Network Working Group                                             W. Dec
Internet-Draft                                                  R. Asati
Intended status: Informational                                     Cisco
Expires: April 16, 2012                                      C. Congxiao
                                                  CERNET Center/Tsinghua
                                                              University
                                                                 H. Deng
                                                            China Mobile
                                                            M. Boucadair
                                                          France Telecom
                                                        October 14, 2011


                    Stateless 4Via6 Address Sharing
                       draft-dec-stateless-4v6-04

Abstract

   This document presents an overview of the characteristics of
   stateless 4V6 solutions, alongside a assessment of the issues
   attributes.  The impact of translated or mapped tunnel transport
   modes is also presented in the broader context of other industry
   standard reference architectures and existing deployments.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 16, 2012.

Copyright Notice



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   Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Stateless 4V6 Technical and Architectual Overview  . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  IPv4 address and algorithmic port indexing . . . . . . . .  7
     3.2.  4V6 CE IPv6 Address and domain info  . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  IPv6 Adaptation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.3.1.  4V6 Stateless Tunneling Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.3.2.  4V6 Stateless Translation mode . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   4.  Comparison of 4V6 transport modes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.1.  General Characteristics of 4V6 modes . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.2.  Mobile SP Architecture and 4V6 Applicability . . . . . . . 12
       4.2.1.  3GPP overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       4.2.2.  3GPP and 4V6 modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     4.3.  Cable SP Architectures & 4V6 Applicability . . . . . . . . 18
       4.3.1.  PacketCable Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       4.3.2.  PacketCable Construct - Classifier . . . . . . . . . . 20
       4.3.3.  4V6 Modes Impact on PacketCable  . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   5.  Overview of potential issues and discussion  . . . . . . . . . 21
     5.1.  Notion of Unicast Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
       5.1.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
       5.1.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     5.2.  Implementation on hosts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
       5.2.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
       5.2.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.3.  4V6 address and impact on other IPv6 hosts . . . . . . . . 23
       5.3.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
       5.3.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     5.4.  Impact on 4V6 CE based applications  . . . . . . . . . . . 24
       5.4.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
       5.4.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     5.5.  4V6 interface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
       5.5.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24



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       5.5.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     5.6.  Non TCP/UDP port based IP protocols - ICMP)  . . . . . . . 25
       5.6.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
       5.6.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     5.7.  Provisioning and Operational Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 25
       5.7.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
       5.7.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     5.8.  Training & Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
       5.8.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
       5.8.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
     5.9.  Security and Port Randomization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       5.9.1.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       5.9.2.  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     5.10. Unknown Failure Modes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       5.10.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
       5.10.2. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     5.11. Possible Impact on NAT66 use & design  . . . . . . . . . . 29
       5.11.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
       5.11.2. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     5.12. Port statistical multiplexing and monetization of port
           space  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
       5.12.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
       5.12.2. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     5.13. Readdressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
       5.13.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
       5.13.2. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     5.14. Ambiguity about communication between devices sharing
           an IP address. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       5.14.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
       5.14.2. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     5.15. Other  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       5.15.1. Abuse Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       5.15.2. Fragmentation and Traffic Asymmetry  . . . . . . . . . 32
       5.15.3. Multicast Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   6.  Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   8.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   9.  Contributors and Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36









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1.  Introduction

   As network service providers move towards deploying IPv6 and IPv4
   dual stack networks, and further on towards IPv6 only networks, a
   problem arises in terms of supporting residual IPv4 services, over an
   infrastructure geared for IPv6-only operations, and doing so in the
   context of IPv4 address depletion.  This class of problem is referred
   to by the draft as the 4via6 problem, for which a stateless solution
   is desired driven by motivation as documented in
   [I-D.operators-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation].  Solutions such as
   a 4rd [I-D.despres-softwire-4rd],
   [I-D.murakami-softwire-4v6-translation], and
   [I-D.xli-behave-divi-pd], as well as dIVI [I-D.xli-behave-divi] offer
   such stateless solutions, by using fully distributed NAPT44
   functionality located on end user CPEs, which allows the network
   operators' core to remain effectively stateless in terms of NAT44.
   The solutions, collectively called Stateless4V6, rely on the same
   IPv4 address being used by multiple CPEs, each with a different TCP/
   UDP port range, and are derived from the Address+Port (A+P) solution
   space [I-D.ymbk-aplusp].  Differences between the solutions come down
   to the mode of transport (translation or mapped tunneling), and the
   mapping algorithm used.  This document looks at the issues that have
   been claimed as applying to A+P technology, in the specific context
   of the referenced solutions, and also analyzes the two modes of
   transport.


2.  Terminology

   Stateless4V6 domain:  A domain is composed out of an arbitrary number
      of 4V6 CE and Gateway nodes that share a mapping relationship
      between an operator assigned IPv6 prefix and one or more IPv4
      subnets along with all the applicable TCP/UDP ports, all mapped
      into the IPv6 address space.  An 4V6 system can have multiple
      domains.

   Stateless4V6 CE:  A CPE node that implements 4V6 functionality
      including NAPT44 which is provisioned by means of 4V6.  The device
      interfaces to the SP network using native IPv6 and a IPv4-IPv6
      adaptation service.

   Stateless4V6 Gateway  A Service Provider node that implements the
      stateless 46 adaptation functionality for interfacing between the
      SP's IPv6 domain and an IPv4 domain in delivering end user IPv4
      connectivity beyond the domain.






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   IPv4 Address sharing  The notion of attributing the same IPv4 address
      by multiple CEs in an 4V6 domain.

   Port-set:  A set composed of unique TCP/UDP ports (ranges) associated
      to a IPv4 address.  A single 4V6 CE is expected to have a single
      port-set for each IPv4 address.

   Port-set-id:  A numeric identifier of a given port set that is unique
      in a given 4V6 domain.  A port-set-id is used to algorithmically
      determine the port-set members.  The port-set-id is conveyed to
      CEs as part the CE's IPv6 addressing information, ie it is part of
      IPv6 subnet or address of a given CE, and its format places no
      restriction on the use of SLAAC or DHCP addressing.

   CE-index:  A numeric value, composed of a full or partial IPv4
      address and optionally a port-set-id, which uniquely identifies a
      given CE in an 4V6 domain.


3.  Stateless 4V6 Technical and Architectual Overview

   This section presents the architectural and technical overview of a
   stateless 46 solution, and evidenced in whole or in part by various
   stateless 4via6 solution proposals such as 4rd, dIVI.  Figure 1
   depicts the overall architecture with two IPv4 user networks
   connected via 4via6 CPEs that share an IPv4 address.  The goal of the
   system is to allow IPv4 user connectivity to the Public IPv4 network,
   across an operator's IPv6 network.

   A key characteristic of the system, and a major differentiator with
   respect to previous solutions, is that translation state is only
   (ever) present on the CE, with the rest of the system performing
   stateless transport.  This stateless transport applies to both the
   mapped-tunnel and translated modes, as described in the dedicated
   sections.
















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          User 1
       Private IPv4
      |  Network
      |
   O--+---------------O
   |  |   4V6 CE      |
   | +-----+--------+ |
   | NAPT44|  IPv6  | `-.
   | +-----+  Adptn | |  -._ ,-------.                      ------.
   |       +--------+ |   ,-'         `-.                ,-'       `-.
   O------------------O  /   Routed     \   O---------O /   Public   \
                         /    IPv6       \  |Stateless|/     IPv4     \
                        (    Network      --+   6V4   +-   Network     )
                         \               /  | Gateway |\              /
   O------------------O  \              /   O---------O \             /
   |      4V6 CE      |   ;".         ,-'                `-.       ,-'
   | +-----+--------+ | ,"   `-------'                      ------'
   | NAPT44|  IPv6  | ,"
   | +-----+  Adptn | |
   |   |   +--------+ |
   O---.--------------O
       |
         User 2
       Private IPv4
        Network
   Figure 1 - Generalized Stateless 4V6 system

   On IPv4 network user side, the routed IPv6 service provider network
   is demarcated with a 4V6 CE.  The CPE externally has only a native
   IPv6 interface to the SP network, and a native IPv4 interface towards
   the end user network.

   The IPv4 Internet is demarcated from the operator IPv6 network with
   one or more operator managed stateless 6V4 gateways that contain an
   IPv6 adaptation function (not detailed in the diagram) matching the
   one in the CE.  Note: The stateless 6v4 gateway can be integrated
   into any existing network element (eg a core router, or an IP Edge).

