V6OPS                                                       B. Carpenter
Internet-Draft                                         Univ. of Auckland
Intended status: Informational                                  S. Jiang
Expires: August 27, 2010                    Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
                                                       February 23, 2010


        Emerging Service Provider Scenarios for IPv6 Deployment
                 draft-carpenter-v6ops-isp-scenarios-01

Abstract

   This document describes scenarios that are emerging among Internet
   Service Providers for the deployment of IPv6.  They are based on
   practical experience so far, as well as current plans and
   requirements, but they are not intended as binding recommendations.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 27, 2010.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Review of existing documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   3.  Review of ISP experience, plans and requirements . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Lessons from experience and planning . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   5.  Suggested scenarios  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   6.  Gap analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   8.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   9.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   10. Change log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   11. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   Appendix A.  Summary of replies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Appendix B.  Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19



























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1.  Introduction

   As is well known, the approaching exhaustion of IPv4 address space
   will bring about a situation in which Internet Service Providers
   (ISPs) are faced with a choice between one or more of three major
   alternatives:
   1.  Squeeze the use of IPv4 addresses even harder than today, using
       smaller and smaller address blocks per customer, and possibly
       trading address blocks with other ISPs.
   2.  Install multiple layers of network address translation, or share
       IPv4 addresses by other methods such as address-plus-port mapping
       [I-D.ymbk-aplusp], [I-D.boucadair-port-range].
   3.  Deploy IPv6, and operate IPv4-IPv6 coexistence and interworking
       mechanisms.
   This document focuses on alternative (3), while recognizing that many
   ISPs may be obliged by circumstances to prolong the life of IPv4 by
   using (1) or (2) while preparing for (3).

   The document is intended as a guide to useful IPv6 deployment
   scenarios.  However, it is not a "cookbook" of operational recipes,
   and the best choice of scenarios will depend on the circumstances of
   individual ISPs.

   We consider various aspects of IPv6 deployment: addressing, routing,
   DNS, management and of course IPv4-IPv6 coexistence and interworking.
   We do not consider application services in detail, but we do discuss
   general aspects.

   We first review several documents produced in the past by the IETF,
   and mention relevant work in progress in the IETF.  We then survey
   requirements, plans, and practical experience from various ISPs.
   Several deployment scenarios that result from that input are then
   described; these are not formal recommendations, but are intended as
   example scenarios which ISPs may choose to copy or modify to suit
   their own technical, economic and regulatory situation.  We conclude
   with a gap analysis and security considerations.


2.  Review of existing documents

   The IETF's view of core IPv6 requirements is to be found in [RFC4294]
   (currently being updated as [I-D.ietf-6man-node-req-bis]).  However,
   this does not give a complete view of mechanisms an ISP may need to
   deploy, since it considers the requirements for an individual node,
   not for a network as a whole.

   [RFC4029] discusses scenarios for introducing IPv6 into ISP networks,
   as the problem was viewed some years ago.  The document is still



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   valuable as a general introduction to the process that an ISP must
   design, but it does not consider today's situation where IPv4
   addresses have in practical terms run out, and interworking between
   IPv6-only and IPv4-only clients and servers must be supported in
   addition to basic dual-stack and tunneling scenarios.  We can extract
   a list of basic issues and needs from RFC 4029, using the RFC's own
   terminology:
   o  Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) - must support IPv6, or allow
      IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels.  CPE requirements and security are currently
      being specified in [I-D.ietf-v6ops-ipv6-cpe-router] and
      [I-D.ietf-v6ops-cpe-simple-security].
   o  Provider Edge Equipment (PE) - ditto.
   o  ISP backbone (core and border routers, switches if used) - support
      dual stack, or allow IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels.  An alternative is a
      newly built IPv6 backbone that allows IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnels.
   o  Network management and monitoring applications must take IPv6 into
      account.
   o  Customer management (e.g., RADIUS) mechanisms must be able to
      supply IPv6 prefixes and other information to customers.
   o  Accounting and billing mechanisms must support both versions.
   o  Security mechanisms must support both versions.

   The end goal described in RFC 4029 is simply a dual-stack ISP
   backbone.  Today's view is that this is insufficient, as it does not
   allow for interworking between IPv6-only and legacy (IPv4-only)
   hosts.  Indeed, the end goal today might be an IPv6-only ISP
   backbone, with some form of legacy IPv4 support.

