Internet-Draft V. Dolmatov, Ed.
Intended status: Informational Cryptocom Ltd.
Expires: December 17, 2009 June 10, 2009
GOST R 34.10-2001
digital signature algorithm
draft-dolmatov-cryptocom-gost34102001-00
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Abstract
This document is intended to be a source of information about the
Russian Federal standard for for electronic digital signature
generation and verification processes (GOST R 34.10-2001).
GOST R 34.10-2001 is one of the official standards in the Russian
cryptography, used in Russian algorithms (GOST algorithms).
Recently, the Russian cryptography started to be used in
different applications intended to work with the OpenSSL
cryptographic library. Thus, this document has been created for the
informational purposes for users of Russian cryptography.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction.....................................................2
1.1. General information.........................................2
1.2. The purpose of GOST R 34.10-2001............................3
1.3. Terminology.................................................3
2. Applicability....................................................3
3. Legal references.................................................4
4. Definitions and notations........................................4
4.1. Definitions.................................................4
4.2. Notations...................................................6
5. General statements...............................................6
6. Mathematical conventions.........................................8
6.1. Mathematical definitions....................................8
6.2. Digital signature parameters...............................10
6.3. Binary vectors.............................................11
7. Main processes..................................................11
7.1. Digital signature generation process.......................12
7.2. Digital signature verification.............................12
Appendix A (for reference only) Extra terms in EDS area............13
Appendix B (for reference only) Test example.......................14
B.1. The digital signature scheme parameters....................14
B.2. Digital signature process (Algorithm I)....................16
B.3. Verification process of digital signature (Algorithm II)...17
Appendix C (for reference only) The bibliography...................18
Author's addresses ................................................19
1. Introduction
1.1. General information
1. GOST 34.10-2001 was developed by the Federal Agency for Government
Communication and Information at President of Russian Federation with
participation of the All-Russia Scientific and Research Institute of
Standardization.
GOST 34.10-2001 was submitted by Federal Agency for Government
Communication and Information at President of Russian Federation.
2. GOST 34.11-94 was accepted and activated by the Act 380-st of
12.09.2001 issued by the Russian federal committee for standards.
3. GOST R 34.10-2001 was developed in accordance with terminology and
concepts of international standards ISO 2382-2-76. "Data processing.
Dictionary. Part 2. Arithmetic and logic operations", ISO/IEC 9796-91
"Information technology. Secure methods. Digital signature scheme
with message recovering", series ISO/ IEC 14888 "Information
technology. Secure methods. Digital signatures and application" and
series ISO/ IEC 10118 "Information technology. Secure methods. Hash
functions"
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4. GOST R 34.10-2001 replaces GOST R 34.10-94
1.2. The purpose of GOST R 34.10-2001
GOST R 34.10-2001 describes generation and verification processes for
electronic digital signature (EDS), based on operations with elliptic
curve points group, defined over prime finite field.
GOST R 34.10-2001 is developed to replace GOST R 34.10-94. Necessity
for this development is caused by the need to increase the
resistance of EDS against unauthorized modification. EDS resistance
is based on complexity of discrete logarithm calculation in elliptic
curve points group and also on resistance of hash function used
(according to the GOST R 34.11).
Terminologically and conceptually GOST R 34.10-2001 is in accord with
international standards ISO 2382-2 [1], ISO/ IEC 9796 [2], series
ISO/ IEC 14888 [3]-[5] and series ISO/ IEC 10118 [6]-[9].
Note: the main part of the standard is supplemented with three
appendixes:
A - extra terms in EDS area;
B - test example;
C - a publications list (bibliography) in EDS area.
1.3. Terminology
In this document, the key words MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHOULD,
SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, and MAY are to be interpreted as described
in [RFC2119].
2. Applicability
GOST R 34.10-2001 defines an electronic digital signature (EDS, or
simply digital signature) scheme, digital signature generation and
verification processes for a given message (document), meant for
transmission via insecure public telecommunication channels in data
processing systems of different purposes.
Use of digital signature based on GOST R 34.10-2001 makes transmitted
messages more resistant to forgery and loss of integrity, in
comparison with digital signature scheme prescribed by the previous
standard.
GOST R 34.10-2001 is obligatory to use in Russian Federation in all
data processing systems providing public services.
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3. Legal references
A reference to the following draft is used in this draft:
GOST R 34.11-94 hash function algorithm
4. Definitions and notations
4.1. Definitions
The following terms are used in the standard:
4.1.1 appendix: Bit string, formed by digital signature and by
arbitrary text field (ISO/IEC 148881-1 [3]).
4.1.2 signature key: Element of secret data, specific to the subject
and used only by this subject during the signature generation process
(ISO/IEC 14888-1 [3]).
4.1.3 verification key: Element of data mathematically linked to the
signature key data element, used by the verifier during the digital
signature verification process (ISO/IEC 14888-1 [3]).
