Network Working Group E. Nordmark
Internet-Draft S. Chakrabarti
Expires: December 28, 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
J. Laganier
ENS Lyon / Sun Microsystems, Inc.
June 29, 2003
IPv6 Socket API for source address selection
<draft-chakrabarti-ipv6-addrselect-api-01.txt>
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on December 28, 2003.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
The IPv6 default address selection document describes the rules for
selecting default source address by the system and indicates that the
applications should be able to reverse the sense of system preference
of source address selection for that application through possible API
extensions. However, no such socket API exists in the basic or
advanced IPv6 socket API documents. Hence this document specifies
socket level options to prefer a particular source address as per
choice of the applications. It also discusses implications on the
name-to-address translation API that performs part of the default
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address selection. The socket APIs described in this document will
be particularly useful for Mobile IPv6 enabled applications and other
IPv6 applications which want to choose between temporary and public
addresses, CGA (cryptographically generated addresses) and non-CGA
addresses etc..
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Example Usages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Changes to the Socket Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Changes to the protocol-independent nodename translation . . . 9
5. IPv4-mapped IPv6 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Validation function for source address . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
A. Intellectual Property Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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1. Introduction
This document defines socket extensions to support the non-default
choice of source address by the applications. The IPv6 default
address selection [1] document has specified the rules for system
default source address selection for an outbound IPv6 packet.
Privacy considerations [6] have introduced "public" and "temporary"
addresses. IPv6 Mobility [3] introduces "home address" and "care-
of-address" definitions in the mobile systems. Although it is
desirable to have default algorithms for the system to choose the
source address of the outgoing IPv6 packet, an application may want
to reverse that rule for efficiency and other application specific
reasons. Currently IPv6 socket API extensions provide mechanism to
choose a specific source address through simple bind() operation or
IPV6_PKTINFO socket option [5]. Thus in order to use bind() or
IPV6_PKTINFO socket option, the application itself must make sure
that the source address is appropriate for the destination address
(e.g., with respect to the interface used to send packets to the
destination). The application also needs to make sure about the
appropriate scope of source address with respect to the destination
address and so on. The mechanism presented in this document allows
the application to specify attributes of the source addresses it
prefers while still having the system do the rest of the default
address selection. For instance, if an application prefers to use
care-of-address of a mobile node as the source address and if the
mobile node has two care-of-addresses (one public and one temporary),
then the node would select the public care-of-address by following
the default address selection rule for public and temporary address.
A socket option has been deemed useful for this purpose, as it
enables an application to make a choice of source address at per-
socket basis. It can also provide flexibility of enabling and
disabling choice of source addresses in non-connected sockets. The
socket option uses a set of flags for source address preferences.
Since source address selection and destination address ordering need
to be partially implemented in getaddrinfo() [2] the corresponding
set of flags are also defined for that routine.
Thus this document introduces several flags for source address
selection to alter the default source address selection [1] for a
number of cases. It also provides flags for choosing CGA [7] and
non-CGA source addresses when CGA addresses are available in the
system. In future, more flags can be added to designate a choice for
a certain type of source address as the needs may arise.
The approach in this document is to allow the application to specify
preferences on source addresses and not to be able to specify hard
requirements. Thus for instance, an application can set a flag in
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order to prefer a temporary addresses, but if no temporary addresses
are available at the node, a public address would be chosen instead.
Specifying a 'requirement' for source address selection is not
adopted through the socket option flags due to the nature of
unreliable transport protocols where the failure of connect()
operation may appear late in the event of unavailability of the
required attribute of source address in the system. For example, if
an application 'requires' CGA addresses as the source address of its
outgoing packets and it fails without that, then the application may
verify the availability of the CGA address in the system after
setting the source address preference flags. This document defines a
verification function which applications may choose to use before
sending data on a connected socket. By "connected" socket we mean
that a connect() call is done after setting setsockopt() with the
preference attributes. Note that connect() can be used in UDP
datagram sockets as well. The purpose of checking the validation of
address after connect() call ensures the availability of the desired
address type; an application using only sendto() or sendmsg() cannot
guarantee that the validated address at the time of setsockopt() is
still being valid at the time of sending data . The configuration of
node may change or the address may expire between setsockopt()
setting and sendto() or sendmsg() call.
