   operations and forwarding action.  R7 MUST the perform any necessary
   additional label operations to ensure that the next SR-capable router
   that receives the packet can correctly determine the incoming active
   segment.  For example, if R7 distributed a non-null or explicit null
   label to the penultimate hop router in the level m LSP from R4 to R7,
   then R7 MUST POP that label before performing the segment routing
   label operation required by the incoming active segment, the m-1
   label.

   Continuing with the example above, a segment routing capable router
   R1 uses the information describing the LSP contained in the Binding
   advertisement (FEC, ERO, metric, etc.) to determine if it wants to
   use that LSP as part of a longer forwarding path.  If so, R1 uses the



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   label L1 advertised by R4 for the LSP in the construction of a label
   stack.  R1 can use any combination of segment routing labels stacked
   above L1 to define a path to reach R1.  The only requirement is that
   label L1 be the incoming active segment when the packet reaches R4.
   This will ensure that R4 forwards the packet to R7.  If R1 has
   determined that R7 supports segment routing, then R1 can also include
   additional segment routing labels below L1 in the label stack to
   specify the forwarding path beyond R7.

   The description above assumes that R1 is responsible for computing
   the forwarding path and the associated label stack.  However, the
   same forwarding behavior can be achieved if a centralized controller
   is used to compute the path and communicate the associated label
   stack to R1 via PCEP with the appropriate segment routing extensions
   (see [I-D.ietf-pce-segment-routing]).  The same is true of the
   examples for specific label distribution protocols provided below.

3.  Conventions used in the following examples

   To simplify the diagrams and descriptions of the examples in this
   draft, we assume that all routers advertise a router-id of the form
   192.0.2.XX, where XX is the router number of the form RXX.  For
   example, in Figure 2 R16 advertises router-id=192.0.2.16 as a
   loopback address.

   Unless otherwise stated, links between routers all have the same IGP
   metric of 10.

   The node-SID index value for a router with name RXX will be XX.  For
   example, R23 in Figure 2 has an index value of 23.  We assume that
   all routers are advertising the same SR Global Block of 1000-1099.
   For example, for R11 Figure 2 to send a packet to R23 on the shortest
   path, R11 sends the packet to R13 with the top label equal to 1023.

4.  Advertising an RSVP-TE LSP

                                    +-R35-+
                                   /       \
                  R11-------R13--R14--R15--R16--R17--R18
                   |         |    |    |    |    |    |
                  R21--R22--R23--R24--R25--R26--R27--R28

                  |<--- SR --->|          |<--- SR --->|
                           |<------RSVP------>|

          Figure 2: Example network with segment routing and RSVP





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   Figure 2 shows a network that uses both segment routing and RSVP.
   Segment routing is enabled on R11, R13, R21, R22, R23, R16, R17, R18,
   R26, R27, and R28.  RSVP is enabled on R13, R14, R15, R16, R23, R24,
   R25, R26, and R35.  Note that both segment routing and RSVP are
   enabled on R13, R23, R16, and R26.  R23 uses RSVP to signal an LSP
   from R23 to R16, following the path R23->R24->R25->R26->R16.  R23
   uses a Binding advertisement to advertise the following values:

   o  label value = 2099

   o  FEC = 192.0.2.16/32

   o  ERO = (192.0.2.24[strict], 192.0.2.25[strict], 192.0.2.26[strict],
      192.0.2.16[strict])

   R11 receives the Binding advertisement and decides (based on some
   policy) to forward traffic from R11 to R18 along a path that consists
   of the following partial paths:

   o  the shortest path from R11 to R23

   o  the path from R23 to R16 following the explicit path
      R23->R24->R25->R26->R16

   o  the shortest path from R16 to R18

   In order to accomplish this, R11 sends packets to R13 with the label
   stack = <1023,2099,1018>.  Label 1023 corresponds to the node-SID
   label for R23, and thus results in forwarding along the shortest path
   from R11 to R23.  The packets will arrive at R23 with label stack =
   <2099,1018>.  The top label value of 2099 at R23 will result in
   forwarding of packets along the path R23->R24->R25->R26->R16 using
   the label SWAP operations signalled by RSVP for this LSP.  With
   penultimate hop popping, the packets will arrive at R16 with label
   stack = <1018>.  Label 1018 corresponds to the node-SID label for
   R18, and thus results in forwarding along the shortest path from R16
   to R18.

   R11 may use the information about the primary path in this Binding
   advertisement to decide whether or not to construct SR label stacks
   that use this RSVP LSP.  For example, R11 may have a requirement to
   avoid forwarding traffic over primary paths that include R35.  The
   ERO advertised in this Binding advertisement satisfies this
   requirement.

