INTERNET DRAFT                                            Pat R. Calhoun
Category: Standards Track                         Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Title: draft-calhoun-diameter-strong-crypto-03.txt        William Bulley
Date: April 2000                                     Merit Network, Inc.
                                                         Stephen Farrell
                                                  Baltimore Technologies



                   DIAMETER Strong Security Extension



                          Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.  Internet-Drafts are working
   documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas,
   and its working groups.  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at:

      http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at:

      http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This document is an individual contribution for consideration by the
   AAA Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force.  Comments
   should be submitted to the diameter@diameter.org mailing list.

   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

   Copyright   (C) The Internet Society 1999.  All Rights Reserved.










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Abstract

   The DIAMETER base protocol defines message integrity and AVP
   encryption using symmetric transforms to secure the communication
   between two DIAMETER nodes. The base protocol also defines a DIAMETER
   proxy server, that forwards requests to other servers when it detects
   that a given request cannot be satisfied locally.

   The ROAMOPS Working Group has defined a requirement that allows for
   the DIAMETER servers communicating through the proxy to be able to
   provide for end-to-end AVP integrity and confidentiality, making it
   difficult for the proxy to be able to modify, and/or be able to view
   sensitive information, within the message. The Mobile-IP and NASREQ
   Working Groups have stated that strong authentication is a
   requirement for AAA data, such as accounting records, for the
   purposes of non-repudiation.

   This DIAMETER extension specifies how strong AVP authentication,
   integrity and encryption can be done using asymmetric transforms, by
   encapsulating Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) data into DIAMETER
   AVPs. The CMS data can also be used to carry X.509 certificates.


Table of Contents

      1.0  Introduction
            1.1  Certificate Requirements
            1.2  Requirements language
      2.0  Extended AVP Format
      3.0  CMS-Data AVP
      4.0  Result-Code AVP Values
      5.0  IANA Considerations
      6.0  Security Considerations
      7.0  References
      8.0  Acknowledgements
      9.0  Authors' Addresses
      10.0 Full Copyright Statement














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1.0  Introduction

   The DIAMETER base protocol [1] defines message integrity and AVP
   encryption using symmetric transforms to secure the communication
   between two DIAMETER nodes. The base protocol also defines a DIAMETER
   proxy server, that forwards requests to other servers when it detects
   that a given request cannot be satisfied locally.

   The ROAMOPS Working Group has defined a requirement in [10] that
   allows for the DIAMETER servers communicating through the proxy to be
   able to provide for end-to-end AVP integrity and confidentiality,
   making it difficult for the proxy to be able to modify and see
   sensitive information within the message.  The Mobile-IP and NASREQ
   Working Groups have stated in [6, 7, 8] that non-repudiation is a
   requirement for AAA data, such as accounting records.

   When a chain of proxies use hop-by-hop security, each node in the
   proxy chain MUST recompute the Integrity-Value-Check (ICV) [1],
   making it easy for a malicious proxy to modify information in a
   DIAMETER message. It is virtually impossible for the rest of the
   nodes in the proxy chain to know that the message was modified in
   mid-stream. Figure 1 shows an example of such a network, where DIA3
   modifies the contents of "foo" in both the request and the response.

              (Request)         (Request)         (Request)
             [AVP(foo)=x]      [AVP(foo)=x]      [AVP(foo)=y]
      +------+  ----->  +------+  ----->  +------+  ----->  +------+
      |      |          |      |          |      |          |      |
      | NASB +----------+ DIA2 +----------+ DIA3 +----------+ DIA1 |
      |      |          |      |          |      |          |      |
      +------+  <-----  +------+  <-----  +------+  <-----  +------+
               (Answer)          (Answer)          (Answer)
             [AVP(foo)=b]      [AVP(foo)=b]      [AVP(foo)=a]
                           Figure 1: Proxy Chain

   This document describes how strong authentication and encryption can
   be provided in the DIAMETER protocol, by encapsulating CMS objects
   [3] in AVPs. The CMS object can also be used to carry X.509
   certificates and revocation lists.

   In the example provided in Figure 1, the originator of the request
   and response adds a digital signature that covers a set of AVPs
   within the message. The protected AVPs MUST NOT be changed by an
   intermediate proxy server (DIA2, DIA3), since the signature
   validation performed by the end server would fail.