   Internally, the 4V6 CE is modelled as having a port restricted NAPT44
   function coupled with a stateless IPv6 adaptation function that is
   able to ferry the end-user's IPv4 traffic across the IPv6 network,
   besides deriving 4V6 provisioning info from it.  The NAPT44 function
   derives its IPv4 address, which may be shared with that of other
   users, and its unique Layer 4 (TCP/UDP) port range from the IPv6
   address/prefix by means of an 4V6 algorithm and a port indexing
   schema.  Any IPv4 ALG functionality that the CPE may support, remain
   unaffected.  The CPE is expected to act as a DNS resolver proxy,
   using native DNS over IPv6 to the SP network.



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   Two forms of the IPv6 adapatation function are: i) 4v6 stateless
   tunneling ii) 4v6 stateless translation, each described in further in
   this document.

   The service provider is assumed to be operating all the necessary
   provisioning and accounting infrastructure to support a regular IPv6
   deployment.  Similarly, the network operator is assumed to have the
   ability to assign an IPv6 prefix or IPv6 address to a CPE, and log
   such an address assignment.

   End user host's DO NOT implement any of the 4V6, or other address
   sharing technologies, nor are they addressed directly with a shared
   IPv4 address.  End user IPv4 hosts connected to the CPE receive
   unique private addresses assigned by the CPE, and it is the CPE that
   is directly addressed by the shared IPv4 address.

   Although tangential to the discussion of stateless 4V6, it is useful
   to note that the CPE is expected to have a native IPv6 interface to
   the end user network, with any of the end user IPv6 hosts (single or
   dual stack) receiving IPv6 addresses from an IPv6 delegated prefix
   issued to the CPE.

3.1.  IPv4 address and algorithmic port indexing

   At the heart of the 4V6 solution, irrespective of mode of transport,
   lies the algorithm described in the specific solution drafts that
   allows the mapping of a shared IPv4 address and a TCP/UDP given port-
   set to a single IPv6 prefix or address.  Notably, the 4V6 system
   allows both the shared IPv4 address use, as well as full non-shared
   IPv4 address use, all subject to the 4V6 domain configuration.

   The S46 domain information required to compute the IPv4 address and
   correct port set is retrieved from the 4V6 prefix advertised to the
   CE, and pre-configured or statelessly acquired domain information.

3.2.  4V6 CE IPv6 Address and domain info

   As presented in Section 2, IPv6 address of an 4V6 CE is composed out
   of the SP advertised IPv6 4V6 prefix, containing the CE-index, and an
   algorithmically computed appendix to complete the 128-bit address.
   This IPv6 address is *in addition* to any other IPv6 interface
   address that the CE configures or is configured with, including a
   SLAAC address from the 4V6 prefix or any IPv6 address source.  One
   characteristics of the resulting IPv6 prefix or address is that it is
   for all intents and purposes a regular IPv6 prefix address that can
   be assigned to any regular IPv6 host.

   The IPv6 4V6 interface is reserved for the 4V6 application and the



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   4V6 IPv6 adaptation function will exclusively use this IPv6 address.
   This is because the 4V6 system supports stateless communication
   between the 4V6 CE and the 4V6 gateway only by means of packets sent
   to/from this address.

3.3.  IPv6 Adaptation Function

   The IPv6 adaptation function plays a key role in the 4V6 system, in
   statelessly allowing the IPv4 user payload to be transported across
   an IPv6 (only) network.  Two modes of such a function are currently
   proposed and presented in the following subsections

3.3.1.  4V6 Stateless Tunneling Mode

   This type of IPv6 adaptation function is adopted and described in
   [I-D.despres-softwire-4rd].

   The 4V6 gateway operates in the IPv4->IPv6 direction by mapping all
   or part of the IPv4 destination address and the port Index derived
   from the UDP/TCP payload into an IPv6 CE destination address.  The
   resulting packet is sent using IPv4inIPv6 encapsulation to the CE,
   sourced from the 4V6's gateway IPv6 address, where the original IPv4
   packet is extracted and passed to the stateful NAPT44 function.

   The 4V6 CE operates in the IPv4->IPv6 direction, for traffic bound to
   the IPv4 internet, by encapsulating the IPv4 packet in an IPv6 header
   using IPv4inIPv6 encapsulation, and sending the resulting packet to
   the (well known) unicast address of the 4V6 gateway.  There the IPv4
   packet is extracted and forwarded.

   The the original IPv4 packet addressing information is only partially
   visible on the IPv6 data plane, and the original Layer 4 information
   is only visible as part of the encapsulated IPv4 payload packet.

   The figure below illustrates the CE model of a 4v6 Mapped Tunnel
   mode.

                       +......................+
                       :                      :
                       : stateful   stateless :
        [IPv4-LAN]-----:-[NAPT44]---[v4-v6]---:----<IPv6 Network>
                       :            [ tunn]   :
                       :                      :
                       :                      :
                       +......................+
   Figure 2 - 4v6 CE model with Tunnel mode





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3.3.2.  4V6 Stateless Translation mode

   This type of IPv6 adaptation function is adopted and described in
   [I-D.murakami-softwire-4v6-translation], I-D.xli-behave-divi-pd,
   and[I-D.xli-behave-divi] The 4V6 translation mode transport operates
   by means of stateless NAT46 [RFC6145] extended to map the the TCP/UDP
   port index algorithmically derived from received IPv4 packets into an
   IPv6 address suffix, in the IPv6 header, besides the full IPv4 mapped
   representation of the original IPv4 address information.  The
   resulting packet is then sent across the IPv6 domain as an IPv6
   packet - this IPv6 packet, besides mapping the original original IPv4
   address information into a determinate IPv6 format, also places the
   Layer 4 and packet content directly after the IPv6 header, as any
   regular IPv6 with TCP/UDP packet.  This IPv6 packet is thus capable
   of being processed by regular IPv6 network elements or servers in the
   IPv6 domain.  At either end of the IPv6 domain, the IPv4 packet
   header is statelessly recreated, by the 4v6 CE or gateway, again
   using exactly the same NAT64 process as in [RFC6145].

   The figure below illustrates the IPv6 4v6 Stateless Translation model
   of a 4v6 CE.

                       +......................+
                       :                      :
                       : stateful   stateless :
        [IPv4-LAN]-----:-[NAPT44]---[NAT46]---:----<IPv6 Network>
                       :                      :
                       :                      :
                       :                      :
                       +......................+
   Figure 3 - 4v6 CE model with stateless NAT64


4.  Comparison of 4V6 transport modes

   This section presents the an overview of the similarities and
   differences between an IPv4-IPv6 translation based 4V6 transport mode
   and one that utilizes IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnelling.  The comparison takes
   into consideration a wider deployment view composed of functionality
   that is known to be in common use today.

4.1.  General Characteristics of 4V6 modes

   The following table presents a comparison of the 4V6 transport modes,
   in terms of the base technology, and constrains, including also IPv4.






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   +------------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
   | Item                   | 4V6 Translation    | 4V6 Tunnel Mode     |
   |                        | mode               |                     |
   +------------------------+--------------------+---------------------+
   | Base Technology        | Port restricted    | Port restricted     |
   |                        | NAPT44 with        | NAPT44 with IPv4 in |
   |                        | modified stateless | IPv6 mapped         |
   |                        | NAT64 on CPE and   | tunneling on CPE    |
   |                        | Gateway            | and Gateway         |
   | -------------------    | ------------------ | ------------------- |
   | Location of stateful   | CPE                | CPE                 |
   | NAPT44 function        |                    |                     |
   | -------------------    | ------------------ | ------------------- |
   | IPv4 Forwarding        | L3 + L4 lookup     | L3 + L4 lookup      |
   | paradigm               |                    |                     |
   | -------------------    | ------------------ | ------------------- |
   | IPv6 Addressing        | CE uses 4V6        | CE uses 4V6 suffix. |
   | Constraints            | suffix.            |                     |
   | -------------------    | ------------------ | ------------------- |
   | Type of IPv6           | ICMPv6 (SLAAC),    | ICMPv6 (SLAAC),     |
   | prefix/address         | DHCPv6 (both IA_NA | DHCPv6 (both IA_NA  |
   | announcement method    | and IA_PD)         | and IA_PD)          |
   | supported              |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Can the 4V6 IPv6       | Yes                | Yes                 |
   | prefix be used by non  |                    |                     |
   | 4V6 devices?           |                    |                     |
   | -------------------    | ------------------ | ------------------- |
   | IPv4 addressing        | Fixed sharing      | Fixed sharing ratio |
   | constraints            | ratio per IPv4     | per IPv4 address.   |
   |                        | address.           |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | TCP/UDP Port range     | Ports are          | Ports are           |
   | constraint             | statically         | statically          |
   |                        | allocated          | allocated           |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Requires ALG64 or      | No                 | No                  |
   | DNS64                  |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Requires IPv6 DNS on   | Recommended        | Recommended         |
   | CPE                    |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | 4V6 CE Parameter       | ICMPv6, Stateless  | ICMPv6, Stateless   |
   | provisioning methods   | DHCPv6, TR69       | DHCPv6, TR69.       |
   | (assuming suitable     |                    |                     |
   | protocol extensions)   |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |




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   | IPv6 Domain Routing to | Regular closest IP | Regular closest IP  |
   | CE based on:           | match to CE-IPv6   | match to CE-IPv6    |
   |                        | subnet             | subnet              |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | IPv6 Domain Routing to | IPv6 4V6 domain    | 4V6 Gateway         |
   | 4V6 Gateway based on   | aggregate route    | unicast/anycast     |
   |                        |                    | address             |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | IPv4 Header Checksum   | Yes                | No                  |
   | recalculation required |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Supports non TCP/UDP   | No*                | No*                 |
   | Protocols              |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | ICMPv4 Limitations     | No ICMPv4 from     | No ICMPv4 from      |
   |                        | "outside the       | "outside the        |
   |                        | domain".  Internal | domain".            |
   |                        | ICMPv4-v6          |                     |
   |                        | translation as per |                     |
   |                        | [RFC6145]          |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | ICMPv5 identifier      | Yes                | Yes                 |
   | NAT/Markup needed      |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Supports IPv4          | No                 | No                  |
   | fragmentation (without |                    |                     |
   | additional state)      |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Requires IPv6 PMTU     | Yes                | Yes                 |
   | discovery/configuratio |                    |                     |
   | n                      |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Supports IPv4 Header   | No - as per NAT64  | Yes (use of source  |
   | Options                | [RFC6145]          | route option is     |
   |                        |                    | constrained)        |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | TCP/UDP Checksum       | Yes - depending on | No                  |
   | recalculation          | suffix, as per     |                     |
   |                        | NAT64 [RFC6145]    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Supports UDP null      | Yes/Configurable - | Yes                 |
   | checksum               | as per NAT64       |                     |
   |                        | [RFC6145]          |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Transparency to DF bit | Yes, configurable  | Yes                 |
   |                        | as per [RFC6145]   |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |




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   | Supports IPv4          | Partial (no        | Partial (no         |
   | Fragmentation          | fragments from     | fragments from      |
   |                        | outside the        | outside the domain) |
   |                        | domain)            |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Transparency to IPv4   | Yes, configurable  | Yes                 |
   | TOS                    | as per [RFC6145]   |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Overhead in relation   | a) 0% b) 0%        | a) 4.36% b) 1.71%   |
   | to original average    |                    |                     |
   | payload on IPv6 of a)  |                    |                     |
   | ~550 bytes b) 1400     |                    |                     |
   | bytes).                |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Supports non-shared    | Yes                | Yes                 |
   | IPv4 usage (ie whole   |                    |                     |
   | IPv4 address           |                    |                     |
   | assignment to a single |                    |                     |
   | device)                |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Can support IPv4 to    | Yes - As per       | No                  |
   | IPv6 host              | [RFC6145]          |                     |
   | communication (for     | stateless NAT64    |                     |
   | traffic not requiring  | specification      |                     |
   | ALGs)                  |                    |                     |
   | ------------------     | ------------------ | ------------------  |
   | Changes to network     | Yes - Mapping IPv4 | Yes - Enabling      |
   | element provisioning   | to IPv6 addresses  | IPv4inIPv6          |
   | tool(s)**              |                    | functionality       |
   +------------------------+--------------------+---------------------+

   * Without specific ALGs.  Non UDP/TCP protocols, like ICMP, can be
   supported with specific ALGs.

   **Network (feature) provisioning tools/applications need to be 4V6
   aware.  With the translation technique, the tool needs to enable the
   operator to map IPv4 addresses to IPv6 addresses as disctated by the
   4V6 domain.  With the tunneling technique, the tool needs to allow
   the operator to enable IPv4 (inIPv6) functionality and modify its
   characterstics.

4.2.  Mobile SP Architecture and 4V6 Applicability

   This section presents the applicability and comparison of the 4V6
   modes to current 3GPP architectures used by Mobile SP for delivering
   all sorts of mobile services.





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4.2.1.  3GPP overview

   The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration
   between groups of telecommunications associations, whose scope is to
   develop a globally applicable mobile phone systems and architectures
   based on service requirements. 3GPP standards are structured as
   Releases, each of which incorporates numerous individual standard
   documents.  Currently, 3GPP Release 7 is the latest release in common
   practical deployment, with Release 8 being readied for deployment.
   Releases 9 and 10 are finalized, and work is underway on Release 11.

   One of the major service requirement drivers of recent and ongoing
   3GPP releases is the realization of services that deliver specific
   QoS, or user charging goals, all based on a policy system (eg tiered
   data rate or volume plans).  Technically this translates to the
   Policy and Charging Control (PCC) framework, which in turn attributes
   specific functionality to nodes in the 3GPP architecture, such as the
   PDN-Gw and the PCRF.  This functionality comprises both data-plane
   features (eg IP flow classification) as well as the interfaces/
   protocols between nodes (eg Diameter, and its specific 3GPP
   applications).

   The 3GPP specifications allow both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic to be
   handled, and subject to operator defined handling and charging
   polices by means of applying suitable user traffic filters.  Such
   filters are currently defined to be either IPv4 or IPv6, are
   applicable to user plane traffic, and are used in a variety of
   critical roles including the signalling of PDP contexts/EPC Bearers,
   as well as PCC signalling and interaction with applications.

   The following table illustrates the impact of the 4V6 translation and
   tunnel transport modes respectively on the 3GPP architecture
   including PCC interfaces.  In assessing the impact of these 4V6
   transport modes a number of additional assumptions are taken:

   o  The 3GPP system supports native IPv6 user traffic, as say per
      either of the E-UTRAN Release 8 or 9 specifications, using the
      relevant EPS bearer or PDP functionality.

   o  The 4V6 gateway functionality is not part of the 3GPP core
      architecture (given that currently it is not scoped by a 3GPP
      Release).  Instead, the 4V6 gateway is taken to be a stand alone
      component in the 3GPP network operator's core reachable via the
      SGi interface.

   The above system, in the context of 3GPPs E-UTRAN architecture as
   defined in [E-UTRAN] is shown in Figure 2




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                                          +----------+
                                          |          |        ,---.
                                          |    AF    |       /     \
                                          |          |      /  IPv4 \
                                          +----+-----+     ( Internet)
                                               |            \       /
                                           Rx  |             \     /
    ,---.                                      |              `-+-'
   /     \                                +----+-----+          |
  /       \                               |          |     +----+-----+
 ;  User   :       +-------+              |  PCRF    |     |          |
 |  Home   |       |       |              |          |     |   S64    |
 : Network ;       |  MME  |              +----+-----+     | Gateway  |
  \       /        |       |               Gx  |           +----+-----+
   \     /         +-+----++                   |                |
    `-+-'    S1-MME /      \ S11          +----+-----+       ,--+--.
      |          ,-/        `.            |          |     ,'       `.
  +---+---+    ,'   `.S1-u +--+----+      |          |    /     IP    \
  |  UE   +----       -----+       +------+  PDN-Gw  +----   Transport )
  | w/ 4V6|   |E-UTRAN|    | S-Gw  |      |          |    \           /
  |  CE   |   :       ;    |       | S5   |          | SGi `.       ,'
  +-------+    `.   ,'     +-------+      |          |       '-----'
          LTE-Uu `-'                      +----------+


                      Figure 2 - 3GPP Architecture with 4V6

   The main 3GPP system components, and terms are summarized as follows
   (the reader is referred to [E-UTRAN for a more detailed definition]:

   UE The User Equipment, typically a phone or a 3G/4G capable Home
      Router (shown to incorporate 4V6 functionality)

   E-UTRAN  Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network.  The
      Radio Access network, composed on E-NodeB elements.

   MME  Mobility Management Entity.  Responsible for user
      authentication, PDN/SGw selection.  Does not interact with the
      user data plane

   S-Gw  Serving Gateway (function).  Responsible for handling local
      mobility, (some) traffic accounting, traffic forwarding, bearer
      establishment.

   PDN-Gw  Packet Data Network Gateway (function).  Responsible for per
      user IP traffic handling, incl. address assignment, filtering,
      QoS, accounting.




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   PCRF  Policy And Charging Rules Function.  Responsible for
      authorizing and applying policy rules, as well as binding them to
      user bearers.

   Bearer  The bearer represents a virtual connection, typically that
      between a UE and a PDN-Gw.  The bearer is specified as an IP
      Fliter (in terms of IP address, port numbers) and is the object of
      policy rules. 3GPP, depending on Release and document, defines
      many terms that are used to refer to the same notion: PDP context,
      EPS Bearer.

