6Lo Working Group L.F. Del Carpio Vega
Internet-Draft M.I. Robles
Intended status: Standards Track R. Morabito
Expires: December 19, 2015 Ericsson
June 17, 2015
IPv6 over 802.11ah
draft-delcarpio-6lo-wlanah-00
Abstract
IEEE 802.11 is an established Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology which
provides radio connectivity to a wide range of devices. The IEEE
802.11ah amendment defines a WLAN system operating at sub 1 GHz
license-exempt bands designed to operate with low-rate/low-power
consumption. This amendment supports large number of stations and
extends the radio coverage to several hundreds of meters. This
document describes how IPv6 is transported over 802.11ah using
6LoWPAN techniques.
Status of This Memo
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology and Language Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Overview of 802.11ah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Link layer topology of 802.11ah . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Device Addressing and Frame Structure . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Protocol Version 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4. Protocol Version 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.5. Link Layer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Uses Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. 6LoWPAN over 802.11ah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Stateless address autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Neighbour Discovery in 802.11ah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. Header compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Multicast at IP level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
12. Management of the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
14. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
15. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
IEEE 802.11 [IEEE802.11], also known as Wi-Fi, is an established
Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology operating in unlicensed Industrial,
Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands. Its IEEE 802.11ah [IEEE802.11ah]
amendment is tailored for Internet of Things (IoT) use-cases and at
the moment of writing this draft it is in the final stages of IEEE
standardization.
IEEE 802.11ah operates in the Sub-1 GHz spectrum which helps reducing
the power consumption. It also supports a larger number of stations
on a single Basic Service Set (BSS) and it provides power-saving
mechanisms that allow radio stations to sleep in order to save power.
However, the system achieves lower throughput compared to 802.11n/ac
amendments.
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IEEE 802.11 specifies only the MAC and PHY layers of the radio
technology. In other words, 802.11 does not specify a networking
layer but it is compatible with commonly used internet protocol such
as IPv4 and IPv6. As 802.11ah is a low-rate/low-power technology,
the communication protocols used above MAC should also take power-
efficiency into consideration. This motivates the introduction of
6LoWPAN techniques [RFC4944] [RFC6282] for efficient transport of
IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.11ah radio networks.
This document specifies how to use 6LoWPAN techniques for 802.11ah.
Similar work has been carried out for Bluetooth Low Energy in
[I-D.ietf-6lo-btle].
2. Terminology and Language Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
Terminology from 802.11ah:
Station (STA): defined in 802.11-2012 [IEEE802.11-2012] as a wireless
station which is an addressable unit.
Sensor-STA: defined in 802.11ah as a device having low-power
consumption requirements. This device might be a battery operated
device.
Non-sensor STA: defined in 802.11ah as device which usually does not
have low-power consumption requirements.
In this document, any type STA (sensor STA/non-sensor STA) is
associated with a 6LoWPAN Nodes(6LN).
Access Point (AP): entity maintaining the WLAN Basic Service Set
(BSS) and is associated with the 6LoWPAN Border Router (6LBR). It is
assumed that APs are connected to the power-line.
The terms 6LoWPAN Router (6LR) and 6LoWPAN Border Router (6LBR) are
defined as in [RFC6775] and in this context 6LoWPAN Nodes (6LN) do
not refer to a router (Access Point), just to a host (STA).
3. Overview of 802.11ah
The IEEE 802.11 technology uses the unlicensed spectrum in different
ISM bands, using CSMA/CA techniques. Specifically 802.11ah is
designed to operate in ISM band below Sub-1 Ghz with a bandwidth of
1Mhz/2Mhz (depending of configuration). The system is formed by an
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Access Point (AP) which maintains a Basic Service Set (BSS) and
stations (STAs). STAs are connected to the AP in a star topology.