   [RFC4779] discusses deployment in broadband access networks such as
   CATV, ADSL and wireless.  [RFC5181] deals specifically with IEEE
   802.16 access networks.  In some access scenarios, the access
   protocol allows separately for IPv4 and IPv6, as for DOCSIS-based
   CATV and for one variant of IEEE 802.16 [RFC5121].  In other
   scenarios, the broadband service is essentially an emulation of raw
   Ethernet, as for Wi-Fi, or for another variant of IEEE 802.16
   [I-D.ietf-16ng-ip-over-ethernet-over-802-dot-16].  Another issue is
   whether the ISP uses MPLS for back-haul from the access network, in
   which case the 6PE [RFC4798] mechanism may be appropriate to carry
   IPv6, with no need to change the IGP in any way.

   [RFC4942] covers IPv6 security issues, especially those that are
   specific to transition and coexistence scenarios.  The main message
   for ISPs is that the switch to IPv6 does not mean that IP layer
   security issues will go away, and of course security issues that are
   not specific to the IP layer will hardly change.

   Also related to security, [RFC4864] discusses what is referred to as
   "Local Network Protection", i.e., how the internal structure of a



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   site network that is not hidden behind a network address translator
   can be protected.  Although not directly relevant to ISP operations,
   this topic does affect the issue of how well an ISP's customers are
   protected after they deploy IPv6.

   [RFC5211] describes an independent view of a possible sequence of
   events for IPv6 adoption in the Internet as a whole, with direct
   implications for ISPs.  Its main point, perhaps, is that by 2012 it
   will be necessary to regard IPv4 networks as the legacy solution.

   Although the basic IPv6 standards have long been stable, it should be
   noted that considerable work continues in the IETF, particularly to
   resolve the issue of highly scalable multihoming support for IPv6
   sites, and to resolve the problem of IP layer interworking between
   IPv6-only and IPv4-only hosts.  Progress continues in various IETF
   working groups that may affect ISP scenarios in due course.
   o  The 6MAN WG maintains the basic IPv6 standards.  This work should
      have little direct effect on ISPs.
   o  The V6OPS WG produces documents of direct interest for operational
      practice as well as security practice.  Current work includes CPE
      requirements, CPE security, and Internet Exchange Point practice.
      The present document will be discussed in V6OPS.
   o  The SOFTWIRE WG is working on additional protocols for IP-in-IP
      tunnels in an ISP context.
   o  The BEHAVE WG is working on specifications for NAT64 and DNS64,
      methods of supporting access from IPv6-only initiators to reach
      IPv4-only services.
   o  The DHC WG maintains and extends DHCPv6.
   o  The SHIM6 WG is finalising work on a host-based protocol for IPv6
      multihoming, based on the usage of multiple IPv6 prefixes for a
      customer connected to multiple ISPs.
   o  The LISP WG is developing experimental standards for a scalable
      tunnel-based routing mechanism which would, if successful, support
      an alternative multihoming model.

   Readers may find the current documents of these WGs via
   <http://www.ietf.org/dyn/wg/charter.html>.

   The IETF is not currently discussing IPv6/IPv4 interworking at the
   transport or application layers.  The former is not generally
   considered to be a valuable approach.  The latter is considered to be
   handled within the original dual-stack model of IPv6 deployment:
   either one end of an application session will have dual-stack
   connectivity, or a dual-stack intermediary such as an HTTP proxy or
   SMTP server will interface to both IPv4-only and IPv6-only hosts.
   While valid and useful for many common applications, this approach
   does not solve all possible interworking issues.  In any case it does
   not require further standards work at the network layer.



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3.  Review of ISP experience, plans and requirements

   To obtain a view of the IPv6 experience, plans and requirements of
   ISPs, a questionnaire was issued in December 2009 and announced
   widely to the operational community.  We promised to keep the replies
   strictly confidential and to publish only combined results, without
   identifying information about individual ISPs in any published
   results.  The raw technical questions are shown in Appendix B, and a
   detailed summary of the replies is in Appendix A.  Note that although
   the questionnaire was widely announced, those who chose to reply were
   self-selected and we can make no claim of statistical significance or
   freedom from bias in the results.  In particular, we assume that ISPs
   with a pre-existing interest in IPv6 are more likely to have replied
   than others.

   Thirty ISPs replied before the cutoff date for this analysis.
   (Additional replies, if received by the end of April 2010, will be
   included in a later version.) 66% of responses were from European
   ISPs but large operators in North America and Asia/Pacific regions
   are included.  Commercial ISPs operating nationally predominate, with
   a vast range of size (from 30 customers up to 40 million).  Note that
   some very large providers chose not to answer about the number of
   customers.

   80% of the respondents offer both transit and origin-only service;
   27% offer IP multicast service; 80% have multihomed customers.  A
   very wide variety of access technologies is used: xDSL, DOCSIS,
   leased line (X.25, TDM/PDH, SDH), frame relay, dialup, microwave,
   FTTP, CDMA, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, BWA, WiFi, Ethernet (100M-10G),
   MetroEthernet/MPLS.  Most ISPs provide CPE to some or all of their
   customers, but these CPE are often unable to support IPv6.

