PCE L. M. Contreras
Internet-Draft Telefonica
Intended status: Informational F. Agraz
Expires: 25 April 2024 S. Spadaro
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
23 October 2023
Path Computation Based on Precision Availability Metrics
draft-contreras-pce-pam-00
Abstract
The Path Computation Element (PCE) is able of determining paths
according to constraints expressed in the form of metrics. The value
of the metric can be signaled as a bound or maximum, meaning that
path metric must be less than or equal such value. While this can be
sufficient for certain services, some others can require the
utilization of Precision Availability Metrics (PAM). This document
defines extensions to the METRIC object networking services with
performance requirements expressed as Service Level Objectives (SLO)
using PAM.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 25 April 2024.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
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Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Rationale of the usage of PAM for path calculation . . . . . 3
4. Extension to the METRIC Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1. PAM Metric Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2. PAM metric field structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.3. Summary of the PAM METRIC Object . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4. Examples of usage of the extended METRIC Object. . . . . 9
5. Related work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Security and operational considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Introduction
The Path Computation Element (PCE) [RFC4655] is able of determining
paths according to constraints expressed in the form of metrics. For
that purpose, the METRIC object is defined in [RFC5440]. The value
of the metric included in the METRIC object can be signaled as a
bound or maximum, meaning that path metric must be less than or equal
such value. While this can be sufficient for certain services, some
others can require the utilization of Precision Availability Metrics
(PAM) [I-D.ietf-ippm-pam]. That is the case of services like RFC
XXXX Network Slice [I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slices] or
deterministic [RFC5878] [RFC8655] services. These networking
services express their performance requirements expressed as Service
Level Objectives (SLO) with target values for certain metrics.
At the time of calculating a path by the PCE, the METRIC object
[RFC5440] serves for the purposes of indicating either the metric
that MUST be optimized by the path computation algorithm, or a bound
on the path cost that MUST NOT be exceeded for the path to be
considered as acceptable. The value of the metric can refer to the
instantaneous observed behavior of that parameter, without a notion
of behavior along the preceding time. This cannot be sufficient for
certain networking services which require to experience stable
behavior along the time according to their SLOs.
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The precision availability metrics indicate whether or not a given
service has been available according to expectations at all times,
for whatever SLO considered as constraint. Thus, at the time of
computing a path for networking services with SLOs, it is convenient
to express the applicable metric constraints according to the
definition of precision availability metrics. This permits the PCE
to calculate paths showing a behavior compatible to the desired SLOs
over a period. This document defines extensions to the METRIC object
services using PAM for that purpose.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
NOT","SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in
this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
In addition, the terms defined in [I-D.ietf-ippm-pam] are also used
in this document.
3. Rationale of the usage of PAM for path calculation
[I-D.ietf-ippm-pam] introduced the concept of intervals for measuring
the behavior of measurable performance parameters against some
predefined thresholds. Those intervals consider a given time window.
Thus, it is possible to define a Violated Interval (VI) as the time
interval during which at least one of the performance parameters
presents degradation respect to a predefined optimal level threshold.
Similarly, when the threshold is defined as critical, the degradation
of the performance parameter in a time window generates a Severe
Violated Interval (SVI).
Taking into account the VIs and SVIs it is feasible to generate
availability metrics showing some degree of historic behavior in the
form of the following ratios:
* Violated Interval Ratio (VIR) defined as the ratio of the summed
numbers of VIs and SVIs to the total number of time unit intervals
along a predefined availability period.
* Severely Violated Interval Ratio (SVIR), defined as the ratio of
SVIs to the total number of time unit intervals along a predefined
availability period.
At the time of provisioning a networking service which requires
stable SLOs along the time, it is important to ensure that the
selected path has shown such stable behavior in the past. Despite
that the past behavior is not a guarantee of future behavior, it can
be presumed that those paths with better VIR and SVIR will better
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satisfy the SLOs of the networking service. Alternatively, PAM can
be used by the path computation entity for fine-grained path
computation. Then PAM is a useful criteria for calculating and
selecting paths.