   Note that the scenario described in this example is very similar to
   the commonly deployed LDP-over-RSVP architecture, with shortest path
   routing with LDP at the edges and explicit routing with RSVP in the



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   core.  However, it is difficult to achieve fine-grained forwarding
   behavior described in this example using LDP-over-RSVP.  In an LDP-
   over-RSVP network, the only way to influence which LDP/edge traffic
   gets tunnelled over which RSVP LSPs is to advertise the RSVP LSPs as
   forwarding adjacencies (FAs) and tune the IGP metrics of the FAs.  It
   may be difficult or impossible to achieve the desired mapping of LDP/
   edge traffic over RSVP LSPs by tuning the metrics of FAs.

   Instead, with the SR-and-RSVP architecture described above, it is
   possible to achieve an arbitrary mapping of edge traffic to core RSVP
   LSPs using a maximum label stack depth of 3, assuming shortest path
   forwarding between edge and core nodes via node-SIDs.

   One could also build label stacks using adjacency labels advertised
   by SR-capable routers in the edge networks in order to forward
   traffic along non-shortest paths in the edge networks.  More explicit
   control of forwarding paths in the edge networks would come at the
   expense of deeper label stacks.

4.1.  Advertising a backup ERO

   Continuing with the example of Figure 2, it may also be desirable for
   R23 to provide information about backup paths that may be used in the
   event of a failure affecting the primary path.  For example, assume
   that R23 has signalled a primary LSP along the path
   R23->R24->R25->R26->R16 and a backup LSP along the path
   R23->R13->R14->R35->R16.  R23 uses a Binding advertisement to
   advertise the following values:

   o  label value = 2099

   o  FEC = 192.0.2.16/32

   o  ERO = (192.0.2.24[strict], 192.0.2.25[strict], 192.0.2.26[strict],
      192.0.2.16[strict])

   o  backup ERO = (192.0.2.13[strict], 192.0.2.14[strict],
      192.0.2.35[strict], 192.0.2.16[strict])

   R11 may use the information about the backup path in this Binding
   advertisement to decide whether or not to construct SR label stacks
   that use this RSVP LSP.  For example, R11 may have a requirement to
   avoid forwarding traffic over primary or backup paths that include
   R35.







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5.  Advertising an LDP LSP

                       R31--R32--R33--R34--R35--R36

                       |<------ SR ----->|
                                     |<--- LDP --->|


          Figure 3: Example network with segment routing and LDP

   Figure 3 shows a network that uses both segment routing and LDP.
   Segment routing is enabled on R31-34, while LDP is enabled on R34-36.
   Note that both segment routing and LDP are enabled on R34.  Also note
   that LDP is NOT enabled on R31, R32 and R33.  R34 has received a
   label mapping for FEC=192.0.2.36/32 from R35 using LDP, corresponding
   to an LDP LSP from R34 to R36 along the shortest path.  R34 uses a
   Binding advertisement to advertise the following values:

   o  label value = 2088

   o  FEC = 192.0.2.36/32

   After receiving this Binding advertisement, R31 can forward traffic
   to R36 by sending packets to next-hop R32 with label stack =
   <1034,2088>.  The packets will arrive at R34 with label stack =
   <2088>.  The top label value of 2088 at R34 will result in forwarding
   of packets along the shortest path to R36 using the label SWAP
   operations for FEC = 192.0.2.36/32 signalled by LDP.

   Now we look at what is needed to forward labeled traffic from R36 in
   the LDP-only domain to R31 in the SR-only domain.  R34 can get a
   packet to R31 using R31's node-SID label (1031).  In order for R34 to
   apply label=1031 to packets in FEC 192.0.2.31, packets need to arrive
   at R34 with a label corresponding to FEC 192.0.2.31.  Therefore R34
   should not use penultimate hop popping when it distributes a label to
   the LDP-only domain.

   The routers in the LDP-only domain (R34, R35, and R36) advertise
   label mappings for FEC 192.0.2.31/32 using LDP.  This corresponds to
   normal LDP behavior based on [RFC5036] since R34, R35, and R36 each
   has an entry in its routing table for 192.0.2.31/32, and in the
   absence of segment routing, R34 is an egress LSR with respect to FEC
   192.0.2.31/32.  This will allow packets to travel from R36 to R34
   using LDP labels.  Via LDP, R34 advertises the label value 3154 for
   FEC 192.0.2.31/32 (instead of implicit or explicit null).  Packets
   from R36 arrive at R34 with label=3154.  R34 recognizes that
   label=3154 corresponds to FEC 192.0.2.31/32, so it swaps the label
   with outgoing label=1031 (the node-SID for R31), and forwards the



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   packet to next-hop R33.  The packet will ultimately be delivered to
   R31 over the shortest path in the SR-only network using the node-SID.