   Estimates of when ISPs will run out of public IPv4 address space for
   internal use vary widely, between "now" and "never".  Public IPv4
   address space for customers is mainly expected to run out between
   2010 and 2015, but three or four ISPs suggested it will never happen.
   About 20% of ISPs offer RFC 1918 space to customers, and about 40%
   use such addresses internally.

   60% of ISPs report that some big customers are requesting IPv6.
   Predictions for when 10% of customers will require IPv6 range from
   2010 to 2017, and for 50% from 2011 to 2020.  These ISPs require IPv6
   to be a standard service by 2010 to 2015; the most common target date
   is 2011. 40% already offer IPv6 as a regular service, although in
   general it is used by fewer than 1% of customers.  Another 47% of
   ISPs have IPv6 deployment in progress or planned.  These all plan at
   least beta-test service in 2010.  Planned dates for regular service
   are between 2010 and 2013 (except for one ISP who replied that it



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   depends on the marketing department).  When asked when IPv6 will
   reach 50% of total traffic, the most common answer is 2015.

   Turning to technology choices, the overwhelming choice of approach
   (93%) is a dual stack routing backbone, and the reason given is
   simplicity and cost. 40% run, or plan to run, a 6to4 relay as well,
   and 17% run or plan a Teredo server.  However, 77% of ISPs don't have
   or plan any devices dedicated to IPv6.  A different 77% don't see
   IPv6 as an opportunity to restructure their network topology.

   When asked which types of equipment are unable to support IPv6, the
   most common answer was CPE (9 mentions).  Also mentioned: handsets;
   DSLAMs; routers (including several specific models); traffic
   management boxes; load balancers; VPN boxes; management interfaces &
   systems; firewalls; billing systems.  When asked if such devices can
   be field-upgraded, the answers were gloomy: 5 yes, 4 partially, 10
   no, and numerous "don't know" or "hopefully".

   83% support or plan DNS AAAA queries over IPv6, and all but one of
   these include reverse DNS lookup for IPv6.

   The ISPs have prefixes ranging from /19 to /48, and have a variety of
   policies for customer prefixes.  Fifteen ISPs offer more than one of
   /48, /52, /56, /60 or /64.  Two offer /56 only, seven offer /48 only.
   Two wired operators offer /64 only.  Mobile operators offer /64 in
   accordance with 3GPP, but at least one would like to be allowed to
   offer /128 or /126.  Also, as many as 30% of the operators already
   have IPv6 customers preferring a PI prefix.  The methods chosen for
   prefix delegation to CPEs are manual, DHCPv6[-PD], SLAAC, RADIUS, and
   PPoE.

   About 50% of ISPs already operate or plan dual-stack SMTP, POP3, IMAP
   and HTTP services.  In terms of internal services, it seems that
   firewalls, intrusion detection, address management, monitoring, and
   network management tools are also around the 50% mark.  However,
   accounting and billing software is only ready at 23% of ISPs.

   Considering IPv4-IPv6 interworking, 57% of ISPs don't expect to have
   IPv6-only customers (but mobile operators are certain they will have
   millions).  Five ISPs report customers who explicitly refused to
   consider IPv6.  When asked how long customers will run IPv4-only
   applications, the most frequent answer is "more than ten years".
   Only three ISPs state that IPv6-IPv4 interworking at the the IP layer
   is not needed.  On the other hand, only three (a different three!)
   run or plan to run NAT-PT.  At least 30% plan to run some kind of
   translator (presumably NAT64/DNS64), but only one felt that a
   multicast translator was essential.  Among those who do not plan a
   translator, when asked how they plan to connect IPv6-only customers



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   to IPv4-only services, seven rely on dual stack and three have no
   plan (one said, paraphrasing, "it's their problem").

   Asked about plans for Mobile IPv6 (or Nemo mobile networks), 20% said
   yes, and 70% said no, with the others uncertain.


4.  Lessons from experience and planning

   This section is assembled and paraphrased from general comments made
   in the various questionnaire responses.  Any inconsistencies or
   contradictions are present in the original data.  Comments related to
   missing features and products have been included in Section 6.

   As noted in the summary above, the ISPs that responded largely prefer
   a native dual stack deployment.  Numerous comments mentioned the
   simplicity of this model and the complexity and sub-optimal routing
   of tunnel-based solutions.  Topology redesign is not considered,
   because congruent IPv4 and IPv6 topology simplifies maintenance and
   engineering.  Nevertheless, 6to4 is considered convenient for DOCSIS
   users and 6RD is considered an attractive model by some.  Various
   operators, but by no means all, see a need for 6to4 and Teredo.  One
   MPLS-based operator prefers 6PE because it avoids an IPv6 IGP and
   reduces operational costs.  Another operator sees IPv4 scarcity
   addressed by a DS-lite CGN, also acting as a catalyst for IPv6.  One
   operator with a very large NAT44 infrastructure believes that NAT64
   will be similar to support.