The 802.11ah is more energy efficient compared to other conventional
802.11 technologies because of the lower operating frequency and the
use of mechanisms which allow STAs to doze periodically and request
downlink data when switching to active mode i.e. Traffic Indication
Map (TIM) operation, non-TIM operation, Target Wakeup Time (TWT)
An exemplary deployment of a 802.11ah BSS may include a large number
of STAs associated to a BSS where STAs are sleeping (dozing) most of
the time and they may monitor periodic beacon-frame transmissions
containing Traffic Indication Maps (TIM). Data packets intended to
STAs cannot be delivered when STAs sleep, thus the TIM indicates
which STAs have downlink data buffered at the AP. After reading the
TIM, STAs request their buffered data by transmitting a Power-Saving
Poll (PS-Poll) frame to the AP. After the downlink data is
delivered, STAs enter into sleep mode again. For uplink data
delivery, STAs might transmit as soon as it has data available.
There might be STAs that do not monitor constantly the TIM and
request downlink data sporadically after waking up.
3.1. Link layer topology of 802.11ah
The 802.11ah defines a star topology at L2 link connectivity, where
the STAs are connected to the AP and any communication between STAs
passes through the AP. The mesh topology at L2 level is not defined
in 802.11ah. In addition, the wireless communication between Access
Points is not supported directly in 802.11ah. However, it is
possible to set-up a mesh of APs with the IEEE 802.11s amendment
which is out of scope of this document. Finally, the 802.11 standard
does not define its own networking layer but is compatible with
commonly used protocols e.g. IPv4, IPv6.
+---+
|STA|
+-+-+
+---+ |
|STA+------+ |
+---+ | |
+---+---+ +---+
| AP +----+STA|
++-----++ +---+
+----+ | |
|STA +-----+ |
+----+ +-+--+
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|STA |
+----+
Figure 1: Link Layer Topology
It is important to note that the communication link is unidirectional
at any given point in time and that the medium is shared by CSMA/CA
techniques which avoid that two or more STAs utilize the medium
simultaneously.
3.2. Device Addressing and Frame Structure
The 802.11 physical transmission is composed by a preamble which is
used to prepare a receiver for frame decoding, basic physical layer
information, and the physical layer payload which encapsulates the
MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU).
There can be different classes of MAC frames in 802.11, the MAC data
frame is the only one carrying higher layer data. Other frames are
control and management frames which are used to maintain MAC layer
functions. The 802.11/802.11ah MAC addresses use the EUI-48 bit
address space.
A MAC Data frame in 802.11 is composed by a MAC header, a MAC payload
and a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) which are encoded in an MPDU. The
MAC payload carries Link Layer Control PDUs which encapsulates for
example IP packets. There are two protocol versions for MAC frame
formats, the Protocol Version 0 (PV0) is used in systems existing
before 802.11ah such as 802.11n/ac and the Protocol Version 1 (PV1)
has less overhead that PV0 specified in 802.11ah.
Segmentation at MAC layer is possible if required.
3.3. Protocol Version 0
The elements of the MAC data frame with PV0 is depicted in the
picture below.
+-------+--------+----+----+----+------+----+-----+----+-------+---+
+Frame +Dura + A1 + A2 + A3 + Seq. + A4 + QoS + HT + Frame +FCS+
+Control+tion/ID + + + + Ctrl + + Crl +Crl + Body + +
+-------+--------+----+----+----+------+----+-----+----+-------+---+
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 2 4 0-7951 4
Figure 2: MAC frame PV0
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Frame Control: contains information relevant in link layer such as
the Protocol Version, frame type and subtype, Power Management,
Fragmentation Information, among others.
A1: indicates the recipient of the frame and it contains the 6-bytes
MAC address or the Short ID (2-bytes) provided by the AP after
association in a given BSS. TBD: further definition of Short ID.
A2: indicates the transmitter of the frame and it contains the
6-bytes MAC address or the Short ID (2-bytes) provided by the AP
after association in a given BSS.
Frame Body: is of variable-length field and contains the MAC payload
for example L3 packets.
FCS: The Frame Check Sequence field is a 32-bit field containing a
32-bit CRC which is calculated over all the fields of the MAC header
and the Frame Body field
Missing descriptions to be completed later.
3.4. Protocol Version 1
With a 802.11ah basic feature set and following the PV1, the maximum
MPDU size is 511 bytes. The MAC header for the PV1 format is at
least formed by a Frame Control field and the address fields. Other
fields are optional.