   AF Application Function.  A functional element offering (higher
      level) applications that require dynamic policy and/or charging
      control over the user plane (bearer) behaviour.  The AF can be
      seen as bridging the gap between applications and how they affect
      the IP data plane of a user.

   S5 It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between
      SGW and PDN-GW, using GTP or PMIPv6 as the network based mobility
      management protocol.

   S1-u  Provides user plane tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching
      during handover between eNodeB and SGW, using the GTP-U protocol

   SGi  It is the interface between the PDN-GW and the packet data
      network.  Packet data network may be an operator external public
      or private packet data network or an intra operator packet data
      network.

   Gx Bearer and flow control interface between the user data-plane
      element (PDN-Gw) and the Policy System.  A Diameter based
      interface with a suite of 3GPP applications

4.2.2.  3GPP and 4V6 modes

   4V6 translated traffic appears for all intents and purposes as
   regular IPv6-user traffic to the 3GPP system and packet processing
   functions (eg the PDN-Gw).  Hence, and based on the stated
   assumptions, any such 4V6 traffic can be handled using existing
   native IPv6 functionality defined by the core 3GPP specifications.

   In contrast, 4V6 tunneled traffic requires additional data plane
   processing to get to the "real" user IPv4 payload and apply the
   desired functions.  Such additional processing is currently not part
   of the functionality covered by the 3GPP specifications.  In view of
   this, and solely in relation to the 4V6 tunnel transport mode, two
   alternative hypotheses need to be placed in order to complete the
   comparison



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   i) that such IPv4 in IPv6 processing functionality will be supported
   as part of the existing EPS bearer functionality defined in E-UTRAN,
   perhaps as a dedicated EPS bearer (ie an additional virtual interface
   per subscriber).  Or, that;

   ii) a new 46 EPS bearer type (ie interface type) identification and
   signalling will be defined by the 3GPP architecture, which formalizes
   the v4inv6 relationship between the IPv4-user payload and the v6-user
   layers.

   An apparent benefit of approach (ii) would be in allowing the system
   to clearly distinguish and expose to other systems v4-user traffic
   versus v6-user traffic, which is composed of v4inv6 and regular v6
   traffic that a UE may generate.  The former approach (i) is more
   convoluted given the ambiguity in distinguishing, and representing
   such a combination of v6-user and v6-user-bearer and v4-user traffic,
   all while keeping coherence in terms of the policy system.  These two
   options are designated with ** in the table below.

   +--------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
   | Item               | 4V6            | 4V6 Mapped Tunnel Mode      |
   |                    | Translation    |                             |
   |                    | Mode           |                             |
   +--------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+
   | User Data Plane at | IPv6 over      | IPv4 over IPv6 over GTP-U   |
   | the PDN-Gw (as per | GTP-U over UDP | over UDP over IP            |
   | section 5.1.2 in   | over IP        |                             |
   | [EUTRAN])          |                |                             |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | Gx (Diameter)      | No discernible | Impacted: no way to express |
   |                    | impact         | v4 over v6 in TFT Filter    |
   |                    |                | and Flow Descriptors        |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | Rx (Diameter)      | No discernible | Impacted: no way to express |
   |                    | impact         | v4 over v6 in               |
   |                    |                | Media-Component-Description |
   |                    |                | and, Flow-Description-AVP   |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | S5 (GTP)           | No impact      | Impacted with new PDP/EPS   |
   |                    |                | Bearer type*                |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | New 46 Bearer      | Not required   | Possibly required**         |
   | definition         |                |                             |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |







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   | Secondary          | Not required   | Possibly required**         |
   | interface          |                |                             |
   | (dedicated bearer  |                |                             |
   | or secondary PDP)  |                |                             |
   | for 46 traffic     |                |                             |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | PDN-Gw             | No impact      | New TFT capability, IP Gate |
   |                    |                | functionality, changes to   |
   |                    |                | Gx, and likely changes to   |
   |                    |                | S5/S7 related to signalling |
   |                    |                | the new bearer              |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | SGw                | No Impact      | No discernible impact       |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | PCRF               | No impact for  | Impacted for both IPv6 and  |
   |                    | IPv6.  Feature | IPv4-only applications and  |
   |                    | to map         | Gx applications utilizing   |
   |                    | IPv4-IPv6      | flow control/charging       |
   |                    | addresses      |                             |
   |                    | needed only in |                             |
   |                    | case of        |                             |
   |                    | IPv4-only      |                             |
   |                    | applications.  |                             |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | AF Application     | No discernible | Flow based application      |
   | Function           | impact         | control impacted            |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | UE                 | 4V6            | 4V6 application             |
   |                    | application    |                             |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | LTE-Uu             | No discernible | Likely changes required to  |
   |                    | impact         | support signalling of EPS   |
   |                    |                | bearer or PDP type          |
   | ------------------ | -----------    | ------------------          |
   | Lawful Intercept   | No discernible | New rules for tunnel        |
   |                    | impact         | support                     |
   +--------------------+----------------+-----------------------------+

   *A new PDP Type or EPS bearer signalling has a broader 3GPP system
   wide impact not fully covered here.

   As the table illustrates, the 4V6 tunnel transport model appears to
   affect a significant number of 3GPP elements, when the intent if
   realize a full suite of services.  This observation appears to apply
   to any other carrier inserted tunneling technology (eg DS-lite).
   Hence, a substantial investment in 3GPP standard terms and in the
   evolution of deployed systems appears to be required.




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   In contrast the 4V6 translation mode bears none to no discernible
   impact on existing 3GPP Release 8/9 specifications and their
   deployments, while allowing the operator to realize the full set of
   services on 4V6, alongside any native IPv6 traffic, allowed for by
   these architecture.  Hence, little beyond the addition of 4V6
   components operating using translation mode appears to be required.

4.3.  Cable SP Architectures & 4V6 Applicability

   Cable SPs (commonly referred to as Multi System Operators (MSOs))
   usually deliver video, data, and voice service over the cable and
   fiber access to residential and commercial customers.  Many MSOs
   offer SLAs with various services by exploiting QoS not only in their
   IP/MPLS network, but also their access network.

   The cable access network (now synonymous with Hybrid Fiber Coax
   (HFC)) is commonly enabled with Data Over Cable Service Interface
   Specifications (DOCSIS, a CableLabs standard) to facilitate the
   implementation of packet based services.  In this paradigm, the HFC/
   DOCSIS access bandwidth is typically shared among a number of
   customers, hence, ensuring optimal service quality & experience per
   customer becomes extremely important for MSOs' success.

   Cable SPs/MSOs ensure the optimal service quality of various advanced
   & real-time multimedia services (such as IP telephony, multimedia
   conferencing, interactive gaming etc.) by utilizing "PacketCable"
   framework to enforce QoS on the HFC/DOCSIS access.

   The next sub-section 4.3.1 provides a brief introduction to
   PacketCable, section 4.3.2 explains a key PacketCable construct -
   Classifier, and section 4.3.3 tabulates the impact of 4V6 modes to
   PacketCable enabled DOCSIS/IP services.

4.3.1.  PacketCable Introduction

   PacketCable,a CableLabs standard, defines a framework for ensuring
   the Quality of Service (QoS) on the HFC/DOCSIS Access.  PacketCable
   specifications (e.g.  PacketCable 1.0, PacketCable Multi Media
   [PCMM], PacketCable Dynamic QoS [PC-DQOS], PacketCable 2.0) specify
   interoperable interface specifications for executing QoS, Admission
   Control, Accounting, Policy, and Security functions on Cable Modem
   (CM) and Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS), as/when needed.  They
   all require DOCSIS 1.1 or later versions.

   The PacketCable framework is also critically important for MSOs to
   comply with government regulations for things such as E911 when they
   offer voice/telephony services, Lawful Intercept (LI) etc.




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   The figure below illustrates one of PacketCable variants i.e.  PCMM
   [PCMM] architecture, as an example, that defines a set of IP-based
   interfaces (referred to as pkt-mm-1 through 12) pertaining to core
   QoS and policy management capabilities.