   Several ISPs observe that IPv6 deployment is technically not hard.
   The most eloquent statement: "Just do it, bit by bit.  It is very
   much an 'eating the elephant' problem, but at one mouthful at a time,
   it appears to be surprisingly easy."  Despite the known gaps, the
   tools and toolkits are fairly mature at this point.  Managerial
   commitment and a systematic approach to analysing requirements and
   readiness are of course essential.  Evangelization remains a must, as
   it seems that many ISP and IT managers are still unaware of the need
   for an IPv6 plan, and are inclined to dismiss IPv4 depletion as a
   false alarm, and also seem unaware that NATs create expensive support
   requirements.  Without customers wanting IPv6, getting business
   backing is very hard, and IPv6 security and scale was not a focus for
   vendors until very recently.  Also, operators lack real experience
   with customer usage of IPv6, and the resulting lack of confidence
   causes delay.

   Three further quotations are of interest:

   "We are planning to move all our management addressing from IPv4 to
   IPv6 to free up IPv4 addresses."



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   "I am actively pushing our larger customers to start testing IPv6 as
   our development has pretty much stopped as we need some real world
   testing to be done."

   "Customer support needs to be aware that IPv6 is being started in
   your network, or servers.  We experienced many IPv6 blocking
   applications, applications that do not fall back to IPv4, etc.  The
   most difficult part may be to get engineers, sales, customer support
   personnel to like IPv6."


5.  Suggested scenarios

   This document does not make firm recommendations; the circumstances
   of each ISP may be different.  Rather, it describes several suggested
   deployment scenarios that appear, from the analysis above, to have
   the best operational characteristics.  Each ISP should make its own
   choices, according to its own technical, economic and regulatory
   environment.

   [[ NOTE: this section will be filled out after further discussions.
   It will also discuss changes since the older analyses discussed in
   Section 2 ]]


6.  Gap analysis

   The analysis has shown a certain number of desirable features to be
   missing, either in relevant specifications, or in many products.
   This section summarizes those gaps.

   As noted above, numerous models of various types of product still do
   not support IPv6:
      CPE
      handsets
      DSLAMs
      routers
      traffic management boxes
      load balancers
      VPN boxes
      other appliances
      management interfaces and systems
      firewalls
      accounting and billing systems

   It is not the purpose of this document to name and shame vendors, but
   it is today becoming urgent for all such products to avoid becoming
   part of the IPv4 legacy.  ISPs want consistent feature-equal support



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   for IPv4 and IPv6 in all equipment and software at reasonable or no
   extra cost.  The problems can be quite subtle: for example, one CPE
   with "full" IPv6 support does not support IPv6 traffic shaping, so
   the ISP cannot cap IPv6 traffic to contractual limits.  Other needs
   and issues mentioned:
   o  A specific CPE need is an intelligent prefix sub-delegation
      mechanism (ease of use issue).
   o  Full RA support on LAN side of ADSL CPE.
   o  PPPoE and RADIUS support.  Specifically, global unicast address
      assignment for L2TP/PPPoE.  Currently the PPPoE client will be
      assigned a link-local address, requiring a second step (DHCPv6 or
      SLAAC).
   o  Simple automatic distribution of DNS server details is essential;
      RFC 5006 support is needed (DNS server option in RA).
   o  ISPs need fully featured DHCPv6, especially since SLAAC does not
      allow settings to be pushed out (except for RFC 5006).
   o  Firewall systems should not use separate IPv4 and IPv6 rules.
   o  Customer side firewalls/routers which can do 25-100 Mbit/s.
   o  Gaps in infrastructure security for IPv6 management.
   o  Gaps in routers' treatment of header options.
   o  RA-Guard in switches.
   o  VRRP support.
   o  PE-CE routing protocols (OSPF and IS-IS).
   o  Problems using a single BGP session to exchange routes for both
      IPv4 and IPv6.
   o  IPv6 support in all the best open source tools.

   Several ISPs also noted that much commercial applications software
   does not correctly support IPv6 and that this will cause customer
   problems.  Also, some operating systems are still shipped with IPv6
   disabled by default, or with features such as IPv4-mapped addresses
   disabled by default.