+---------------+-------+--------+---------------------+
+ Frame Control + A1 + A2 + Frame Body + FCS +
+---------------+-------+--------+---------------------+
Bytes: 2 6/2 2/6 0 to 497 4
Figure 3: MAC frame PV1 of 802.11ah
Frame control: see above.
A1: indicates the recipient of the frame and it contains the 6-bytes
MAC address or the Short ID (2-bytes) provided by the AP after
association in a given BSS.
A2: indicates the transmitter of the frame and it contains the
6-bytes MAC address or the Short ID (2-bytes) provided by the AP
after association in a given BSS.
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Frame Body: The minimum length for non-data frames is 0 bytes. The
maximum length depends for example of the MAC header overhead and
among other things. For the a basic PV1 data frame with A1/A2 fields
carrying MAC addresses and no other optional MAC header fields, the
maximum frame body length is 497-bytes.
3.5. Link Layer Control
The Logical Link Control (LLC) layers works as the interface between
higher layers, for example IP, and the 802.11 MAC. It supports
higher layer protocol discrimination via the EtherType value
utilizing the EtherType protocol discrimination method (EPD) defined
in IEEE 802-2014 [IEEE802-2014]. Examples of EtherTypes are 0x0800
and 0x8DD, which are used to identify IPv4 and IPv6, respectively.
LLC Header Format: TBD.
+-----------------------+
| 802 LLC |
+-----------------------+
| MAC Layer (802.11ah) |
+-----------------------+
| PHY Layer (802.11ah) |
+-----------------------+
Figure 4: WLAN Protocol Stack
4. Uses Cases
[RFC7548] define use cases for the management of constrained
networks, these uses cases are apply as well to 802.11ah
As a starting point in 802.11ah specification work, the Task Group AH
proposed the following use-case categories
[ReferenceUseCase802.11ah]:
- Sensor and Meters, where large number of sensor deliver data
through 802.11ah connectivity
- Backhaul Sensor and meter data, where 802.11ah STA can be either
directly integrated with a sensor or it will aggregate data from
other tree of wireless sensors and then deliver 802.11ah connectivity
- Extended Range Wi-Fi, where the typical range of the Wi-Fi
connection will extended due to the use of lower frequencies and
other techniques.
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5. 6LoWPAN over 802.11ah
IPv4 and IPv6 are compatible with 802.11ah via the LLC. However,
this technology presents a trade-off between energy savings and bit
rate of the link. Consequently, 6LoWPAN techniques are beneficial to
reduce the overhead of transmissions, save energy and get a better
throughput. With 6LoWPAN, the nodes, i.e. 6LN, 6LBR, are co-located
on the same devices with 802.11 features. The typical 802.11ah
network uses a star topology where the 6LBR functionally is co-
located with the AP. 6LNs are co-located with STAs and are connected
to the 6LBR through a 802.11ah link. The mesh topology at MAC level
is not defined by the 802.11ah standard implying that the 6LBR is the
only router present in the network. Thus, there is no presence of
6LowPAN Routers (6LR).
+---------+
|+-------+| +---------+
|| 6LN || 802.11ah |+-------+|
|+-------+| || 6LN ||
|+-------++------------+---------|+-------+|
|| STA || | |+-------+|
|+-------+| | || STA ||
+---------+ | |+-------+|
6LN-STA | +---------+
+-----+-----+
|+----+----+|
|| 6LBR ||
|+---------+|
+---------+ | | +---------+
|+-------+| |+---------++ ++-------+|
|| 6LN || || AP || || 6LN ||
|+-------+| |+---------+| |+-------+|
|+-------++---+----+------+ | |
|| STA || | 6LBR-AP |+-------+|
|+-------+| | || STA ||
+--------+| | |+-------+|
+---------+ +-----------+---------+
Figure 5: Network Topology
There exists the possibility to have a 802.11ah relay node at L2 to
extend the range of an AP. This however is experienced as a single
hop by the 6LoWPAN network. In case there is need to connect
wirelessly several APs in a mesh topology, the 802.11s might be
considered as a possibility. However, the 802.11s is not directly
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compatible with 802.11ah and should be considered as a different
radio technology based on 802.11 integrated to the system.