   The DIAMETER base protocol also allows a DIAMETER broker to provide
   redirect services, as shown in Figure 2. The DIAMETER broker MAY



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   return information to a requesting server that would allow the
   servers to interact directly, bypassing the broker. This optimized
   approach reduces the complexity associated with end-to-end security.

                             +------------------+ +---------+
                             |     DIAMETER     | | CRL DB/ |
                             |      Broker      | |  OCSP   |
                             +------------------+ +---------+
                              ^
                      Request |  Response +
                              |  Result Code =
                     Local    |  Redirect          Home
                      ISP     v                    ISP
                     +----------+              +----------+
                     | abc.net  |              | xyz.net  |
                     | DIAMETER |<------------>| DIAMETER |
                     |  Server  |              |  Server  |
                     +----------+    Direct    +----------+
                                 Communication
          Figure 2: DIAMETER Broker Returning Redirect Indication

   When redirect services are used, a network layer security protocol,
   such as IP Security, MAY be used to secure the traffic between the
   two DIAMETER servers. However, security at the application level may
   still be necessary in this network configuration, specifically the
   ability to authenticate a select set of AVPs. Brokers that operate in
   a redirect mode typically require that both DIAMETER servers sign
   accounting records. The accounting record, signed by both parties is
   then forwarded to the broker via the local DIAMETER server. This
   provides the broker with some assurances that both networks agreed on
   the accounting data, which it MAY use for settlement purposes. If the
   underlying security protocol provides confidentiality, strong
   encryption MAY not be necessary in the redirect case.

   Given that asymmetric transform operations are expensive, DIAMETER
   servers MAY wish to use them only when dealing with inter-domain
   servers, as shown in Figure 3. This configuration is normally
   desirable since DIAMETER entities within a given administrative
   domain MAY inherently trust each other. Further, it is desirable to
   move this functionality to the edges, since NASes do not necessarily
   have the CPU power to perform expensive cryptographic operations.










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     +------------------------+
     |    Foreign Network     |
     |+-----+      +--------+ |      +--------+        +--------+
     ||     |      |DIAMETER| |      |DIAMETER|        |DIAMETER|
     || NAS +------+        +--------+        +--------+  Home  |
     ||     |      | Proxy  | |      | Broker |        | Server |
     |+-----+      +--------+ |      +--------+        +--------+
     |                        |
     +------------------------+
          <------------>    <-------------------------->
           <Hop-by-Hop>             <End-to-End>

                 Figure 3: Mixed DIAMETER Security Models

   The Extension number for this draft is two (2). This value is used in
   the Extension-Id AVP as defined in [1].


1.1  Certificate Requirements

   Certificates used for the purposes of DIAMETER MUST conform to the
   PKIX profile [4], and MUST also include a DIAMETER node's NAI, which
   is typically added in the Host-Name AVP [1], as one of the values of
   the subjectAltName extension of the Certificate.  The NAI is to be
   encoded as an rfc822Name within the subjectAltName.

   These names are used for two purposes:

      1. Where a DIAMETER node is verifying a signature it needs to be
         able to compare the identity of the signer against the identity
         in the Host-Name AVP.

      2. Where a DIAMETER node is encrypting AVPs, it needs to be able
         to ensure that it uses a public key for the intended recipient.
         This requries comparing the identity in a Certificate against
         the NAI of the intended recipient (which is assumed to be
         known).

   In either case, the presence of the required NAI as an rfc822Name
   value in the subjectAltName extension of a verified public key
   certificate satisfies the matching requirement.

   Note that there MAY also be other values in the subjectAltName
   extension, (either using rfc822Name or other elements of the CHOICE),
   these can be safely ignored, but implementations MUST be able to
   handle their presence.

   Note also that the PKIX profile [4], section 4.1.2.6, specifies the



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   rules for the relationship between the subjectAltName extension and
   the subject field of public key certificates.


1.2  Requirements language

   In this document, the key words "MAY", "MUST, "MUST NOT", "optional",
   "recommended", "SHOULD", and "SHOULD NOT", are to be interpreted as
   described in [13].