               +------------+           +---------------+
               | Application+-----------+ Application   |
               | Server     | pkt-mm-11 | Manager       |
               +-------+----+           +-+--------+----+
                ,------|                  |        | pkt-mm-3
               /,-------------------------+        |
              //                                +--+---+          +-------+
   pkt-mm-12 // pkt-mm-7                        |      |          |Record |
            //                                  |Policy+----------+Keeping|
           //                                   |Server| pkt-mm-4 |Server |
          //                                    +--+---+          ++------+
         //                                        |               |
        //                                         |  ,------------+
       //                                  pkt-mm-2| / pkt-mm-5
      //                                           ||
     //                                            ||            ,--+--.
    //     +---++--+   +-------+                +--++--+       ,'       `.    +--------+
Clients }  | CPE   |   | Cable |    pkt-mm-1    |      |      /           \   |   4V6  |
In User }--+ Router+---+ Modem +----DOCSIS------+ CMTS +-----(      IP     )--+ Gateway|
Network }  | w/ 4V6|   |       |                |      |      \   Network /   |Boundary|
           +-------+   +-------+                +------+       `.       ,'    | Router |
                                                                 '-----'      +--+-----+
          \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/                                                |
           A typical Residential                                                 |
           Gateway includes both                                               ,-+--.
           CPE & CM functions                                                 /      \
                                                                             / IPv4/6 \
                                                                            ( Internet )
                                                                             \        /
                                                                              \      /
   * PCMM spec marks these out-of-scope:                                       `----'
     mm-7, mm-8, mm-9, mm-10, mm-12
   * PCMM spec does not define/describe
     4V6 Gateway/Boundary Router, or Internet

                     Figure 3 - PacketCable Multimedia Architecture (with 4V6)









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4.3.2.  PacketCable Construct - Classifier

   PacketCable framework fundamentally relies on Cable Modem (CM) and
   Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) to first qualify and then
   classify the appropriate IP traffic between them, for effective QoS
   enforcement.  The framework requires the usage of "Classifier" for
   both qualification (in control plane) and classification (in data
   plane).

   Taking PCMM specification [PCMM] again as an example, PCMM mandates
   the usage of classifier in the control plane (i.e.  'Upstream Packet
   Classification Encoding' in pkt-mm-1 interface (DOCSIS) , whereas
   'Multimedia Classifier Object' in pkt-mm-2 and pkt-mm-3 interfaces
   (COPS)) for conveying the attributes of an IP flow belonging to an
   application (telephony, say), and subsequently its usage in the data
   plane i.e. filter matching on the IP packets' layer2/3/4 headers
   prior to QoS treatment.

   The PCMM specification mandates the 'classifier' to include Source
   and Destination IP addresses, DSCP/TOS, IP Protocol, Source and
   Destination ports for an IPv4 traffic flow received by the CMTS, and
   similarly, Source and Destination IP addresses, TC, Next Header,
   Source and Destination ports for an IPv6 traffic flow received by the
   CMTS.

   Similar to PCMM, PacketCable DQOS specification [PC-DQOS] also
   mandates the usage of classifier in the control plane (DSx
   messaging).  In particular, PC-DQOS mandates the classifier
   definition to have 'protocol' (or next header) in IP header to be 17
   (=UDP) along with specific Source and Destination ports (and Source
   and Destination IP addresses, optionally) so as to accommodate voice
   RTPoUDPoIP traffic.

   In summary, the CMTS (and CM) construct their data-plane filter based
   on the 'classifier' information.

4.3.3.  4V6 Modes Impact on PacketCable

   In 4V6 Tunnel mode, the 4V6 tunneled traffic requires additional data
   plane processing to get to the "real" user IPv4 payload and apply the
   desired functions.  Such additional processing is currently not part
   of the functionality covered by the PacketCable specifications, nor
   part of compliant implementations.

   In 4V6 Translation Mode, the 4V6 translated traffic appears for all
   intents and purposes as regular IPv6-user traffic to the PacketCable
   framework (both control plane and data plane).  Hence, it is likely
   that any such 4V6 traffic can be handled using native IPv6



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   functionality e.g. classifier as defined by the PacketCable
   specifications and supported by CMTS and CM.

   Taking PCMM specification as an example, it is worth noting that PCMM
   already allows for (and mandates) a minimum of four classifiers to be
   included in Gate-set.  Hence, a Policy Server can communicate (via
   pkt-mm-2) both IPv4 and IPv6 classifier to the CMTS, which can use
   IPv6 classifier for constructing its data-plane filters (for
   DownStream processing), and convey IPv4 classifier to the CM via
   DOCSIS messages (pkt-mm-1) for any Upstream Processing.  So, the 4V6
   Translation Mode would work out in current implementations/deployment
   reasonably well.

   Separately, it is likely that the CPE Router would be engaged in
   serving IPv4 multicast content to IPv6 receivers (and vice versa) in
   future, requiring 'translation' function.

   In summary, while 4V6 Translation mode can work with the existing
   PacketCable framework, 4V6 Tunnel mode can not.


5.  Overview of potential issues and discussion

   This section summarizes the issues attributed to an A+P, or port
   restricted scheme, along with a discussion of applicability to the
   assumed system and possible resolutions.  The summary of issues stem
   from [I-D.thaler-port-restricted-ip-issues] and associated
   discussions.

5.1.  Notion of Unicast Address

5.1.1.  Overview

   The issue, referred to as the "definition of a unicast address",
   relates to the notion that in a shared IPv4 address system, multiple
   hosts will be visible as having a single IPv4 address outside of the
   system.  This issue is a general characteristic of any NAPT44 based
   solution [I-D.ietf-intarea-shared-addressing-issues], including DS-
   Lite.  However, a more specific aspect of this issue in the context
   of an address sharing system is the possibility that a single host
   having multiple interfaces will be assigned the same IPv4 address
   (with different port ranges) on each of its interfaces.  It may also
   be that multiple hosts sharing an address find themselves on the same
   Layer 2 segment.  Either would impede hosts from working within the
   notion of known host IP stack and protocol implementations.






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5.1.2.  Discussion

   A number of the characteristics of the 4via6 solution architecture
   cause the issues not to be applicable, key of which is that there is
   no expectation for any kind of end hosts to be part of the shared
   IPv4 address system.

   In the stateless 4via6 system, CPE nodes are assigned with a shared
   IPv4 address+port range by means of the unique IPv6 address,
   containing the embedded IPv4 address + port index, of that CPE node.
   The CPE node is in addition enabled to be running the port restricted
   NAPT44 function from the IPv6 derived address, a key characteristic
   of the solution.  On the IPv6 plane, the IPv6 address of the CPE is
   practically indistinguishable from any "regular" IPv6 address, and in
   fact any host that is not aware of it conveying an embedded IPv4
   address would be able to use this just like any other regular IPv6
   address, ie the 4via6 solution uses standard IPv6 addressing.  In
   terms of the IPv4 dimension, since the shared address and port index
   are never used to address native IPv4 nodes or hosts, but instead
   uniquely assigned to a single NAPT44 function that is part of the
   CPEs, all legacy or other IPv4 hosts are not exposed to the presented
   issues.

   Going beyond the ascribed issue however, it appears desirable to have
   the 4via6 CPEs that are to be part of the shared system to be able to
   provide a hint to the network operator in terms of their special
   capability.  Such a hint can be a DHCPv6 Option Request Option, which
   would be useful to allow the DHCPv6 sub-system to also inform the CPE
   of any other stateless 4via6 system parameters.  A largely similar
   ORO option is currently being defined as part of
   [I-D.ietf-softwire-ds-lite-tunnel-option]

   Recommendation: Define a suitable DHCPv6 ORO for conveying the 4via6
   capability of a CPE.

5.2.  Implementation on hosts

5.2.1.  Overview

   The issue, as presented, relates to the need for modifications on end
   hosts or devices to support a port constrained mechanism and the
   overall impossibility of realizing such modifications.  Furthermore,
   host applications that attempt to bind to specific ports that are not
   part of the allowed port range will fail to do so and may also
   require modifications.






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5.2.2.  Discussion

   As presented in Section 3 the solution assumes the use of a dedicated
   CPE implementing the 4via6 functionality within a port constrained
   mode and NAPT44.  Granted, CPE nodes will require to implement new
   functionality such as the IPv6 adaptation function, that is likely
   alongside introducing native IPv6 support.  However, any and all
   existing end user IPv4 devices (eg PCs, etc) will not affected.  Nor
   are such devices expected to behave in any way different from that of
   today, where they typically obtain a private rfc1918 address and
   multiplexed by a CPE using a NAPT44 function.

   In summary, the assumed 4via6 solution requires a specific 4via6 CPE
   but does not require any IPv4 host stack changes.

5.3.  4V6 address and impact on other IPv6 hosts

5.3.1.  Overview

   The issue relates to the question of whether the operation of a
   regular IPv6, non 4V6 capable, host would be adversely impacted
   should it be assigned or auto-configured with an address from an S64
   address or prefix pool.

5.3.2.  Discussion

   The 4V6 prefix is for all intents and purposes a regular IPv6 prefix,
   and as such can be announced/assigned to any IPv6 host which in turn
   can used derived addresses like any other IPv6 address.  Thus, an 4V6
   IPv6 domain can address non-4V6 devices, leaving such devices to
   operate as native IPv6.