4.1.4 domain parameter: Element of data which is common for all the
subjects of the digital signature scheme, known or accessible to all
the subjects (ISO/IEC 14888-1 [3]).
4.1.5 signed message: A set of data elements, that consists of the
message and the appendix, which is a part of the message.
4.1.6 pseudo-random number sequence: A sequence of numbers, which is
obtained during some arithmetic (calculation) process, used in
specific case instead of a true random number sequence (ISO 2382-2
[1]).
4.1.7 random number sequence: A sequence of numbers none of which can
be predicted (calculated) using only the preceding numbers of the
same sequence (ISO 2382-2 [1]).
4.1.8 verification process: A process using the signed message, the
verification key and EDS scheme parameters as initial data and giving
the conclusion about digital signature validity or invalidity as a
result. (ISO/IEC 14888-1 [3]).
4.1.9 signature generation process: A process using the message, the
signature key and EDS scheme parameters as initial data and
generating the digital signature as the result (ISO/IEC 14888-1 [3]).
4.1.10 witness: Element of data (resulting from the verification
process) which states to the verifier whether digital signature is
valid or invalid (ISO/IEC 148881-1 [3]).
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4.1.11 random number: A number chosen from the definite number set in
such a way that every number from the set can be chosen with
equal probability (ISO 2382-2 [1]).
4.1.12 message: String of bits of a limited length (ISO/IEC 9796
[2]).
4.1.13 hash code: String of bits that is a result of the hash
function (ISO/IEC 148881-1 [3]).
4.1.14 hash function: The function, mapping bit strings onto bit
strings of fixed length observing the following properties:
1) it is difficult to calculate the input data, that is the pre-image
of the given function value;
2) it is difficult to find another input data that is the pre-image
of the same function value as is the given input data;
3) it is difficult to find a pair of different input data, producing
the same hash function value.
Note: The property 1 in the context of the EDS area means that it is
impossible to recover the initial message using the EDS; property 2
means that it is difficult to find another (falsificated) message
that produces the same EDS; property 3 means that it is difficult to
find some pair of different messages, that both produce the same
signature.
4.1.15 [electronic] digital signature: String of bits obtained as a
result of signature generation process. This string has an internal
structure, depending on the specific signature generation mechanism.
Note: In GOST R 34.10-2001 terms "digital signature" and "electronic
digital signature (EDS)" are synonymous to save terminological
succession to native legal documents currently in force and
scientific-technical publications.
4.2 Notations
In GOST R 34.10-2001 the following notations are used:
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V256 - set of all binary vectors of length 256 bit;
V_all - set of all binary vectors of an arbitrary finite
length;
Z - set of all integers;
p - prime number, p > 3;
GF(p) - finite prime field represented by a set of integers
{0, 1, ..., p - 1};
b (mod p) - minimal nonnegative number, congruent to b modulo p;
M - user's message, M belongs to V_all;
_ _
(h1 || h2 ) - concatenation of two binary vectors;
a,b - elliptic curve coefficients;
m - points of the elliptic curve group order;
q - subgroup order of group of points of the elliptic curve;
O - zero point of the elliptic curve;
P - elliptic curve point of order q;
d - integer - a signature key;
Q - elliptic curve point - a verification key;
^ - the power operator;
/= - non-equality;
sqrt - square root;
zeta - digital signature for the message M.
5 GENERAL STATEMENTS
A commonly accepted digital signature scheme (model) (see 6 ISO/IEC
14888-1 [3]) consists of three processes:
- generation of a pair of keys (for signature generation and for
signature verification);
- signature generation;
- signature verification.
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In GOST R 34.10-2001 a process for generating a pair of keys (for
signature and verification) is not defined. Characteristics and ways
of the process realization are defined by involved subjects, who
determine corresponding parameters by their agreement.
The digital signature mechanism is defined by realization of two main
processes (see part 7):
- signature generation (see. 7.1);
- signature verification (see. 7.2).
The digital signature is meant for authentication of the signatory of
the electronic message. Besides, the EDS usage gives an opportunity
to provide the following properties during signed message
transmission:
- realization of control of the transmitted signed message integrity,
- proof of the authorship of the signatory of the message,
- protection of the message against possible forgery.
A schematic representation of the signed message is shown in the
figure 1.
appendix
|
+-------------------------------+
| |
+-----------+ +------------------------+- - - +
| message M |---| digital signature zeta | text |
+-----------+ +------------------------+- - - +
Figure 1 - Signed message scheme
Field "digital signature" is supplemented by the field "text" (see
figure 1), that can contain for example identifiers of the signatory
of the message, and/or time label.
The digital signature scheme determined in GOST R 34.10-2001 must be
implemented using operations of elliptic curve points group, defined
over a finite prime field, and also with the use of hash function.
The cryptographic resistance of the digital signature scheme is
based on complexity of solving the problem of calculation the
discrete logarithm in elliptic curve points group, and also on
resistance of hash function used. The hash function calculation
algorithm is determined in GOST R 34.11.