2.0  Extended AVP Format

   This specification introduces the 'P' bit in the AVP Header, which is
   defined in [1]. The 'P' bit, known as the protected AVP bit, is used
   to indicate whether the AVP is protected by a digital signature. When
   set, the AVP is protected and the contents cannot be changed by a
   DIAMETER proxy server without detection.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                           AVP Code                            |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |          AVP Length           |     Reserved        |P|T|V|R|M|
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                        Vendor ID (opt)                        |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                           Tag (opt)                           |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |    Data ...
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                  Figure 4: Extended DIAMETER AVP Header

   Note that unless stated otherwise, the 'P' bit can be set on any
   DIAMETER AVP. The Proxy-State and Integrity-Check-Value AVPs [1] MUST
   NOT have the 'P' bit set. The Encrypted-Payload AVP MAY have the 'P'
   bit set if there is no intermediate proxy server. Any additional AVPs
   that MUST be removed, or changed, at each hop in a proxy chain MUST
   NOT have the 'P' bit set.


3.0  CMS-Data AVP

   The CMS-Data AVP (AVP Code 310) is of type data and contains the DER
   encoding of a CMS object [3] of type ContentInfo. The profile of CMS
   algorithm and structure usage is as specified in the S/MIME v3
   message specification [11]. This means that where a set of AVPs is



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   protected using CMS, the set MUST first be encoded according to MIME
   encoding rules specified below. This method of encapsulating AVPs
   allows existing S/MIME toolkits to be used without changes in order
   to produce strongly protected DIAMETER messages.  The CMS object MAY
   contain any of the three methods; signed-only, enveloped-only and
   signed-and-enveloped. Optional certificates and CRLs MAY be present
   in all three methods.

   To package a set of AVPs as a MIME type, the AVPs are first
   concatenated in the order in which they occur in the DIAMETER
   message. The entire AVP MUST be input to the signing/encryption
   process, from the first byte of the AVP code to the last byte of the
   AVP data, including all other fields, length, reserved/flags, and
   optional vendor IDs, tags and padding. The AVP MUST be input to the
   signing/encryption process in network byte order. If AVPs are to be
   enciphered, then the encryptor is free to order AVPs whatever way it
   chooses. This value is then used as the value of a new MIME type
   application/x-diameter-avps, which MUST be prepared in accordance
   with the rules specified in section 3.1 of [11]. If a receiver
   detects that the contents of the CMS-Data AVP is invalid, it SHOULD
   return the new Result-Code AVP value defined in section 4.0.

   Where signing only is performed, the signature is calculated over the
   canonical encoding of the application/x-diameter-avps MIME type, but
   the AVPs themselves are not carried within the CMS-Data AVP. Instead,
   the digest value within the SignedData structure contains the digest
   over the canonicalized encoding of application/x-diameter-avps.
   Multiple DIAMETER entities MAY add their signatures to an existing
   CMS-Data AVP using the countersignature attribute, defined in section
   11.4 of [3]. The countersignature attribute requires that the
   signatures occur sequentially, meaning that each node's signature
   covers the existing signatures in the CMS object.

   Where encryption only is performed, the encryptedContent MUST contain
   the canonical encoding of the application/x-diameter-avps MIME type.

   Where signing and encryption are both performed, signing MUST occur
   first, the resulting CMS object MUST then be MIME encoded producing
   an application/pkcs7-mime type which is then used as the content of
   the EnvelopedData.

   There is no need for an 'outer' MIME encoding when only signing, or
   only encryption is applied.

   Where AVPs are encapsulated within a CMS-Data AVP, the eContentType
   of the EncapsulatedContentInfo MUST be id-data [11].

   The signing and encryption algorithms supported MUST be those



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   specified in sections 2.2 and 2.3 of [11].

   Conformant implementations MUST emit a CMS-Data AVP which contains
   only one application/x-diameter-avps MIME type. Implementations which
   receive any other MIME type MUST indicate an error.

   Where a CMS-Data AVP contains a set of certificates then both public
   key certificates (Certificate) and attribute certificates
   (AttributeCertificate) are allowed by CMS (as well as one other
   legacy format which MUST NOT be used). Support for use of the
   Certificate structure is REQUIRED, implementations SHOULD support use
   of the AttributeCertificate structure as defined in the PKIX
   attribute certificate profile [12]. This allows DIAMETER
   implementations to include a certifiate from a trusted party that
   they are authorized to emit the AVPs contained in the message.