   There is however a restriction on the 4V6 CE devices.  As described
   in Section 2, a 4V6 CE constructs itself the full 128 bit address
   from the concatenation of the IPv6 prefix, 4V6 domain information
   acquired statelessly, and a pre-determined or algorithmic
   interface-id.  By definition, only one 4V6 CE can use the same IPv4
   address and port index.  Hence, while there is no exact limitation on
   the number of non 4V6 hosts that can be addressed from an 4V6 prefix,
   there is a limit of one 4V6 CE per 4V6 prefix.  Using a 4V6 prefix to
   address network segments without 4V6 devices does diminish the
   efficiency of the IPv4 address sharing mechanism, in terms of using
   up port ranges onto segments that will not use them.  This is
   naturally a deployment consideration which an operator can optimize.







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5.4.  Impact on 4V6 CE based applications

5.4.1.  Overview

   It has been claimed that applications implemented on the CE itself,
   eg a DNS resolver-client, may be impacted by the 4V6 functionality.
   In particular, a concern is that such applications would either need
   to be specially engineered to issue socket calls or extensive IP
   stack modifications made to support them.

5.4.2.  Discussion

   By definition the 4V6 CE is an IPv6 capable device, and any IPv6
   capable applications will be able to use the native IPv6 stack (note:
   IPv6 interface selection, is discussed in section 5.5).  As such, the
   concern raised does not apply to applications that can be expected to
   support IPv6, and instead only to IPv4-only applications running on
   the 4V6 CE.

   The shared IPv4 address is intended to be used only by the 4V6 CE
   function.  This shared IPv4 address does not need to be assigned to
   an interface on the 4V6 CE and thus a target for potential
   applications.  Any such applications running on the 4V6 will use any
   of the other (likely private) IPv4 address on the CE, which then will
   be routed to the 4V6 function this is applied post routing for the
   packets generated by these applications.

5.5.  4V6 interface

5.5.1.  Overview

   A 4V6 CE will have a "self configured" 4V6 IPv6 interface address,
   alongside any other SLAAC or DHCPv6 derived addresses, potentially
   from the same prefix.  This particular 4V6 address may be subject to
   specific filtering rules or restrictions by the operator, besides
   usage and filtering restrictions on the 4V6 CE.  Also, for the 4V6
   system to operate as intended, the 4V6 application on the CE must be
   restricted to using the specific 4V6 address when sourcing 4V6
   packets.  Also, the 4V6 CE needs to be set-up to correctly forward
   IPv4 traffic to the 4V6 application.

5.5.2.  Discussion

   While the method of creating the interface is implementation
   specific, the generic operating model that is envisaged is for the
   4V6 application to create the 4V6 interface as a virtual interface
   with an IPv4 unnumbered address.  The application would then install
   a default IPv4 route pointing to this virtual interface, which would



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   be effectively see the 4V6 application acting as a network appliance
   on the forwarded traffic.  In terms of IPv6 behaviour, the 4V6
   application is expected to be set up to specify the use (binding) to
   the 4v6 IPv6 virtual interface.

5.6.  Non TCP/UDP port based IP protocols - ICMP)

5.6.1.  Overview

   This issue relates to the inability of using regular ICMP messages to
   "ping" an end-host that has been addressed with a shared IPv4
   address.  The issue can be generalized one applicable to any IP
   protocol that is not TCP/UDP port based, and also in terms of the
   ability of using such protocols from end hosts that are assigned a
   shared IPv4 address.

5.6.2.  Discussion

   The inability to ping a CPE from the IPv4 Internet is shared by other
   IPv4 address sharing mechanisms such as DS-Lite.  Thus, the issue is
   no better or worse in the case of the stateless 4via6 solution.  The
   same can be said of end user hosts using other non UDP/TCP port based
   protocols from behind a NAPT44 function, ie they will not function
   irrespective of address sharing or not.

   As discussed in [I-D.ietf-intarea-shared-addressing-issues], all IP
   address sharing solutions break protocols which do not use transport
   numbers.  A mitigation solution is to utilize specific ALGs.  For
   ICMP in particular, a mitigation solution would be to rewrite the
   "Identifier" and perhaps "Sequence Number" fields in the ICMP
   request, treating them as if they were port numbers.

   As a conclusion, this issue can be partially mitigated, likely at par
   to centralized NAT solutions.

5.7.  Provisioning and Operational Systems

5.7.1.  Overview

   The general claim of this issue is that a service providers'
   provisioning and accounting systems would need to [radically] evolve
   to deal with the notions of shared IPv4 addresses and port range
   constrains.

5.7.2.  Discussion

   The stateless 4via6 solution relies on a fully operational IPv6
   network, which on the IPv6 plane fundamentally does not differ from a



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   regular IPv6 network, and the stateless 4via6 solution may be seen as
   an IPv6 application - devices connecting to the network, need unique
   IPv6 addresses which the network is able to provide.  In the 4via6
   solution it happens that these unique IPv6 addresses embed an IPv4
   address.  Hence, additional system enhancements that the stateless
   4via6 solution requires, over and above those simply needed to deploy
   and operate an IPv6 network, lie in the domain of supporting the
   provisioning of the IPv6 adaptation functionality of the CPEs.  This
   may require the operator to use DHCPv6, or other provisioning methods
   such as IPv6CP, TR-69, in order to configure any relevant 4via6
   service parameters to a CPE.

   From an IPv4 perspective, an operator will likely want to have a
   management system capable of the assignment of IPv4 addresses to the
   shared pool, and tuning the re-use factor.  In this, the solution
   exhibits no grossly different characteristics than those of any
   system with an operator managed NAT44 function where similar
   management capabilities need to be introduced.

   One additional aspect of the stateless 4via6 solution needs to be
   highlighted.  On a par basis this solution requires less per
   subscriber management, accounting and logging capabilities than
   centralized NAPT44 alternatives such as DS-Lite, due to the
   following:

   o  The assignment of an IPv6 address that embeds a deterministic IPv4
      address and port range removes the need for the operator to
      perform any NAPT44 binding logging, ie the task of determining
      which user had a given IPv4 address and port at a given time is
      simply a matter of determining who had the corresponding IPv6
      address, rather than collecting large amounts of dynamic binding
      data.

   o  There is no need for the operator to manage NAPT44 binding data
      access and retention.

   o  Given the stateless nature of the 4via6 solution, all subscriber
      CPEs in an operator's domain can share exactly the same 4via6
      service configuration, i.e.  The operator does not need to be
      concerned with managing on a per user basis specific AFTR
      assignment and/or load balancing such users and throughout
      ensuring symmetric traffic flows throughout.

   o  The location of the NAPT44 function on the user's CPE, allows easy
      and direct management of the port mappings by the end user
      removing a need for the operator to introduce PCP
      [I-D.wing-softwire-port-control-protocol] (or similar) protocols
      in on AFTRs, and on CPE devices.  In effect the end user can



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      retains control of any bindings, which could be via today's GUI,
      or UPnP IGDv2, or even PCP.

   o  As and when needed, a stateless 4via6 solution readily supports
      the assignment of an unshared IPv4 address, and full port control
      by the end user.  A similar capability with centralised NAPT44
      solutions involve onerous management of per subscriber
      configurations on the operator's AFTR.

5.8.  Training & Education

5.8.1.  Overview

   The issue claims a concern with the need for developers and support
   staff to be trained & educated in dealing with a port constrained
   systems.

5.8.2.  Discussion

   There appear to be at least two levels of looking at this issue in
   the stateless 4via6 context.  On one level, it is perfectly true that
   developers and support staff will need to be trained with running/
   supporting a native IPv6 network, that is now a basis of the
   solution.  This however is an inherent aspect of deploying an IPv6
   network and applications.  On another level, support and developers
   need to familiarized with the NAPT44 characteristics of the system,
   that are not different from those already known about such systems
   today.  More specifically, there appears to be no such thing as a
   port unconstrained carrier grade NAPT44 system, in either tomorrow's
   stateless 4via6 or AFTR guises, or today's residential CPE NAPT44
   implementations that have an inherent hard set translation limit
   (often 1024 translation, corresponding to a usage of 1024 ports).
   That application developers should be trained to be reasonably
   conservative in the usage of ports is thus not an issue of the
   stateless 4via6 solution, but pretty much of any NAPT44 based
   solution, even those in use today.

   Another useful observation here is that the stateless 4via6 solution,
   actually allows an operator to retain existing troubleshooting
   procedures, given which today encompass CPE based NAPT44, rather than
   changing them radically to an AFTR.  Furthermore, it is possible to
   alleviate any port-range constrains for users by allocating more
   generous port ranges without the need to manage such users
   configuration on active core network devices (eg AFTR).