4. Extension to the METRIC Object
The original METRIC object is defined in [RFC5440] as follows.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved | Flags |C|B| T |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| metric-value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The extension described in this document considers a new value for
the metric type T and a new structure for the metric-value field.
4.1. PAM Metric Type
There can be multiple parameters that can be expressed as precision
availability metrics such as latency, delay variation, loss,
capacity/throughput, ordering, or fragmentation [I-D.ietf-ippm-pam].
However all of them can be described in the same form. In
consequence, a generic PAM metric type is defined as follows:
* T=TBD1: PAM metric
4.2. PAM metric field structure
In order to fully described the characteristics of the PAM metric,
the following fields are defined.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Metric |S| Function | Metric_Units | TI_Units |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AvPeriod | Tiers | TI_Value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Violated Interval Ratio |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Severely Violated Interval Ratio |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ Thresholds ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
* Metric field (8 bits): specifies the particular metric to take
into consideration (e.g., latency, delay variation, etc).
* S flag (Statistical - 1 bit): determines if the metric follows a
statistical distribution function. When S=0, it means that the
metric will be assessed against an optimal (for VI) and a critical
(for SVI) thresholds. When S=1, it means that the metric will be
assessed against a multi-tiered SLO, presenting different
thresholds per tier. In case the SLO is defined in N tiers, each
tier is associated with a threshold. Following the example in
[I-D.ietf-ippm-pam], a latency metric defined in this way could be
expressed in the form of
- not to exceed 30 ms for any packet;
- to not exceed 25 ms for 99.999% of packets;
- to not exceed 20 ms for 99% of packets.
* Function field (7 bits): in case S=1, this field determines the
statistical function for the SLO. The following functions are
considered:
- 0x0: this is a reserved value.
- 0x1: histogram
- 0x2: cumulative distribution function
- 0x3 - 0x127: these are reserved for future use.
When S=0, this field SHOULD be ignored.
* Metric_Units field (8 bits): specifies the unit of the metric.
(Note: To be discussed if the description of the particular
metrics should be part of this document).
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* TI_Units (Time Interval Units - 8 bits): specifies the units for
the definition of the time window of the interval. The following
units are considered:
- 0x0: this is a reserved value.
- 0x1: microsecond
- 0x2: millisecond
- 0x3: second
- 0x4: minute
- 0x5: hour
- 0x6: day
- 0x7: week
- 0x8: month
- 0x9: year
- 0x10 - 0x255: these are reserved for future use.
* AvPeriod (Availability Period - 8 bits): specifies the total
number of of time unit intervals to be considered for the
calculation of VIR and SVIR shown by the path.
* Tiers (8 bits): determines the number of tiers in which the
statistical distribution of the SLO is defined. The following
values are considered:
- 0x0-0x1: these are invalid values.
- 0x2: two tiers, valid for the case S=0.
- 0x3- 0x255: multiple tiers, valid for the case S=1.
A PAM METRIC Object with values 0x0 or 0x1 SHOULD be discarded. A
PAM METRIC Object with S=0 and Tiers field different than 0x2 SHOULD
be discarded. This value implies that the Threshold field will be
composed by an Optimal Threshold (for VI) and a Critical Threshold
(for SVI). Finally, a PAM METRIC Object with S=1 and Tiers field
lower than 0x3 SHOULD be discarded. When a generic value of N is
provided in this field, it implies that the Threshold field will be
compose by N-1 thresholds (for VI per tier) and a Critical Threshold
(for SVI corresponding to the highest tier).
* TI_Value (Time Interval Value - 8 bits): specifies the numerical
value for the definition of the time window of the interval.
* Violated Interval Ratio (32 bits): specifies the expected VIR for
the path, encoded in 32 bits in IEEE floating point format
[IEEE.754.2019]. The VIR of the path calculated by the PCE SHOULD
be lower or equal than this value. The way in which the PCE
calculates the VIR is out of scope of this document.