   Numerous ISPs clearly want a scaleable NAT64/DNS64 product.  Other
   protocol-related needs are:
   o  Getting it right so that a dual stack client doesn't end up trying
      to use the wrong transport to reach a site.
   o  User-side port allocation mechanisms.  UPnP IGD and NAT-PMP can be
      used for IPv4, but nothing exists for IPv6 (yet).  [Editor's
      question: since there is no address shortage or port mapping for
      IPv6, why is this an issue except in a v4-over-v6 scenarios such
      as DS-lite?]

   Global IPv6 connectivity still has issues; for example ISPs in the
   Pacific region may have to obtain IPv6 transit via the USA (a
   situation faced by IPv4 operators in Europe about twenty years ago).
   Also, there are persistent PMTUD issues in various places on the net,
   and a lack of multicast peering.



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   Finally, there was a comment that real deployment case studies must
   be shown to operators, along with multihoming and traffic engineering
   best practices.


7.  Security Considerations

   [[ NOTE: this section will be filled out after the previous sections.
   ]]


8.  IANA Considerations

   This document makes no request of the IANA.


9.  Acknowledgements

   We are grateful to all those who answered the questionnaire: Pete
   Barnwell, Cameron Byrne, Gareth Campling, David Freedman, Wesley
   George, Steinar Haug, Paul Hoogsteder, Mario Iseli, Christian
   Jacquenet, Kurt Jaeger, Seiichi Kawamura, Adrian Kennard, Simon
   Leinen, Riccardo Loselli, Janos Mohacsi, Jon Morby, Michael Newbery,
   Barry O'Donovan, Al Pooley, Antonio Querubin, Anthony Ryan, Marc
   Schaeffer, Valeriu Vraciu, Bill Walker and those who preferred to
   remain anonymous.

   The ISPs willing to be named were: AISP, Alphanet, Breedband Delft,
   Claranet, E4A, Fidonet, Finecom, France Telecom, Hungarnet, Imagine,
   LavaNet, NEC BIGLOBE, Nepustilnet, Net North West, RoEduNet, SWITCH,
   Snap, Sprint, Star Technology, T-Mobile USA, Ventelo, and Whole Ltd.

   Useful comments and contributions were also made by Mohamed
   Boucadair, and others.

   This document was produced using the xml2rfc tool [RFC2629].


10.  Change log

   draft-carpenter-v6ops-isp-scenarios-01: added summary and discussion
   of questionnaire results, 2010-02-23

   draft-carpenter-v6ops-isp-scenarios-00: original version, 2009-10-13







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11.  Informative References

   [I-D.boucadair-port-range]
              Boucadair, M., Levis, P., Bajko, G., and T. Savolainen,
              "IPv4 Connectivity Access in the Context of IPv4 Address
              Exhaustion: Port Range based IP Architecture",
              draft-boucadair-port-range-02 (work in progress),
              July 2009.

   [I-D.ietf-16ng-ip-over-ethernet-over-802-dot-16]
              Jeon, H., Riegel, M., and S. Jeong, "Transmission of IP
              over Ethernet over IEEE 802.16 Networks",
              draft-ietf-16ng-ip-over-ethernet-over-802-dot-16-12 (work
              in progress), September 2009.

   [I-D.ietf-6man-node-req-bis]
              Loughney, J. and T. Narten, "IPv6 Node Requirements RFC
              4294-bis", draft-ietf-6man-node-req-bis-03 (work in
              progress), July 2009.

   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-cpe-simple-security]
              Woodyatt, J., "Recommended Simple Security Capabilities in
              Customer Premises Equipment for Providing Residential IPv6
              Internet Service", draft-ietf-v6ops-cpe-simple-security-09
              (work in progress), February 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-ipv6-cpe-router]
              Singh, H., Beebee, W., Donley, C., Stark, B., and O.
              Troan, "Basic Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge
              Routers", draft-ietf-v6ops-ipv6-cpe-router-04 (work in
              progress), January 2010.

   [I-D.ymbk-aplusp]
              Bush, R., "The A+P Approach to the IPv4 Address Shortage",
              draft-ymbk-aplusp-05 (work in progress), October 2009.

   [RFC2629]  Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629,
              June 1999.

   [RFC4029]  Lind, M., Ksinant, V., Park, S., Baudot, A., and P.
              Savola, "Scenarios and Analysis for Introducing IPv6 into
              ISP Networks", RFC 4029, March 2005.

   [RFC4294]  Loughney, J., "IPv6 Node Requirements", RFC 4294,
              April 2006.

   [RFC4779]  Asadullah, S., Ahmed, A., Popoviciu, C., Savola, P., and
              J. Palet, "ISP IPv6 Deployment Scenarios in Broadband



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              Access Networks", RFC 4779, January 2007.