   When a SignedData object is present, the eContent field of the
   EncapsulatedContentInfo structure MUST be absent since the
   authentication covers data outside of the object. The signature is
   computed over all AVPs prior to the AVP that have the 'P' bit
   enabled. The order of the AVPs MUST be preserved and the computation
   begins with the first AVP immediately following the DIAMETER header.
   If the 'T' bit is set, the CMS-Data AVP covers all previous AVP with
   the 'T' bit enabled and the same tag value as the one found in the
   CMS-Data AVP. An Integrity-Check-Value (ICV) AVP MUST NOT preceed a
   CMS-Data AVP containing a SignedData object. If the signature cannot
   be verified correctly, a response with the Result-Code AVP set to
   DIAMETER_INVALID_AUTH [1] MUST be returned.

   When an EnvelopedData object is present, the encryptedContentInfo
   field MUST contain the Host-Name AVP, containing the host name of the
   encryptor, and one or more additional AVPs.

   When a conforming implementation receives a DIAMETER message which
   contains encrypted AVPs within a CMS EnvelopedData, then the
   recipient MUST check to see if it is on the list of recipients
   specified in the RecipientInfos of the EnvelopedData. If not, the
   recipient MAY choose to process the message or indicate an error. If
   the recipient is in the RecipientInfos and an error occurs during
   decryption, then the recipient MUST indicate an error.

   A CMS-Data MAY also contain a certs-only CMS structure, which is a
   degenerate form of CMS structure containing only PKI related
   information (see section 3.6 of [11] for details of the CMS certs-
   only structure). This use of the CMS-Data AVP can be used to "push"
   public key and attribute certificates and CRLs using DIAMETER, which
   MAY be useful in environments where repositories (e.g.  LDAP servers)
   are either not used or not available (e.g. due to crossing a domain



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   boundary). Conforming implementations MUST be able to emit a certs-
   only CMS structure which contains relevant PKI related information
   and MUST be able to process a CMS-Data AVP which contains a certs-
   only CMS structure. Of course, the recipient of such a certs-only CMS
   structure SHOULD NOT use the PKI related information without first
   verifying it, e.g. by checking that issuer's are trusted, signatures
   verify etc.

   When the CMS-Data AVP contains certificates in the certificates field
   of the SignedData, a CRL [4] MAY also be provided in the crls field
   of the SignedData, which MAY be used to assist in determining whether
   a certificate has been revoked. Optionally, the DIAMETER server MAY
   check the status of certificates using another mechanism, such as
   Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) [9].

   This AVP MUST have the 'M' bit enabled, while the 'T' bit MAY be
   enabled if the signature covers a set of AVPs. The 'P' and  'V' bits
   MUST NOT be enabled.

   The following is an example of a message that includes strong
   security and hop-by-hop security:

      <DIAMETER Msg> ::= <DIAMETER Header>
                         <Command-Code AVP>
                         [<Additional AVPs>]
                         <CMS-Data AVP>
                         [<Timestamp AVP>
                          <Nonce AVP>
                          <Integrity-Check-Value AVP>]


4.0  Result-Code AVP Values

   This section defines new Result-Code [1] values that MUST be
   supported by all DIAMETER implementations that conform to this
   specification.

      DIAMETER_INVALID_CMS_DATA          20
         This error code is returned when a CMS-Data AVP is received
         with an invalid ContentInfo object.


5.0  IANA Considerations

   The CMD-Data AVP defined in Section 3 is a DIAMETER AVP whose
   identifier was allocated from the AVP numbering space [1], and
   extended in [13], [14] and [15]. IANA should assign a value of 310 to
   this AVP.



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   The Result-Code values defined in Section 4.0 are error codes as
   defined in [1] and extended in [13], [14] and [15]. They correspond
   to error values specific to the Strong Security extension. IANA
   should record the values as defined in Section 4.0.


6.0  Security Considerations

   This document describes how strong security can be achieved in the
   DIAMETER protocol by allowing S/MIME Cryptographic Message Syntax [3]
   objects to be carried as a DIAMETER AVP.

   Section 3.0 states that a certificate received in a CMS-Data AVP
   SHOULD NOT be used prior to cert verification. In most cases, the
   verification will be according to the rules specified in [4],
   however, some communities have indicated that they wish to be allowed
   specify alternative certificate verification mechanisms, hence the
   "SHOULD NOT" rather than the more typical "MUST NOT".  The authors do
   however strongly RECOMMEND that the verification procedures specified
   in [4] are always applied, regardless of whatever other verification
   mechanisms are in use.


7.0  References


   [1]  P. Calhoun, A. Rubens, H. Akhtar, E. Guttman, "DIAMETER Base
        Protocol", draft-calhoun-diameter-14.txt, IETF work in progress,
        April 2000.