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* Severely Violated Interval Ratio (32 bits): specifies the expected
SVIR for the path, encoded in 32 bits in IEEE floating point
format [IEEE.754.2019]. The SVIR of the path calculated by the
PCE SHOULD be lower or equal than this value. The way in which
the PCE calculates the SVIR is out of scope of this document.
Regarding the Thresholds field, this will be variable in size
depending on the statistical nature of the metric. When the metric
is defined only according to an optimal and critical thresholds (S=0
case), then only those thresholds are included in the field.
However, when the SLO is defined by means of a multi-tiered
statistical distribution (S=1 case), then one threshold field is
included per tier. In summary, this would be the different possible
situations for the Threshold field:
* S=0, meaning that only an optimal and critical thresholds are
considered. In this case, the Thresholds field follows the
following structure:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Optimal Threshold |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Critical Threshold |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Both Optimal Threshold and Critical Threshold fields are encoded in
32 bits in IEEE floating point format [IEEE.754.2019].
* S=1, meaning that only an optimal and critical thresholds are
considered. In this case, the Thresholds field follows the
following structure:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Threshold for Tier 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ ... ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Threshold for Tier N-1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Critical Threshold |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
All the Threshold fields are encoded in 32 bits in IEEE floating
point format [IEEE.754.2019].
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The way in which the PCE calculates the different thresholds is out
of scope of this document.
4.3. Summary of the PAM METRIC Object
The METRIC Object is extended to take into consideration PAMs. The
first 32 bits of the original METRIC object in [RFC5440] are used in
a similar way as before. However, the original "metric-value" of the
METRIC object is extended to accommodate the expression of
constraints following the PAM proposition in [I-D.ietf-ippm-pam].
According to the definition before, and depending on the statistical
description of the SLO, two different messages can be found.
When S=0 the SLO or metric is defined against an optimal and a
critical thresholds. In consequence, the message format is as
follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved | Flags |C|B| T=TBD1 (PAM) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Metric |0| Function | Metric_Units | TI_Units |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AvPeriod | 0x2 | TI_Value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Violated Interval Ratio |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Severely Violated Interval Ratio |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Optimal Threshold |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Critical Threshold |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
In this case, the message has a fixed size of 28 bytes.
When S=1 the SLO or metric is defined following an statistical
distribution with N tiers, representing a total of N-1 optimal
thresholds plus a critical one. In consequence, the message format
is as follows:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved | Flags |C|B| T=TBD1 (PAM) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Metric |1| Function | Metric_Units | TI_Units |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| AvPeriod | 0xN | TI_Value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Violated Interval Ratio |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Severely Violated Interval Ratio |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Threshold for Tier 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ ... ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Threshold for Tier N-1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Critical Threshold |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
In this case, the message has a variable size determined by 20 + (N
*4) bytes, being N the number of tiers of the SLO statistical
distribution.
4.4. Examples of usage of the extended METRIC Object.
The following are examples of usage of the extended METRIC Object
considering PAM. Latency is used as PAM metric in these examples.
The first example assumes a a networking service characterized by two
tiers with optimal threshold of 20 ms for 99,9% of the packet latency
samples, and critical threshold of 25 ms. The availability
expectation for this service is to show a VIR of 5% and a SVIR of
0,2%. The availability period considered is one day, while the time
interval is considered 1 hour. In these conditions, the extended
METRIC Object can be descrined as:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved | Flags |C|B| T=TBD1 (PAM) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Latency |0| Function | ms | sec |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 24 | 0x2 | 3600 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 5 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0.2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 20 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 25 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The second example takes the example of statistical distribution in
[I-D.ietf-ippm-pam], where the latency metric is statistically
defined in the form of:
- not to exceed 30 ms for any packet;
- to not exceed 25 ms for 99.999% of packets;
- to not exceed 20 ms for 99% of packets
Assuming similar VIR, SVIR, availability period and time interval
duration. In these conditions, he extended METRIC Object can be
descrined as:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved | Flags |C|B| T=TBD1 (PAM) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Latency |1| Hist | ms | sec |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 24 | 0x3 | 3600 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 5 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0,2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 20 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 25 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 30 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Once the PCE processes these extended METRICT Objects, the PCE will
calculate the VIR and SVIR of the different path alternatives and
check them against the requested VIR and SVIR. How the PCE calculate
the VIR and SVIR is out of scope of this document.