   [RFC4798]  De Clercq, J., Ooms, D., Prevost, S., and F. Le Faucheur,
              "Connecting IPv6 Islands over IPv4 MPLS Using IPv6
              Provider Edge Routers (6PE)", RFC 4798, February 2007.

   [RFC4864]  Van de Velde, G., Hain, T., Droms, R., Carpenter, B., and
              E. Klein, "Local Network Protection for IPv6", RFC 4864,
              May 2007.

   [RFC4942]  Davies, E., Krishnan, S., and P. Savola, "IPv6 Transition/
              Co-existence Security Considerations", RFC 4942,
              September 2007.

   [RFC5121]  Patil, B., Xia, F., Sarikaya, B., Choi, JH., and S.
              Madanapalli, "Transmission of IPv6 via the IPv6
              Convergence Sublayer over IEEE 802.16 Networks", RFC 5121,
              February 2008.

   [RFC5181]  Shin, M-K., Han, Y-H., Kim, S-E., and D. Premec, "IPv6
              Deployment Scenarios in 802.16 Networks", RFC 5181,
              May 2008.

   [RFC5211]  Curran, J., "An Internet Transition Plan", RFC 5211,
              July 2008.


Appendix A.  Summary of replies

   This summarises the 30 replies received by February 16, 2010.  Note
   that the answers to some questions do not total to 30, due to missing
   answers or to multiple choices in some cases.  The ISPs are
   distributed as follows:
      Europe: 20
      North America: 6
      Asia/Pacific: 4

   They can additionally be classified as:
      Commercial: 26
      Academic/research: 4
      Operating internationally: 5
      Operating nationally: 25

   Basic data about IP service offerings:
   o  Offering both origin-only and transit service: 24
   o  Offering no transit: 6





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   o  Number of private/small office customers (one IPv4 address): a few
      with zero, then from 30 units up to 40 million
   o  Number of corporate customers (block of IPv4 addresses): a few
      with zero, then from 40 units up to 40000
   o  IP multicast service? 8 yes, 22 no
   o  Do any customers require multihoming to multiple ISPs? 24 yes, 6
      no
   o  Access technologies used: xDSL, DOCSIS, leased line (X.25, TDM/
      PDH, SDH), frame relay, dialup, microwave, FTTP, CDMA, UMTS, LTE,
      WiMAX, BWA, WiFi, Ethernet (100M-10G), Ether/MPLS, IPv6-in-IPv4
      tunnels

   Customer Premises Equipment:
   o  Do customers use CPE that ISP supplies? 26 yes (20% to 100% of
      customers), 4 no
   o  Does the CPE provided support native IPv6? 16 yes (some), 10 no
   o  (Note that these numbers include answers that apply to tens of
      millions of mobile handsets.)

   IPv4 Address Space:
   o  When do you expect to run out of public IPv4 address space inside
      your own network?  Estimates run from "now" to 2020, but 4 ISPs
      say "never" or "unforeseeable".
   o  Do you run RFC1918 addresses and NAT within your network? 9 yes;
      17 no; 3 others say yes, but only for equipment management or
      L3VPN.
   o  What % of IPv4 space is needed for ISP use (not for customers)? 1%
      to 30% (and 100% for NRENs with PI customers).
   o  When do you expect to run out of public IPv4 address space for
      customers?  Answers range from 2010 to 2015; 4 ISPs say it depends
      on their registry. 3 or 4 give answers suggesting it will never
      happen.
   o  Do you offer RFC1918 addresses to customers? 6 yes, 23 no

   IPv6 Requirements:
   o  Are some big customers requesting IPv6? 18 yes, 12 no
   o  When do you predict 10% and 50% of customers to require IPv6
      service?  Ignoring unclear answers, answers for 10% range from
      2010 to 2017, and for 50% from 2011 to 2020.
   o  When do you require IPv6 to be a standard service available to all
      customers?  Answers range from 2010 to 2015; the most common
      answer is 2011.
   o  When do you predict IPv6 traffic to reach 50% of total traffic?
      Answers range from 2011 to 2020; the most common answer is 2015.

   IPv6 Status and Plans:





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   o  Do you currently offer IPv6 as a regular service? 12 yes, 5
      partial, 12 no
   o  What % of customers currently use IPv6? <1% to 30%; mostly 0 or
      <1%
   o  When do you plan to start IPv6 deployment? 11 complete, 12 in
      progress, 3 in plan, 4 have no plan
   o  When do you plan to offer IPv6 as a special or beta-test service?
      For all those in progress or with a plan, the answer was either
      "now" or during 2010.
   o  When do you plan to offer IPv6 as a regular service to all
      customers?  For all those in progress or with a plan, the answer
      was between "now" and 2013 (except for one ISP who replied that it
      depends on the marketing department).