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5.9.  Security and Port Randomization

5.9.1.  Overview

   Preserving port randomization [RFC6056] may be more or less difficult
   depending on the address sharing ratio (i.e., the size of the port
   space assigned to a CPE).  Port randomization may be more difficult
   to achieve with a stateless solution than stateful solution.  The CPE
   can only randomize the ports inside be assigned a fixed port range.

5.9.2.  Discussion

   The difference in the random port selection range may be significant
   in practice and using port-restricted systems without any measures
   (like random port selection in draft-bajko-pripaddrassign-03) is one
   of the trade-offs of the mechanism.  It should be however noted that
   even full port unrestricted systems, today, rarely implement random
   port selection from the full port range, as such the difference is
   largely theoretical, again viewed from today's perspective.  Only
   with a longer term prospect of devices/hosts adopting random port
   selection according to RFC 6056 the NAT-based port-restricted
   mechanisms, will degrade security to a certain extent.

5.10.  Unknown Failure Modes

5.10.1.  Overview

   The issue purports that a system with a port constraints introduces
   new unknown failure modes, not known with NAT44 or NAPT44 systems,
   and in general is more complex than such a system.

5.10.2.  Discussion

   This claim does not appear to have objective technical arguments that
   can be discussed.  A restricted port range system, such as the one
   assumed in this document, does not appear to have any more or less
   complexity than any of the other NAPT44 solutions against which the
   same issue has not been levelled.  That is a statement that can be
   made in consideration of each of those alternative solution network
   design (eg elaborate routing rules or topologies) and feature
   implementation complexities, which appear to be no better than that
   of a stateless 4via6 address port range system.  Ultimately, system
   complexity is something best left adjudicated by the operators
   choosing to deploy one or the other of these IP based transition
   solutions.






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5.11.  Possible Impact on NAT66 use & design

5.11.1.  Overview

   The notion of a shared address with a constrained port range is seen
   as possibly bearing influence on use in future schemes involving
   NAT66, where IPv6 address sharing is in general deemed not to be
   desired (ie there is good reason to avoid PAT66).

5.11.2.  Discussion

   The authors do not propose, nor expect to see the IP address sharing
   characteristic applying to future NAT66/PAT66 discussions and
   specification.  However, having said that it is useful to take a
   humble step back and consider the general aspect of causality in this
   context.  The direct cause that brought about IPv4 shared address
   solutions to the fore was a shortage/exhaustion of a limited IPv4
   address resource, alongside a failure of the community to migrate
   IPv4 networks to IPv6 in a timely manner.  At the time of writing it
   is hard to imagine the same occurring with respect to IPv6 address
   resources, and hopefully the same set of causes will not be allowed
   to re-occur.  This appears to be the only way to ensure that IPv6
   address sharing effect does not come to be, as opposed to precluding
   such notions within the context of today's IPv4 world where the
   causality is rather clear.

5.12.  Port statistical multiplexing and monetization of port space

5.12.1.  Overview

   An issue attributed to 4V6 solutions is that due to their
   characteristic of assigning a fixed amount of ports to participating
   system nodes, the overall pool of ports cannot be dynamically/
   statistically multiplexed.

   A corollary of this claimed issue is the claim that port range
   constraints will lead to monetization by service providers of such
   port ranges, for example by charging users based on the number of
   ports assigned or creating some bronze, silver, gold type of port
   based service categories.

5.12.2.  Discussion

   The 4via6 address shared solution indeed limits the ability to
   "overload" ie statistically multiplex amongst users, the ports
   available of a given public IPv4 address.  This can be seen as a
   trade off vs dynamic allocation and the need to log (large amounts)
   of NAT bindings.  Furthermore, the solution is meant to be



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   fundamentally a transitional one for supporting legacy IPv4 users
   till full migration to IPv6 can occur.  As an example, even with a
   static allocation of ~1000 ports per shared IP user, it allows an
   operator to effectively multiply by ~64 the current IPv4 unrealizable
   address space.  To put it into a network growth perspective, it
   allows an operator to support for some 10 years a steady 50% annual
   increase in users, without requiring new IPv4 addresses.  This is
   likely an alluring (if unlikely) prospect for most, but it
   demonstrates the fact that even with static port allocations, IPv4
   address sharing can go a long way for many operators.

   CGN-based solutions, because they can dynamically assign ports,
   provide better IPv4 address sharing ratio than stateless solutions
   (i.e., can share the same IP address among a larger number of
   customers).  For Service Providers who desire an aggressive IPv4
   address sharing, a CGN-based solution is more suitable than the
   stateless.  However, in case a CGN pre-allocates port ranges, for
   instance to alleviate traceability complexity it also reduces its
   port utilization efficiency.

5.13.  Readdressing

5.13.1.  Overview

   Due to the port range encoding being part of the CPE's IPv6 address,
   any change in the range requires a re-configuration of the CPEs 4via6
   address.  This is said to be an issue given the impact that IP
   address changes have on existing traffic flows, as well as general
   IPv6 network routing

5.13.2.  Discussion

   It is true that under the assumed notions of the stateless 4via6
   solution, IPv6 re-addressing is required to effect a change in terms
   of the shared IPv4 address or ports.  Such changes can and are likely
   best done using dynamic address configuration methods such as DHCPv6,
   or alternatively out of band management tools, eg TR-69, especially
   when the 4via6 address can be derived from a delegated prefix.  Using
   these, the impact of the address change does not translate to a
   neither a classic IPv6 host renumbering problem nor an unmanageable
   network renumbering problem.  On the CPE, the change only affects the
   4via6 address of the CPE and not any end user IPv6 hosts behind the
   CPE (which would likely continue to derive their IPv6 addresses from
   an unchanged delegated prefix).  On the service provider network
   side, the change, if any, represents a network renumbering case which
   the operator can be reasonably expected to handle within their
   network numbering plan, especially given that the IPv6-prefix of the
   an IPv4-in-IPv6 address is summarizable.



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   An addressing change will impacting any existing IPv4 flows that are
   being NAT'ed by the CPE.  This is also analogous to the today's
   practice of IPv4 address changes espoused by some operators, which
   while not being commendable, is established in the market.
   Nevertheless, as a means of alleviating such an impact it appears
   desirable for the solutions to investigate the viability of
   mechanisms that could allow for more graceful addressing changes.

   To facilitate IPv6 summarization and operator appears to have two 4V6
   deployment choices.  When encoding IPv4 addresses in lower order
   address space bits that are subject to summarization,the operator
   would need to assign a modest dedicated IPv6 prefix (such as a /64)
   as an 4V6 IPv6 addressing sub-domain.  Alternatively, without
   resorting to a separate 4V6 addressing sub-domain, an operator could
   allow for the IPv4 address embedding to be embedded in a high-order
   portion of the IPv6 domain address space, one that closely follows
   the IPv6 domain prefix.  These two valid address subnetting and
   deployment options deserve better description in the solution
   specifications.

5.14.  Ambiguity about communication between devices sharing an IP
       address.

5.14.1.  Overview

   A regular IPv4 destination based routed system inherently does not
   allow two devices to communicate while sharing the same IPv4 address,
   even if with different ports.  Similarly, such a system does not
   allow on the basis of a IPv4 source address alone to perform address
   spoofing prevention.  These two issues naturally render regular IPv4
   based routed networks incapable of supporting a shared address
   solution.

5.14.2.  Discussion

   In terms of the IPv4 data plane of the 4via6 solution, the CPE and
   the stateless gateway components need to be modified in terms of
   their IPv4 forwarding behaviour.  The CPE's NAPT44 function, must be
   capable of sending traffic towards the IPv6 adaptation function when
   the traffic is addressed to its (shared) IPv4 address but a different
   port than the one assigned to the CPE.  Similarly, the CPE's NAPT44
   function must be capable of receiving traffic addressed from its
   (shared) IPv4 address but a different port than the one assigned to
   it.

   On the IPv6 data plane the stateless 4via6 solution does not suffer
   from the issue by the nature of relying on regular IPv6 forwarding.
   Address-spoofing security can be realized on regular IPv6 devices



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   plane, in a way which effectively does not allow a CPE to send IPv6
   traffic from a source IPv6 address that it has not been assigned.
   The spoofing of IPv4 addresses can be prevented in this manner in
   4via6 solution relying on translation (dIVI).  Tunneling 4via6
   solutions (4rd) require IPv6+IPv4 source address validation to be
   performed at the CPE and stateless gateway, by the IPv6 adaptation
   function.