Furthermore, the approach is to define two flags for each purpose, so
that an application can specify either that it prefers 'X' or prefers
'not X', or it can choose not to set either of the flags relating to
'X' and leave it up to the system default, perhaps while specifying
its preferences for some other attribute of the source addresses.
For example, if setsockopt() with a preference to care-of-address is
set, but no flag is set to indicate a choice of temporary or public
address, then temporary vs. public source address selection will be
determined from the default source address selection [1] rules.
Thus not specifying either of "X" and "not X" leaves the "X" property
of the address selection at the system default.
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2. Example Usages
The examples discussed here are limited to applications supporting
Mobile IPv6, IPv6 Privacy Extensions and Cryptographically Generated
Addresses. Address selection document [1] recommends that home
addresses should be preferred over care-of-address when both are
configured. However, a mobile node may want to prefer care-of-
address as source address for DNS query in the foreign network as it
normally means a shorter and local return path compared to the route
via the mobile node's home-agent when the query contains home-address
as source address. Another example is IKE application which requires
care-of-address as its source address for the initial security
association pair with Home Agent [3] while the mobile node boots up
at the foreign network and wants to do the key exchange before a
successful home-registration. Also a Mobile IPv6 aware application
may want to toggle between home-address and care-of-address depending
on its location and state of the application. It may also want to
open different sockets and use home-address as source address for one
socket and care-of-address for the others.
In a non-mobile environment, similarly an application may prefer to
use temporary address as source address for certain cases. By
default, the source address selction rule selects "public" address
when both are available. For example, an application supporting web
browser and mail-server may want to use "temporary" address for the
former and "public" address for the mail-server as a mail-server may
require reverse path for DNS records for anti-spam rules.
Similarly, a node may be configured to use the cryptographically
generated addresses by default, but an application may prefer not to
use it. For instance, fping, a debugging tool which tests basic
reachability of multiple destinations by sending packets in parallel,
may find that the cost and time incurred in proof-of- ownership by
CGA verification is not justified. On the other hand, when a node is
not configured for CGA as default, an application may prefer using
CGA by setting the socket option. It may subsequently verify that it
is truly bound to a CGA by first calling getsockname() and then
recomputing the CGA using the public key of the node.
Besides the above examples, the defined source address preference
flags can be used to specify or alter the system default values for
largest scope of addresses and native IPv6 vs. tunnel interface
addresses.
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3. Changes to the Socket Interface
IPv6 Basic API [2] defines socket options for IPv6. This document
adds a new socket option at the IPPROTO_IPV6 level. This socket
option is called IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES. It can be used with
setsockopt() and getsockopt() calls. This socket option takes a
32bit unsigned integer argument. The argument consists of a number
of flags which indicate the choice of source address selection.
The following flags are defined to alter or set the default rule of
source address selction algorithm discussed in the section 5 of
default address selection specification [1].
<netinet/in.h>.
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_HOME /* Prefer Home Address as source */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_COA /* Prefer Care-Of_address as source */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_TMP /* Prefer Temporary address as source */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_PUBLIC /* Prefer Public address as source */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_CGA /* Prefer CGA address as source */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_NONCGA /* Prefer a non-CGA address as source */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_TUNNEL /* Prefer tunnel interface as source */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_NATIVE /* Prefer native IPv6 source addr */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_LARGESTSCOPE /* Prefer largest scope source */
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_LOWERSCOPE /* Prefer less than largest scope */
NOTE: No source preference flag for longest matching prefix is defined
here because it is beleived to be handled by the policy table defined
in the default address selection specificaiton.