   Note that [I-D.filsfils-spring-segment-routing-ldp-interop] describes
   a different method (utilizing a Segment Routing Mapping Server) to
   allow SR-enabled nodes to send traffic to LDP nodes that do not
   support SR.

6.  Advertising a BGP labeled-unicast LSP

                region 1    |     region 2    |    region 3

             R71-------R72-----R81-------R82-----R91-------R92
              |         |       |         |       |         |
             R73--R74--R75-----R83--R84--R85-----R93--R94--R95

             |<---- SR ---->|<----- LDP ----->|<---- LDP --->|

                         ^     ^ ^       ^ ^     ^ ^       ^
                          \___/   \_____/   \___/   \_____/
                          BGP-LU   BGP-LU   BGP-LU   BGP-LU


      Figure 4: Example network with segment routing and BGP labeled
                                  unicast

   Figure 4 shows a network that uses segment routing together with BGP
   labeled-unicast (BGP-LU) [RFC3107].  In this example, segment routing
   is enabled on R71-75 (region 1).  LDP is enabled on R81-85 (region 2)
   and R91-95 (region 3).  In addition, BGP-LU sessions exist between
   R75 and R83, R83 and R85, R85 and R93, and R93 and R95.  Via LDP, R93
   learns a label value of 3009 from R94 corresponding to FEC
   192.0.2.95/32.  Via its BGP-LU session with R85, R93 advertises a
   label value of 4021 corresponding to prefix 192.0.2.95/32, with a
   next-hop of 192.0.2.93.  Via its BGP-LU session with R83, R85
   advertises a label value of 4031 corresponding to prefix
   192.0.2.95/32, with a next-hop of 192.0.2.85.  Via its BGP-LU session
   with R75, R83 advertises a label value of 4041 corresponding to
   prefix 192.0.2.95/32, with a next-hop of 192.0.2.83.  R75 uses a
   segment routing Binding advertisement to advertise the following
   values:

   o  label value = 2077

   o  FEC = 192.0.2.95/32

   o  ERO = (192.0.2.83[strict])




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   In this example, R75 has included an ERO list with a single element
   corresponding to the directly connected next-hop from R75 to R83.
   Its inclusion by R75 is optional, but the information may be useful
   to routers that receive the Binding advertisement.  R75 could also
   optionally include a loose hop for R93 in the ERO since it knows that
   information from the BGP Originator_ID attribute of the BGP-LU
   advertisement.

   R71 receives the Binding advertisement via the IGP.  In order to send
   a labeled packet to R95, R71 needs to construct a label stack that
   causes the packet to arrive at R75 with top label=2077.  If R71 wants
   the packet to take the shortest path from R71 to R75, then it sends
   the packet to R72 with label stack = <1075,2077>.  (Label 1075 is the
   node-SID for R75 based on the conventions in Section 3.)  The packet
   arrives at R75 with label stack = <2077>.  R75 swaps label 2077 with
   label 4041 and forwards the packet to next-hop R83.  R83 swaps label
   4031 with label 4021, pushes the LDP label distributed by R84 for
   FEC=192.0.2.85, and forwards the packet to next-hop R84.  The packet
   arrives at R85 with label 4031 exposed, so R85 swaps label 4031 with
   label 4021, and forwards the packet to next-hop R93.  Finally R93
   swaps label 4021 with label 3009 and forwards the packet to next-hop
   R94, allowing the packet to be delivered to R95 via LDP label
   operations.

   If instead R71 wants the packet to take the path R71->R73->R74->R75,
   then it would send the packet to R73 with two adjacency labels
   corresponding to the links between R73 and R74 and between R74 and
   R75, followed by the label 2077.

   The above description accounts for sending labeled packets from a
   source in a segment routing region to a destination in another region
   using paths established by BGP-LU.  Since the example is not
   symmetric with respect to source and destination, for completeness,
   we illustrate how traffic to send traffic from another region to a
   destination in a segment routing region using LSPs established by
   BGP-LU, which in this example corresponds to sending a packet from
   R95 to R71.