The devices in this kind of networks, not necessarily have
constrained resources (memory, CPU, etc), but the radio link capacity
is limited. It might be that APs are connected to mains power and
STAs might be for example battery operated sensors. Therefore
6LoWPAN techniques might be good to support transmission of IPv6
packets over 802.11ah battery operated devices. Related to
performance gain, a reduction in air-time is achieved if the stack is
compressed. The communication 6LN-6LN is not supported directly
using link-local addresses, it is done through the 6LBR using the
shared prefix used on the subnet. This specification requires IPv6
header compression format specified in [RFC6282].
In Figure below is showed the stack for PHY and IPv6 including
6LoWPAN
+---------------------+
| Upper Layers |
+---------------------+
| IPv6 |
+---------------------+
| 6LoWPAN |
+---------------------+
| 802 LLC |
+---------------------+
| MAC Layer(802.11ah) |
+---------------------+
| PHY Layer(802.11ah) |
+---------------------+
Figure 6: Protocol Stack with 6LoWPAN
6. Stateless address autoconfiguration
The IPv6 link local address follows Section 5.3 of [RFC4862] based on
the 48-bit MAC device address.
To get the 64-bit Interface Identifier (IID) RFC 7136 [RFC7136] MUST
be followed. Section 5 of this RFC states:
"For all unicast addresses, except those that start with the binary
value 000, Interface IDs are required to be 64 bits long. If derived
from an IEEE MAC-layer address, they must be constructed in Modified
EUI-64 format."
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10 bits 54 bits 64 bits
+----------+-----------------+----------------------+
|1111111010| 0 | Interface Identifier |
+----------+-----------------+----------------------+
Figure 7: IPv6 link local address
Following Appendix-A of RFC 4291 [RFC4291] the IID is formed
inserting two octets, with hexadecimal values of 0xFF and 0xFE in the
middle of the 48-bit MAC. The IID would be as follow where "a" is a
bit of the 48 MAC address.
|0 1|1 3|3 4|4 6|
|0 5|6 1|2 7|8 3|
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
|aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa|aaaaaaaa11111111|11111110aaaaaaaa|aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa|
+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
Figure 8: Modified EUI-64 format
For non-link-local addresses a 64-bit IID MAY be formed by utilizing
the 48-bit MAC device address. Random IID can be generated for 6LN
using alternative methods such as [I-D.ietf-6man-default-iids].
7. Neighbour Discovery in 802.11ah
Neighbour Discovery approach for 6LoWPAN [RFC6775] is applicable to
802.11ah topologies. Related to Host-initiated process, use of
Address Registration Option (ARO), through the Neighbour Solicitation
(NS) and Neighbour Advertisement (NA). Router Solicitation and
Router Advertisement are applicable as well following [RFC6775].
As the topology is star, Multihop Distribution of prefix and 6LoWPAN
header compression; and Multihop Duplicated Address Detection (DAD)
mechanism are not applicable, since this technology does not cover
multihop topology.
8. Header compression
For header compression are applicable the rules proposed in
[RFC6282]. Section 3.1.1 mentions the base Encoding in principle
apply to 802.11ah.
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 1 | 1 | TF |NH | HLIM |CID|SAC| SAM | M |DAC| DAM |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
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Figure 9: LOWPAN_IPHC base Encoding
As specified in [RFC6282]. TF: Traffic Class; Flow Label; NH: Next
Header; HLIM: Hop Limit; CID: Context Identifier Extension (TBD: How
it would work in 802.11ah); SAC: Source Address Compression. (TBD
whether the source address would be eliminated in link-local address
); SAM: Source Address Mode; M: Multicast Compression (TBD: How it
would work with 802.11ah); DAC: Destination Address Compression; DAM:
Destination Address Mode.
9. Fragmentation
802.11ah perform fragmentation at L2, thus the fragmentation at L3
would be not necessary.
10. Multicast at IP level
802.11ah supports broadcast and multicast at link layer level, both
can be used to carry multicast IP transmission depending on the
system's configuration. TBD: add an example.
11. Internet Connection
For Internet connection, the 6LBR acts as router and forwarding
packets between 6LNs to and from Internet.