The following example illustrates how it is used on a AF_INET6
socket:
uint32_t flags = IPV6_PREFER_SRC_COA;
if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES,
(char *) &flags, sizeof (flags)) == -1) {
perror("setsockopt IPV6_SRC_REFERENCES");
}
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When the IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES is successfully set with setsockopt(),
the option value given is used to specify source address for any
connection initiation through the socket and all subsequent packets
sent via that socket. If no option is set, the system selects a
default value as per default address selction algorithm or by some
other equivalent means.
Setting conflicting flags at the same time results in the error
EINVAL. For example, setting 'X' and 'not X' is not allowed at the
same time. If flag is set as combination of 'X' and 'Y', and if 'Y'
is not applicable or available in the system, then the selected
source address contains property of 'X' and system default for the
property of 'Y'. For example, a possible valid combination of flags
can be:
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_COA | IPV6_PREFER_SRC_NATIVE
Sometimes an application being unaware of a previously set source
address preference may need to restore it after a while. In order to
achieve this, it needs to preserve the value of the previous source
address preference by doing a getsockopt() prior calling the
setsockopt() for IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES. The returned preference flag
values should be saved by the application for restoring the
preference values in a later step. However, setsockopt() with a flag
value 0 resets the source address selection to the system default
policy.
Example:
uint32_t save_flag;
int optlen = sizeof (save_flag);
uint32_t flags = IPV6_PREFER_SRC_TMP;
/* Save the existing IPv6_SRC_PREFERENCE FLAG now */
if (getsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES,
&save_flag, &optlen) == -1 {
perror("getsockopt IPV6_SRC_REFERENCES");
}
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if (!(save_flag & IPV6_PREFER_SRC_TMP)) {
if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES,
(char *) &flags, sizeof (flags)) == -1) {
perror("setsockopt IPV6_SRC_REFERENCES");
}
}
If either bind() or IPV6_PKTINFO socket option is set with a specific
source address in the same application along with the address
preference socket option, then bind() or IPV6_PKTINFO option takes
precedence.
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4. Changes to the protocol-independent nodename translation
Section 8 of Default Address Selection [1] document indicates
possible implementation strategies for getaddrinfo() [2]. One of
them suggests that getaddrinfo() collects available source/
destination pair from the network layer after being sorted at the
network layer with full knowledge of source address selection.
Another strategy is to call down to network layer to retrieve source
address information and then sort the list in the context of
getaddrinfo().
Thus if an application sets setsockopt() IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES option
to alter the default address selection rules , it is recommended that
the apllication calls getaddrinfo() with the corresponding
AI_PREFER_SRC_* flags specified in this section. This ensures that
the first entry in the returned addrinfo structure has the matching
source address as chosen by the kernel due to the setsockopt()
IPV6_SRC_PREFERENCES operation, given all other rules being equal for
a specific destination.
There is no corresponding destination address selection rule for
source address selection rule 7, in default address selection
document. However, this API provides a way for an application to
make sure that the source address preference set in setsockopt() is
taken into account by the getaddrinfo() function. Let's consider an
example to understand this scenario. DA and DB are two global
destination addresses and the node has two global addresses SA and SB
through interface A and B respectively. SA is a temporary address
while SB is a public address. The application has set
IPV6_PREFER_SRC_TMP in the setsockopt() flag. The route to DA points
to interface A and route to DB points to interface B. Thus when
AI_PREFER_SRC_TMP is set , getaddrinfo() returns DA before DB and SA
before SB likewise. Similarly, getaddrinfo() returns DB before DA
when AI_PREFER_SRC_PUBLIC is set in this example. Thus the source
address preference is taking effect into destination address
selection and as well as source address selection by the
getaddrinfo() function.
The following numerical example clarifies the abover further.