   [2]  Kaufman, Perlman, Speciner, "Network Security: Private Communi-
        cations in a Public World", Prentice Hall, March 1995, ISBN 0-
        13-061466-1.

   [3]  R. Housley, "Cryptographic Message Syntax", RFC 2630, June 1999.

   [4]  Housley, Ford, Polk, Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infras-
        tructure Certificate and CRL Profile", RFC 2459, January 1999.

   [5]  S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
        Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [6]  M. Beadles, "Criteria for Evaluating Network Access Server Pro-
        tocols", draft-ietf-nasreq-criteria-03.txt, IETF work in pro-
        gress, October 1999.

   [7]  T. Hiller et al., "Cdma2000 Wireless Data Requirements for AAA",
        draft-hiller-cdma2000-AAA-00.txt, IETF work in progress, October



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        1999.

   [8]  S. Glass, S. Jacobs, C. Perkins, "Mobile IP Authentication,
        Authorization, and Accounting Requirements", draft-ietf-
        mobileip-aaa-reqs-01.txt, IETF work in progress, January 2000.

   [9]  Myers, Ankney, Malpani, Galperin, Adams, "X.509 Internet Public
        Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)",
        RFC 2560, June 1999.

   [10] Aboba, Zorn, "Criteria for Evaluating Roaming Protocols", RFC
        2477, January 1999.

   [11] B. Ramsdell, "S/MIME v2 Message Specification", RFC2633, June
        1999.

   [12] S. Farrell, R. Housley, "An Internet Attribute Certificate Pro-
        file for Authorization", draft-ietf-pkix-ac509prof-01.txt, IETF
        work in progress, October 1999.

   [13] P. Calhoun, W. Bulley, "DIAMETER NASREQ Extension", draft-
        calhoun-diameter-nasreq-03.txt, IETF work in progress, April
        2000.

   [14] P. Calhoun, C. Perkins, "DIAMETER Mobile IP Extensions", draft-
        calhoun-diameter-mobileip-07.txt, IETF work in progress, April
        2000.

   [15] Arkko, Calhoun, Patel, Zorn, "DIAMETER Accounting Extension",
        draft-calhoun-diameter-accounting-05.txt, IETF work in progress,
        April 2000.


8.0  Acknowledgements

   The authors would also like to acknowledge the following people for
   their contribution in the development of the DIAMETER protocol:

   Bernard Aboba, Jari Arkko, William Bulley, Daniel C. Fox, Lol Grant,
   Ignacio Goyret, Nancy Greene, Peter Heitman, Paul Krumviede, Fergal
   Ladley, Ryan Moats, Victor Muslin, Kenneth Peirce, Sumit Vakil, John
   R. Vollbrecht, Jeff Weisberg and Glen Zorn


9.0  Authors' Addresses

   Questions about this memo can be directed to:




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      Pat R. Calhoun
      Network and Security Research Center, Sun Labs
      Sun Microsystems, Inc.
      15 Network Circle
      Menlo Park, California, 94025
      USA

       Phone:  +1 650-786-7733
         Fax:  +1 650-786-6445
      E-mail:  pcalhoun@eng.sun.com


      William Bulley
      Merit Network, Inc.
      Building One, Suite 2000
      4251 Plymouth Road
      Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105-2785
      USA

       Phone:  +1 734-764-9993
         Fax:  +1 734-647-5185
      E-mail:  web@merit.edu


      Stephen Farrell
      Baltimore Technologies
      61/62 Fitzwilliam Lane
      Dublin 2,
      IRELAND

       Phone:  +353-1-647-7300
         Fax:  +353-1-647-7499
      E-Mail:  stephen.farrell@baltimore.ie


10.0  Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied  and  furnished  to
   others,  and  derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and
   distributed,  in  whole  or  in part, without restriction of any kind,
   provided that the  above  copyright  notice  and  this  paragraph  are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this docu-
   ment itself may not be modified in any way, such as  by  removing  the
   copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Inter-
   net organizations, except as needed  for  the  purpose  of  developing



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   Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined
   in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required  to
   translate it into languages other than   English.  The limited permis-
   sions granted above are perpetual and  will  not  be  revoked  by  the
   Internet  Society or its successors or assigns.  This document and the
   information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis  and  THE
   INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL
   WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY  WAR-
   RANTY  THAT  THE  USE  OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY
   RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS  FOR  A
   PARTICULAR PURPOSE."








































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