   The conceptual IPv6 adaptation function has many of its core
   principles already defined either as part of IPinIP tunneling or
   stateless NAT64 drafts.  However additional work, such as defining
   the port indexing schemes, is needed and is at the heart of what
   needs to be covered in the individual solution drafts that fall under
   the stateless 4via6 family.  Throughout, no legacy IPv4 end-systems
   are expected to implement these techniques.

5.15.  Other

5.15.1.  Abuse Claims

   Because the IPv4 address is shared between several customers, and in
   order to meet the traceability requirement discussed in Section 12 of
   [I-D.ietf-intarea-shared-addressing-issues], Service Providers must
   store the assigned ports in addition to the IPv4 address.

   If the remote server does not implement the recommendation detailed
   in [I-D.ietf-intarea-server-logging-recommendations], the Service
   Provider may be obliged to reveal the identity of all customers
   sharing the same IP address at a given time.

5.15.2.  Fragmentation and Traffic Asymmetry

   In order to deliver a fragmented IPv4 packet to its final
   destination, among those having the same IPv4 address, a dedicated
   procedure similar to the one defined in Section 3.5 of [RFC6146] is
   required to reassemble the fragments in order to look at the
   destination port number.

   When several stateless IPv4/IPv6 interconnection nodes are deployed,
   and because of traffic asymmetry, situations where fragments are not
   handled by the same stateless IPv4/IPv6 interconnection node may
   occur.  Such context would lead to session breakdowns.  As a
   mitigation, a solution would be to redirect fragments towards a given
   node which will be responsible for implementing the procedure
   documented in [RFC6146].  The redirection procedure is stateless.

   As a conclusion, this issue can be mitigated.




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5.15.3.  Multicast Services

   IPv4 service continuity must be guaranteed during the transition
   period, including the delivery of multicast-based services such as
   IPTV.  Because only an IPv6 prefix will be provided to a CPE,
   dedicated functions are required to be enabled for the delivery of
   legacy multicast services to IPv4 receivers.  This is critical since
   many of the current IPTV contents are likely to remain IPv4-formatted
   and there will remain legacy receivers (e.g., IPv4-only Set Top Boxes
   (STB)) that can't be upgraded or be easily replaced.

   This issue is similar to the one encountered in the stateful case,
   and the same solution can be used to mitigate the issue (e.g.,
   [I-D.qin-softwire-dslite-multicast]).

   As a conclusion, this issue can be solved.


6.  Conclusion

   As per the discussion in this document, the authors believe that the
   set of issues specifically attributed to A+P based such as the
   stateless 4via6 solution with characteristics as per Section 3,
   either do not apply, or can be mitigated.  In several aspects, a
   stateless 4V6 solution represents a reasonable trade off compared to
   alternatives in areas such as NAT logging, ease as of deployment and
   operations, all of which are actually facilitated by such a solution.

   In terms of the 4V6 transport mode, both translation and mapped
   tunnel appear to be share the same key characteristics, but
   applicable to different contexts.  The mapped tunnel mode appears
   desirable when the operator has no expectations of applying any more
   elaborate traffic based services, and/or concerned about the loss of
   IP Options or the use of NAT64 technology.  The translation based
   approach appears particularly attractive to operators who are
   concerned about integrating traffic into a more elaborate suite of
   services based on regular IPv6 data-plane functionality, as opposed
   to specific IPinIP data plane functionality.


7.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not raise any IANA considerations.


8.  Security Considerations

   This document does not introduce any security considerations over and



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   above those already covered by the referenced solution drafts.


9.  Contributors and Acknowledgements

   The authors thank Dan Wing, Nejc Skoberne, Remi Depres, Xing Li, Jan
   Zorz, Satoru Matsushima, Mohamed Boucadair, Qiong Sun, and Arkadiusz
   Kaliwoda for their reviews and draft input.


10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

10.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.bajko-pripaddrassign]
              Bajko, G., Savolainen, T., Boucadair, M., and P. Levis,
              "Port Restricted IP Address Assignment",
              draft-bajko-pripaddrassign-03 (work in progress),
              September 2010.

   [I-D.despres-softwire-4rd]
              Despres, R., "IPv4 Residual Deployment across IPv6-Service
              networks (4rd) A NAT-less solution",
              draft-despres-softwire-4rd-00 (work in progress),
              October 2010.

   [I-D.ietf-intarea-server-logging-recommendations]
              Durand, A., Gashinsky, I., Lee, D., and S. Sheppard,
              "Logging recommendations for Internet facing servers",
              draft-ietf-intarea-server-logging-recommendations-04 (work
              in progress), April 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-intarea-shared-addressing-issues]
              Ford, M., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and P.
              Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing",
              draft-ietf-intarea-shared-addressing-issues-05 (work in
              progress), March 2011.

   [I-D.ietf-softwire-ds-lite-tunnel-option]
              Hankins, D. and T. Mrugalski, "Dynamic Host Configuration
              Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Option for Dual- Stack Lite",
              draft-ietf-softwire-ds-lite-tunnel-option-10 (work in
              progress), March 2011.



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   [I-D.ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite]
              Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
              Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
              Exhaustion", draft-ietf-softwire-dual-stack-lite-11 (work
              in progress), May 2011.

   [I-D.murakami-softwire-4v6-translation]
              Murakami, T., Chen, G., Deng, H., Dec, W., and S.
              Matsushima, "4via6 Stateless Translation",
              draft-murakami-softwire-4v6-translation-00 (work in
              progress), July 2011.

   [I-D.operators-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation]
              Boucadair, M., Matsushima, S., Lee, Y., Bonness, O.,
              Borges, I., and G. Chen, "Motivations for Stateless IPv4
              over IPv6 Migration Solutions",
              draft-operators-softwire-stateless-4v6-motivation-02 (work
              in progress), June 2011.

   [I-D.qin-softwire-dslite-multicast]
              Wang, Q., Qin, J., Boucadair, M., Jacquenet, C., and Y.
              Lee, "Multicast Extensions to DS-Lite Technique in
              Broadband Deployments",
              draft-qin-softwire-dslite-multicast-04 (work in progress),
              June 2011.

   [I-D.thaler-port-restricted-ip-issues]
              Thaler, D., "Issues With Port-Restricted IP Addresses",
              draft-thaler-port-restricted-ip-issues-00 (work in
              progress), February 2010.

   [I-D.vixie-dnsext-dns0x20]
              Vixie, P. and D. Dagon, "Use of Bit 0x20 in DNS Labels to
              Improve Transaction Identity",
              draft-vixie-dnsext-dns0x20-00 (work in progress),
              March 2008.

   [I-D.wing-softwire-port-control-protocol]
              Wing, D., Penno, R., and M. Boucadair, "Pinhole Control
              Protocol (PCP)",
              draft-wing-softwire-port-control-protocol-02 (work in
              progress), July 2010.

   [I-D.xli-behave-divi]
              Bao, C., Li, X., Zhai, Y., and W. Shang, "dIVI: Dual-
              Stateless IPv4/IPv6 Translation", draft-xli-behave-divi-03
              (work in progress), July 2011.




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   [I-D.xli-behave-divi-pd]
              Li, X., Bao, C., Dec, W., Asati, R., Xie, C., and Q. Sun,
              "dIVI-pd: Dual-Stateless IPv4/IPv6 Translation with Prefix
              Delegation", draft-xli-behave-divi-pd-01 (work in
              progress), September 2011.

   [I-D.ymbk-aplusp]
              Bush, R., "The A+P Approach to the IPv4 Address Shortage",
              draft-ymbk-aplusp-10 (work in progress), May 2011.

   [RFC5961]  Ramaiah, A., Stewart, R., and M. Dalal, "Improving TCP's
              Robustness to Blind In-Window Attacks", RFC 5961,
              August 2010.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
              October 2010.

   [RFC6056]  Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Recommendations for Transport-
              Protocol Port Randomization", BCP 156, RFC 6056,
              January 2011.

   [RFC6145]  Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
              Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.

   [RFC6146]  Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
              NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.


Authors' Addresses

   Wojciech Dec
   Cisco
   Haarlerbergweg 13-19
   1101 CH Amsterdam
   The Netherlands

   Email: wdec@cisco.com












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Internet-Draft                stateless 4V6                 October 2011


   Rajiv Asati
   Cisco
   Raleigh, NC
   USA

   Phone:
   Fax:
   Email: rajiva@cisco.com
   URI:


   Congxiao Bao
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
   Beijing,   100084
   CN

   Phone: +86 10-62785983
   Fax:
   Email: congxiao@cernet.edu.cn
   URI:


   Hui Deng
   China Mobile
   Beijing,
   CN

   Phone:
   Fax:
   Email: denghui@chinamobile.com
   URI:


   Mohamed Boucadair
   France Telecom
   France

   Phone:
   Fax:
   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange-ftgroup.com
   URI:









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