Imagine a host with two addresses:
1234::1:1 public
9876::1:2 temporary
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The destination has the following two addresses:
1234::9:3
9876::9:4
By default getaddrinfo() will return the destination addresses in the
order:
1234::9:3
9876::9:4
because the public source is preferred and 1234 matches more bits
with the public source address. On the other hand, if
AI_PREFER_SRC_TMP is set, getaddrinfo will return the addresses in
the reverse order since the temporary source address will be
preferred.
The following flags are added for the ai_flags in addrinfo data
structure defined in Basic IPv6 Socket API Extension [2].
AI_PREFER_SRC_HOME /* Prefer Home Address */
AI_PREFER_SRC_COA /* Prefer COA */
AI_PREFER_SRC_TMP /* Prefer Temporary Address */
AI_PREFER_SRC_PUBLIC /* Prefer Public Address */
AI_PREFER_SRC_CGA /* Prefer CGA Address */
AI_PREFER_SRC_NONCGA /* Prefer address other than CGA */
AI_PREFER_SRC_LARGESTSCOPE /* Prefer largest scope */
AI_PREFER_SRC_LOWERSCOPE /* Prefer lower than largest scope */
AI_PREFER_SRC_TUNNEL /* Prefer address of tunnel interface */
AI_PREFER_SRC_NATIVE /* Prefer native IPv6 address */
The above flags are ignored for the AF_INET address family as the
source address selection algorithm defined in section 5 of [1] only
applies to the IPv6 addresses. However, the flags may be applied to
IPv4-mapped addresses on a AF_INET6 socket.
If conflicting flags such as AI_PREFER_SRC_HOME and AI_PREFER_SRC_
COA are set, the getaddrinfo() fails with an error EAI_BADFLAGS [2].
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Some valid sequences of flags are:
AI_PREFER_SRC_HOME | AI_PREFER_SRC_PUBLIC
AI_PREFER_SRC_COA | AI_PREFER_SRC_PUBLIC
AI_PREFER_SRC_HOME | AI_PREFER_SRC_CGA
AI_PREFER_SRC_HOME | AI_PREFER_SRC_NONCGA
AI_PREFER_SRC_COA | AI_PREFER_SRC_CGA
AI_PREFER_SRC_COA | AI_PREFER_SRC_NONCGA
All the constants mentioned in this section for ai_flags are defined
in <netdb.h>.
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5. IPv4-mapped IPv6 Addresses
IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses are supported in this API. In some cases
the IPv4-mapped addresses may not make much sense because the
attributes are IPv6 specific. For example, IPv6 temporary addresses
are not the same as IPv4 private addresses. However, the IPv4
mapped-address support may be useful for mobile home address and
care-of-address. At this point it is not understood, if this API has
any value to pure IPv4 addresses or AF_INET family of sockets.
Discussion:
Would it be simpler to define a seperate function for source address
selection purpose?
int get_srcaddrinfo(uint32_t srcflags, const struct addrinfo * hints,
struct addrinfo ** res); or some variant ? which operates only on
AF_INET6 sockets - it then does not overload the getaddrinfo AI flags
and also does not conflict with using original getaddrinfo() function
which deals with AF_INET and UNSPEC families.
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6. Validation function for source address
Sometimes an application may have a requirement to set a specific
source address without which it chooses to fail. In that situation,
'preferred' addresses do not guarantee that the selected source
address for the outgoing packet is what the application wants. An
application which requires to set a specific type of source address
must verify that the system indeed has a valid source address for
the desired source address type. A validation function is defined
for this purpose:
<netinet/in.h>.
boolean_t inet6_is_addr(struct in6_addr * srcaddr, uint32_t flags)
Where the flags contain the IPV6_PREFER_SRC_* flags. The function
expects a non-NULL input for srcaddr. It returns true when srcaddr
corresponds to a valid address in the node and that address type
satisfies the preference flag. If srcaddr input value does not
correspond to any address in the node or it does not match an
address which satisfy the preferences indicated, the function returns
false.