   IPv6 Technologies.  Note the answers refer to actual deployment or to
   plans, as the case may be:
   o  Which basic IPv6 access method(s) apply?
      *  Dual stack routing backbone: 28 yes, 1 maybe
      *  Separate IPv4 and IPv6 backbones: 2 yes, 1 maybe
      *  6to4 relay: 12 yes
      *  Teredo server: 5 yes
      *  Tunnel broker: Unfortunately this question was unclear and
         obviously misunderstood by most respondents.  Several
         respondents mentioned that they are getting their own transit
         connectivity via static tunnels.
      *  Something else: Answers were 6VPE + NAT64/DNS64; PNAT;
         "considering 6RD"
   o  Please briefly explain the main reasons/issues behind your choice:
      The best summary of the answers is "dual stack is simplest, why do
      anything else?".
   o  Which types of equipment in your network are unable to support
      IPv6?  The most common answer was CPE (9 mentions).  Also
      mentioned: handsets; DSLAMs; routers (including several specific
      models); traffic management boxes; load balancers; VPN boxes;
      management interfaces & systems; firewalls; billing systems.
   o  Can they be field-upgraded? 5 yes, 4 partially, 10 no and numerous
      "don't know" or "hopefully"
   o  Is any equipment 100% dedicated to IPv6? 7 yes, 23 no
   o  Is IPv6 an opportunity to restructure your whole topology? 2 yes,
      5 partial, 23 no
   o  Do you include support for DNS AAAA queries over IPv6? 20 yes, 5
      plan, 4 no
   o  Do you include support for reverse DNS for IPv6 addresses? 21 yes,
      3 plan, 5 no
   o  What length(s) of IPv6 prefix do you have or need from the
      registry? 1 /19, 1 /21 (plus several /32s), 1 /22 1 /30, 3
      multiple /32s, 20 /32, 3 /48




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   o  What length(s) of IPv6 prefix are offered to customers? 15 ISPs
      offer more than one of /48, /52, /56, /60 or /64. 2 offer /56
      only, 7 offer /48 only.  Two wired operators offer /64 only.
      Mobile operators offer /64 in accordance with 3GPP, but at least
      one would like to be allowed to offer /128 or /126.
   o  Do any customers share their IPv6 prefix among multiple hosts?
      Unfortunately this question was unclear and obviously
      misunderstood by most respondents.
   o  Do any of your customers prefer to use PI IPv6 prefixes? 9 yes, 17
      no
   o  How are IPv6 prefixes delegated to CPEs? 15 manual, 10
      DHCPv6[-PD], 8 SLAAC, 8 RADIUS, 2 PPoE
   o  Are your SMTP, POP3 and IMAP services dual-stack? 10 yes, 6 plan,
      12 no
   o  Are your HTTP services, including caching and webmail, dual-stack?
      9 yes, 1 partial, 4 plan, 14 no
   o  Are any other services dual-stack? 11 yes, 2 plan, 10 no
   o  Is each of the following dual-stack?
      *  Firewalls: 12 yes, 3 partial, 3 plan, 8 no
      *  Intrusion detection: 10 yes, 2 plan, 12 no
      *  Address management software: 15 yes, 1 plan, 12 no
      *  Accounting software: 7 yes, 20 no
      *  Monitoring software: 16 yes,2 partial,2 plan, 10 no
      *  Network management tools: 13 yes, 4 partial,1 plan, 10 no
   o  Do you or will you have IPv6-only customers? 13 yes (or maybe), 17
      no (or not likely)
   o  Do you have customers who have explicitly refused to consider
      IPv6? 5 yes, 22 no
   o  Interworking issues:
      *  How many years do you expect customers to run any IPv4-only
         applications?  Answers range from 2 years to infinity, most
         frequent answer is >10 years.
      *  Is IPv6-IPv4 interworking at the the IP layer needed? 15 yes,9
         uncertain, 3 no
      *  Do you include a NAT-PT IPv6/IPv4 translator? 2 yes,1 plan, 25
         no
      *  If yes, does that include DNS translation? 1 plan, 2 no
      *  If not, do you plan to operate an IPv6/IPv4 translator? 10 plan
         (NAT64), 7 no, others uncertain
      *  If not, how do you plan to connect IPv6-only customers to IPv4-
         only services? 7 rely on dual stack; 3 have no plan (one said
         "their problem")
      *  If you offer IP multicast, will that need to be translated too?
         1 yes, 2 uncertain, 5 no
   o  Any plans for Mobile IPv6 (or Nemo mobile networks)? 6 yes,2
      uncertain, 21 no





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Appendix B.  Questionnaire

   This appendix reproduces the technical body of the questionnaire that
   was made available for ISPs to express their requirements, plans and
   experience.