5. Related work
In the case of deterministic networking, other documents like
[I-D.xiong-pce-detnet-bounded-latency] and
[I-D.zhang-pce-enhanced-detnet] propose extensions to PCE adapted to
deterministic service capabilities. As part of those capabilities
specific metrics are considered. Such metrics could be considered as
SLOs that can be handled as PAM. This document presents a generic
form of using precision availability metrics in PCEP messages, and
then permitting its applicability to broader networking scenarios.
Thus, this extension could be used instead of ad-hoc extensions in
[I-D.xiong-pce-detnet-bounded-latency] and
[I-D.zhang-pce-enhanced-detnet].
6. Security and operational considerations
Same security and operational considerations as described in
[RFC5440] apply also in this document.
Other security considerations will be addressed in future versions of
the document.
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7. IANA Considerations
This document defines a new metric type for the PCEP. IANA is
requested to allocate the following codepoint in the PCEP "METRIC
Object T Field" registry.
Value Description Reference
------ ------------------------------- -------------
TBD1 PAM metric This document
Additional IANA considerations required by this extension will be
documented in future document versions.
8. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-ippm-pam]
Mirsky, G., Halpern, J. M., Min, X., Clemm, A., Strassner,
J., and J. François, "Precision Availability Metrics for
Services Governed by Service Level Objectives (SLOs)",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-ippm-pam-08,
18 October 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-ietf-ippm-pam-08>.
[I-D.ietf-teas-ietf-network-slices]
Farrel, A., Drake, J., Rokui, R., Homma, S., Makhijani,
K., Contreras, L. M., and J. Tantsura, "A Framework for
Network Slices in Networks Built from IETF Technologies",
Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-teas-ietf-
network-slices-25, 14 September 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-teas-
ietf-network-slices-25>.
[I-D.xiong-pce-detnet-bounded-latency]
Xiong, Q., Liu, P., and R. Gandhi, "PCEP Extension for
DetNet Bounded Latency", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-xiong-pce-detnet-bounded-latency-03, 8 June 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-xiong-pce-
detnet-bounded-latency-03>.
[I-D.zhang-pce-enhanced-detnet]
Zhang, L., Geng, X., and T. Zhou, "PCEP for Enhanced
DetNet", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-zhang-
pce-enhanced-detnet-03, 9 July 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-zhang-pce-
enhanced-detnet-03>.
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[IEEE.754.2019]
"754-2019 - IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic",
22 July 2019,
<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8766229>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J.-P., and J. Ash, "A Path
Computation Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4655, August 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4655>.
[RFC5440] Vasseur, JP., Ed. and JL. Le Roux, Ed., "Path Computation
Element (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5440,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5440, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5440>.
[RFC5878] Brown, M. and R. Housley, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Authorization Extensions", RFC 5878, DOI 10.17487/RFC5878,
May 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5878>.
[RFC8655] Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B., and J. Farkas,
"Deterministic Networking Architecture", RFC 8655,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8655, October 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8655>.
Acknowledgements
This work has been partially funded by the European Commission
Horizon Europe SNS JU PREDICT-6G project (GA 101095890), and the
Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation and
the European Union NextGenerationEU UNICO 5G I+D "Towards a smart and
efficient telecom infrastructure meeting current and future industry
needs" (TIMING) project (TSI-063000-2021-145, -148, -149).
Authors' Addresses
Luis M. Contreras
Telefonica
Ronda de la Comunicacion, s/n
28050 Madrid
Spain
Email: luismiguel.contrerasmurillo@telefonica.com
URI: http://lmcontreras.com
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Fernando Agraz
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
08034 Barcelona
Spain
Email: fernando.agraz@upc.edu
Salvatore Spadaro
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
08860 Castelldefels
Spain
Email: salvatore.spadaro@upc.edu
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