+-----+
| 6LN +--------+
+-----+ |
| +-----------+
+----+----+ | |
| | | Internet |
+------+ 6LBR +----+ |
+--+--+ | | | |
| 6LN | +----+----+ +-----------+
+-----+ |
+--+--+
| 6LN |
+-----+
Figure 10: Internet connection of 6Lo network
12. Management of the Network
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TBD: how LightWeight Machine to Machine (LWM2M) or CoAP Management
Interface (COMI) [I-D.vanderstok-core-comi] aspects can be applied to
this technology, considering [RFC7547]
13. IANA Considerations
There are no IANA considerations related to this document.
14. Security Considerations
The security considerations defined in [RFC4944] and its update
[RFC6282] can be assumed valid for the 802.11ah case as well.
Indeed, the transmission of IPv6 over 802.11ah links meets all the
requirements for security as for IEEE 802.15.4. The standard IEEE
802.11ah defines all those aspects related with Link Layer security.
As well as for other existing WiFi solutions, 802.11ah Link Layer
supports security mechanism such as WPA, WPS, 802.1X. To have a
deeper understanding on how the Key Management processes are handled
in 802.11ah, please refer to [TBD]
Implementations defined in [I-D.ietf-6man-default-iids], [RFC3972],
[RFC4941], or [RFC5535], can be considered, for example, as methods
to support non-link local addresses.
Privacy - TBD.
15. Acknowledgements
This work is partially funded by the FP7 Marie Curie Initial Training
Network (ITN) METRICS project (grant agreement No. 607728)
16. References
16.1. Normative References
[IEEE802.11ah]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
"Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
Layer (PHY) Specifications: Amendment- Sub 1 GHz License-
Exempt Operation", January 2015.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
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[RFC4862] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.
[RFC6282] Hui, J. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
September 2011.
[RFC6775] Shelby, Z., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C. Bormann,
"Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power
Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC 6775,
November 2012.
[RFC7136] Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Significance of IPv6
Interface Identifiers", RFC 7136, February 2014.
16.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-6lo-btle]
Nieminen, J., Savolainen, T., Isomaki, M., Patil, B.,
Shelby, Z., and C. Gomez, "IPv6 over BLUETOOTH(R) Low
Energy", draft-ietf-6lo-btle-11 (work in progress), April
2015.
[I-D.ietf-6man-default-iids]
Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D., and W. Will,
"Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers",
draft-ietf-6man-default-iids-03 (work in progress), May
2015.
[I-D.vanderstok-core-comi]
Stok, P., Greevenbosch, B., Bierman, A., Schoenwaelder,
J., and A. Sehgal, "CoAP Management Interface", draft-
vanderstok-core-comi-06 (work in progress), February 2015.
[IEEE802-2014]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
"IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks:
Overview and Architecture", 2014.
[IEEE802.11-2012]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
"Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
Layer (PHY) Specifications", 2012.
[IEEE802.11]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
"Wireless LAN ", 2011.
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[RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
RFC 3972, March 2005.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
[RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007.
[RFC4944] Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
"Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
Networks", RFC 4944, September 2007.
[RFC5535] Bagnulo, M., "Hash-Based Addresses (HBA)", RFC 5535, June
2009.
[RFC7547] Ersue, M., Romascanu, D., Schoenwaelder, J., and U.
Herberg, "Management of Networks with Constrained Devices:
Problem Statement and Requirements", RFC 7547, May 2015.
[RFC7548] Ersue, M., Romascanu, D., Schoenwaelder, J., and A.
Sehgal, "Management of Networks with Constrained Devices:
Use Cases", RFC 7548, May 2015.
[ReferenceUseCase802.11ah]
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),
"Potential compromise of 80211ah use case", 2012.
Authors' Addresses
Luis Felipe Del Carpio Vega
Ericsson
Hirsalantie 11
Jorvas 02420
Finland
Email: felipe.del.carpio@ericsson.com
Maria Ines Robles
Ericsson
Hirsalantie 11
Jorvas 02420
Finland
Email: maria.ines.robles@ericsson.com
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Roberto Morabito
Ericsson
Hirsalantie 11
Jorvas 02420
Finland
Email: roberto.morabito@ericsson.com
Del Carpio Vega, et al.Expires December 19, 2015 [Page 15]