      I. General questions about IP service
      1.Do you offer origin-only (stub, end-user) IP service, transit IP
      service, or both?
      2.Approximate number of private/small office customers (one IPv4
      address)
      3.Approximate number of corporate customers (block of IPv4
      addresses, not included in Q2)
      4.Do you offer IP multicast service?
      5.Do any of your customers require multihoming to multiple ISPs?
      6.Access technologies used (ADSL,etc.)
      7.Do your customers use CPE that you supply?
      7.1.What % of customers?
      7.2.Does the CPE that you provide support native IPv6?
      8.When do you expect to run out of public IPv4 address space
      inside your own network?
      8.1.Do you run private (RFC1918) addresses and NAT within your
      network (i.e., a second layer of NAT in the
      case of customers with their own NAT)?
      8.2.What % of your IPv4 space is needed for your own use (not for
      customers)?
      9.When do you expect to run out of public IPv4 address space for
      customers?
      9.1.Do you offer private (RFC1918) addresses to your customers?
      II.  Questions about requirements for IPv6 service
      10.Are some big customers requesting IPv6?
      11.When do you predict 10% and 50% of your customers to require
      IPv6 service?
      12.When do you require IPv6 to be a standard service available to
      all customers?
      13.When do you predict IPv6 traffic to reach 50% of total traffic?
      III.  Questions about status and plans for IPv6 service
      14.Do you currently offer IPv6 as a regular service?
      14.1.What % of your customers currently use IPv6?
      14.2.When do you plan to start IPv6 deployment?
      14.3.When do you plan to offer IPv6 as a special or beta-test
      service to customers?
      15.When do you plan to offer IPv6 as a regular service to all
      customers?
      IV.  Questions about IPv6 technologies
      16.Which basic IPv6 access method(s) apply:





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      16.1. dual stack routing backbone?
      16.2. separate IPv4 and IPv6 backbones?
      16.3. 6to4 relay?
      16.4.  Teredo server?
      16.5. tunnel broker?  If so, which one?
      16.6.  Something else?  Please briefly describe your method:
      16.7.  If possible, please briefly explain the main reasons/issues
      behind your choice.
      17.Which types of equipment in your network are unable to support
      IPv6?
      17.1.Can they be field-upgraded to support IPv6?
      17.2.Is any equipment 100% dedicated to IPv6?
      18.Is IPv6 an opportunity to restructure your whole topology?
      19.Do you include support for DNS AAAA queries over IPv6?
      20.Do you include support for reverse DNS for IPv6 addresses?
      21.What length(s) of IPv6 prefix do you have or need from the
      registry?
      22.What length(s) of IPv6 prefix are offered to customers?
      22.1.Do any customers share their IPv6 prefix among multiple
      hosts?
      23.Do any of your customers prefer to use PI IPv6 prefixes instead
      of a prefix from you?
      24.How are IPv6 prefixes delegated to CPEs?  (Manual, PPPoE,
      RADIUS, DHCPv6, stateless autoconfiguration/RA, etc...)
      25.Are your SMTP, POP3 and IMAP services dual-stack?
      26.Are your HTTP services, including caching and webmail, dual-
      stack?
      27.Are any other services dual-stack?
      28.Is each of the following dual-stack?
      28.1.Firewalls
      28.2.Intrusion detection
      28.3.Address management software
      28.4.Accounting software
      28.5.Monitoring software
      28.6.Network management tools
      29.Do you or will you have IPv6-only customers?
      30.Do you have customers who have explicitly refused to consider
      IPv6?
      31.How many years do you expect customers to run any IPv4-only
      applications?
      32.Is IPv6-IPv4 interworking at the the IP layer needed?
      33.Do you include a NAT-PT IPv6/IPv4 translator?
      33.1.If yes, does that include DNS translation?
      33.2.If not, do you plan to operate an IPv6/IPv4 translator?
      33.3.If not, how do you plan to connect IPv6-only customers to
      IPv4-only services?





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      33.4.If you offer IP multicast, will that need to be translated
      too?
      34.Any plans for Mobile IPv6 (or Nemo mobile networks)?
      35.What features and tools are missing today for IPv6 deployment
      and operations?
      36.Any other comments about your IPv6 experience or plans?  What
      went well, what was difficult, etc.


Authors' Addresses

   Brian Carpenter
   Department of Computer Science
   University of Auckland
   PB 92019
   Auckland,   1142
   New Zealand

   Email: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com


   Sheng Jiang
   Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
   KuiKe Building, No.9 Xinxi Rd.,
   Shang-Di Information Industry Base, Hai-Dian District, Beijing
   P.R. China

   Email: shengjiang@huawei.com























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