   R75 knows that it can send a packet to R71 by imposing a node-SID
   label of 1071.  Via its BGP-LU session with R83, R75 advertises a
   label value of 4052 for prefix 192.0.2.71/32, with a next-hop of
   192.0.2.75.  The string of BGP-LU sessions from R83 to R85 to R93 to
   R95 advertise label bindings for prefix 192.0.2.71/32 such that R95
   can send a packet to R93 with the appropriate BGP-LU label that the
   packet will arrive at R75 with label 4052 exposed as the top label.
   When R75 receives this packet, it swaps label 4052 with label 1071
   and forwards the packet to next-hop R72, resulting in the packet
   being delivered to R71.



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7.  Advertising a static LSP



                                       +-R54-+
                                      /       \
                                  +-R51  AS5  R53--+
                                 /    \       /     \
                                /      +-R52-+       R71---R74
               R41----R42----R43                      | AS7 |
                |             | \      +-R66-+       R72---R73
                |             |  \    /       \     /
                |     AS4     |   +-R61       R65--+
                |             |      |   AS6   |
                |             |      |         |
               R44----R45----R46----R62       R64
                                      \       /
                                       +-R63-+

               |<---- SR ----->|



       Figure 5: Example network using segment routing extensions to
                          advertise a static lsp

   In Figure 5, each grouping of routers (R41-46, R51-54, R61-66, and
   R71-74) represents a different autonomous system (AS 4,5,6, and 7
   respectively).  Segment routing is enabled on R41-46.  R43 has two
   interfaces that connect to routers outside of its AS.  One egress
   interface connects to R51 while another connects to R61.  It is
   desirable for routers in AS4 to be able to send traffic to R43 with a
   label stack that indicates the interface that R43 should use to send
   the traffic.  This can be accomplished by having R43 advertise label
   bindings for one-hop static LSPs corresponding to each of its egress
   interfaces.  In order to advertise the egress interface connected to
   R51, R43 uses a segment routing Binding advertisement to advertise
   the following values:

   o  label value = 2033

   o  FEC = 192.0.2.51/32

   o  ERO = (192.0.2.51[strict])

   In order to advertise the egress interface connected to R61, R43 uses
   a segment routing Binding advertisement to advertise the following
   values:



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   o  label value = 2034

   o  FEC = 192.0.2.61/32

   o  ERO = (192.0.2.61[strict])

   R41 receives the Binding advertisements via the IGP.  In order to
   send a packet out R43's interface to R51, R41 constructs a packet
   with label stack = <1043,2033> and sends it to R42.  (Label 1043 is
   the node-SID for R43 based on the conventions in Section 3.)  The
   packet arrives at R43 with label stack = <2033>.  R43 will POP label
   2033 and send the unlabeled packet out the interface to R51.
   Similarly in order to send a packet out R43's interface to R56, R41
   constructs a packet with label stack = <1043,2034> and sends it to
   R42.

8.  Advertising a context label for egress node protection


                                 /- RR -\
                                /        \
                        PE3---P7----------P8---PE5
                       /       |          |       \
                    CE1        |          |        CE2
                       \       |          |       /
                        PE4---P9---P10---P11---PE6

                       |<--------- LDP ---------->|


       Figure 6: Example network using segment routing extensions to
           advertise a context label for egress node protection

   [I-D.minto-2547-egress-node-fast-protection] describes a mechanism to
   provide fast protection of RFC 2547/4364 based VPN traffic against
   egress PE failure.  In the example in Figure 6, CE1 and CE2 are each
   dual-homed to two different PEs and belong to the VPN-A.  In the
   absence of a failure, traffic travels from CE1 to CE2 over the path
   CE1->PE3->P7->P8->PE5->CE2.  Using the mechanism described in
   [I-D.minto-2547-egress-node-fast-protection], upon the failure of
   PE5, the point of local repair (P8) can use a loop-free alternate
   (LFA) to divert the traffic destined for protected PE (PE5) to a
   Protector function co-located with an alternate egress PE for CE2
   (PE6).  Before forwarding the traffic to PE6, P8 pushes a context
   label associated with PE5 (the protected PE).  This context label
   allows PE6 to interpret the VPN label in the context of PE5 VPN label
   advertisements, since the VPN label on these packets was originally




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   imposed by the ingress PE (PE3) based on the assumption that they
   would be delivered to PE5.

   We assume in this example that there is a single context-identifier
   corresponding to the protected PE (PE5) with a value of 203.0.113.5.
   The prefix 203.0.113.5/32 is advertised in the IGP and in LDP by PE5.
   PE5 advertises VPN-IP prefixes via BGP with next-hop = 203.0.113.5.
   This causes VPN traffic from PE3 to PE5 will take an LDP transport
   tunnel corresponding to FEC 203.0.113.5/32.