The above function is useful for an application in two ways:
1. verify the source address type with the preference choice after
calling setsockopt() and connect() followed by getsockname().
2. verify that the source address returned in the addrinfo structure
in the getaddrinfo() function matches the choice of preference.
The verification function can be useful for both TCP and UDP socket
applications that use connect().
Discussion
Does it make sense to make inet6_is_addr() function more flexible ?
i,e. one can pass NULL srcaddr and preference flag in order to find
out if such address type at all exists in the system. This is useful
feature for some applications which has hard requirement for the
address type. Although the validity result is not guaranteed to be
true all the time between the check and subsequent socket operation,
this feature may be useful for those address types which has higher
lifetime or validity expectancy such as scoped or tunnel interface
addresses.
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7. Security Considerations
This document conforms to the same security implications as specified
in IPv6 Basic Socket API [2] document. Allowing applications to
specify a preference for temporary addresses provides per-application
(and per-socket) ability to use the privacy benefits of the temporary
addresses.
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8. Open Issues
o Are there more flags we should define at this point in time?
o How about a separate func for get_srcadrinfo or something like
that? Should we ban IPv4 sockets to use this API ? Is 32bit flags
enough ? Would this API be used for other policy decisions such as
Security or Qos policy decision to choose an address ? It may be
easier to have separate API for IPSec and Qos, but then order of
preference of those API compared to the ones defined here, needs to
be defined.
o Should we make the validation function more generic and flexible ?
[See section 6 discussion ]
o Should we define a order of preference and combination of
attributes provided by IPV6_PREFER_SRC* flags ?
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9. Acknowledgements
The authors like to thank members of mobile-ip and ipv6 working
groups for useful discussion on this topic. Richard Draves and Dave
Thaler suggested that getaddrinfo also needs to be considered along
with the new socket option. Gabriel Montenegro suggested that CGAs
may also be considered in this document. Thanks to Alain Durand,
Renee Danson, Alper Yegin and Francis Dupont for useful discussions.
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Normative References
[1] Draves, R., "Default Address Selection for IPv6", RFC 3484,
August 2002.
[2] Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J. and W. Stevens,
"Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC 3493, March
2003.
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Informative References
[3] Johnson, D., Perkins, C. and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in
IPv6", draft-ietf-mobileip-ipv6-22.txt (work in progress), May
2003.
[4] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6),
Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[5] Stevens, W., Thomas, M., Nordmark, E. and T. Jinmei, "Advanced
Sockets API for IPv6", RFC 3542, May 2003.
[6] Narten, T. and R. Draves, "Privacy Extensions for Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 3041, January 2001.
[7] Castelluccia, C. and G. Montenegro, "Securing Group Management
in IPv6 with Cryptographically Generated Addresses", draft-
irtf-gsec-sgmv6-01.txt (work in progress), July 2002.
[8] Montenegro, G. and C. Castelluccia, "Statistically Unique and
Cryptographically Verifiable (SUCV) Identifiers and
Addresses.", NDSS 2002, February 2002.
Authors' Addresses
Erik Nordmark
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
180, avenue de l'Europe
38334 Saint Ismier CEDEX
France
EMail: Erik.Nordmark@Sun.COM
Samita Chakrabarti
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
4150 Network Circle
Santa Clara, CA 95054
USA
EMail: Samita.Chakrabarti@Sun.COM
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Julien Laganier
ENS Lyon / Sun Microsystems, Inc.
180, avenue de l'Europe
38334 Saint Ismier CEDEX
France
EMail: Julien.Laganier@Sun.COM
Appendix A. Intellectual Property Statement
This document defines a source preference flag to choose
Cryptographically Generated Address (CGA) as source address when
applicable. CGA are obtained using public keys and hashes to prove
address ownership. Several IPR claims have been made about such
methods.
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Full Copyright Statement
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