   PE6 advertises a context label for context-identifier 203.0.113.5
   using a segment routing Binding advertisement with the following
   values:

   o  label value = 2066

   o  FEC = 203.0.113.5/32

   o  Mirror context = TRUE

   When P8 receives this Binding advertisement via the IGP, it creates a
   forwarding table entry for LDP traffic in FEC 203.0.113.5 that will
   be activated immediately when the link to PE5 fails.  This behavior
   is triggered by setting Mirror context = TRUE in the advertisement.
   This backup forwarding table entry uses a loop-free alternate (LFA)
   or remote LFA to send traffic to PE6 (using FEC 192.0.2.6 which is
   the router-id of PE6) along a path that avoids passing through PE5.
   Importantly, the backup forwarding table entry pushes label 2066 into
   the packet before applying any labels associated with the repair path
   to PE6.

   When the link to PE5 fails and P8 activates the backup forwarding
   table entry for LDP traffic in FEC 203.0.113.5, that traffic will be
   diverted to PE6.  The packets will arrive at PE6 with top label =
   2066, followed by the VPN label advertised by PE5.  PE6 pops label
   2066, and interprets the next label as a VPN label advertised by PE5.
   PE6 has been listening in on PE5s BGP advertisements, so it knows the
   mapping between a given VPN label advertised by PE5 and the actual
   VPN.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This document introduces no new IANA Considerations.








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10.  Management Considerations

   TBD

11.  Security Considerations

   TBD

12.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Bruno Decraene and Nick Slabakov for
   their suggestions and review.

13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [RFC3031]  Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol
              Label Switching Architecture", RFC 3031,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3031, January 2001,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3031>.

   [RFC3107]  Rekhter, Y. and E. Rosen, "Carrying Label Information in
              BGP-4", RFC 3107, DOI 10.17487/RFC3107, May 2001,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3107>.

   [RFC5036]  Andersson, L., Ed., Minei, I., Ed., and B. Thomas, Ed.,
              "LDP Specification", RFC 5036, DOI 10.17487/RFC5036,
              October 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5036>.

13.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.filsfils-spring-segment-routing-ldp-interop]
              Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Bashandy, A., Decraene, B.,
              Litkowski, S., Horneffer, M., Milojevic, I., Shakir, R.,
              Ytti, S., Henderickx, W., Tantsura, J., and E. Crabbe,
              "Segment Routing interoperability with LDP", draft-
              filsfils-spring-segment-routing-ldp-interop-02 (work in
              progress), September 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-isis-segment-routing-extensions]
              Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Bashandy, A., Gredler, H.,
              Litkowski, S., Decraene, B., and J. Tantsura, "IS-IS
              Extensions for Segment Routing", draft-ietf-isis-segment-
              routing-extensions-03 (work in progress), October 2014.






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   [I-D.ietf-ospf-segment-routing-extensions]
              Psenak, P., Previdi, S., Filsfils, C., Gredler, H.,
              Shakir, R., Henderickx, W., and J. Tantsura, "OSPF
              Extensions for Segment Routing", draft-ietf-ospf-segment-
              routing-extensions-04 (work in progress), February 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-pce-segment-routing]
              Sivabalan, S., Medved, J., Filsfils, C., Crabbe, E.,
              Raszuk, R., Lopez, V., and J. Tantsura, "PCEP Extensions
              for Segment Routing", draft-ietf-pce-segment-routing-00
              (work in progress), October 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-spring-segment-routing]
              Filsfils, C., Previdi, S., Bashandy, A., Decraene, B.,
              Litkowski, S., Horneffer, M., Shakir, R., Tantsura, J.,
              and E. Crabbe, "Segment Routing Architecture", draft-ietf-
              spring-segment-routing-01 (work in progress), February
              2015.

   [I-D.minto-2547-egress-node-fast-protection]
              Jeganathan, J., Gredler, H., and B. Decraene, "2547 egress
              PE Fast Failure Protection", draft-minto-2547-egress-node-
              fast-protection-03 (work in progress), July 2014.

Authors' Addresses

   Chris Bowers
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089
   US

   Email: cbowers@juniper.net


   Hannes Gredler
   Juniper Networks
   1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
   Sunnyvale, CA  94089
   US

   Email: hannes@juniper.net









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   Uma Chunduri
   Ericsson Inc.
   300 Holger Way
   San Jose, CA  95134
   US

   Email: uma.chunduri@ericsson.com












































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