The digital signature scheme parameters needed for signature
generation and verification are determined in 6.2.
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GOST R 34.10-2001 does not determine the process of generating
parameters needed for digital signature scheme. The sets of these
parameters are defined in RFC 4357.
The digital signature represented as a binary vector of length 512
bit, must be calculated using definite set of rules stated in 7.1.
The digital signature of the received message is accepted or denied
in accordance with the set of rules, stated in 7.2.
6. Mathematical conventions
To define a digital signature scheme it is necessary to describe
basic mathematical objects, used in the signature generation and
verification processes. This section lays out basic mathematical
definitions and requirements for the parameters of the digital
signature scheme.
6.1 Mathematical definitions
Suppose a prime number p > 3 is given. Then an elliptic curve E,
defined over a finite prime field GF(p), is the set of number pairs
(x,y), x, y belongs to Fp , satisfying the identity
y^2 = x^3 + ax + b(mod p), (1)
where a, b belong to GF(p) and 4a^3 + 27b^2 is not congruent to zero
modulo p.
An invariant of the elliptic curve is the quantity J(E) , satisfying
the identity
4a^3
J(E)=1728------------(mod p) (2)
4a^3+27b^2
Elliptic curve E coefficients a,b are defined in the following way
using the invariant J(E):
| a=3k(mod p)
| J(E)
| b=2k(mod p), where k= ------------ (mod p), J(E) /= 0 or 1728 (3)
1728 - J(E)
The pairs (x,y) satisfying the identity (1) are called the elliptic
curve E points, x and y or x- and y-coordinates of the point
correspondingly.
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We will denote elliptic curve points as Q(x,y) or just Q. Two
elliptic curve points are equal if their x- and y-coordinates are
equal.
On the set of all elliptic curve E points we will define addition
operation, denoted by "+". For two arbitrary elliptic curve E points
Q1 (x1, y1) and Q2 (x2, y2) we will consider several variants.
Suppose coordinates of points Q1 and Q2 satisfy the condition x1 /=
x2. In this case their sum is defined as a point Q3 (x3,y3) with
coordinates defined by congruences
| x3=lambda^2-x1-x2 (mod p), y1-y2
| where lambda= ------- (mod p). (4)
| y3=lambda*(x1-x3)-y1 (mod p), x1-x2
If x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 /= 0, then we will define point Q3
coordinates in a following way
| x3=lambda^2-x1*2 (mod p), 3x1^2+a
| where lambda= --------- (mod p) (5)
| y3=lambda*(x1-x3)-y1 (mod p), y1*2
If x1 = x2 and y1 = - y2 (mod p), then the sum of points Q1 and Q2
is called a zero point O, without determination of its x- and
y-coordinates. In this case point Q2 is called a denial of point Q1.
For the zero point the equalities hold
O+Q=Q+O=Q, (6)
where Q is an arbitrary point of elliptic curve E.
A set of all points of elliptic curve E including zero point forms a
finite abelian (commutative) group of order m regarding introduced
addition operation. The number m must satisfy the inequality
p + 1 - 2 * sqrt(p) =< m =< p + 1 + 2 * sqrt(p). (7)
The point Q is called a point of multiplicity k, or just a multiple
point of the elliptic curve E, if for some point P the following
equality holds:
Q = P + ... + P = k * P. (8)
-----+-----
k
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6.2 Digital signature parameters
The digital signature parameters are:
- prime number p is an elliptic curve modulus, satisfying the
inequality p > 2^255. The upper bound for this number must be
determined for specific realization of digital signature scheme;
- elliptic curve E, defined by its invariant J(E) or by coefficients
a, b belonging to GF(p).
- integer m is an elliptic curve E points group order;
- prime number q is an order of a cyclic subgroup of the elliptic
curve E points group, which satisfies the following conditions:
| m = nq, n belongs to Z , n>=1
| ; (9)
| 2^254 < q < 2^256
- point P /= O of an elliptic curve E, with coordinates (x_p, y_p),
satisfying the equality q*P=O.
- hash function h(.):V_all -> V256, which maps the messages
represented as binary vectors of arbitrary finite length onto
binary vectors of length 256 bit. The hash function is determined
in the GOST R 34.11.
Every user of the digital signature scheme must have its personal
keys:
- signature key, which is an integer d, satisfying the inequality
0 < d < q;
- verification key, which is an elliptic curve point Q with
coordinates (x_q, y_q), satisfying the equality d*P=Q.
There are the following requirements for the previously introduced
digital signature parameters:
- it is necessary that the condition p^t/= 1 (mod q ) holds for all
integers t = 1, 2, ... B where B satisfies the inequality B >= 31;
- it is necessary that the inequality m /= p holds;
- the curve invariant must satisfy the condition J(E) /= 0,1728.
6.3 Binary vectors
To determine the digital signature generation and verification
processes it is necessary to map the set of integers onto the set of
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binary vectors of length 256 bit.
Consider the following binary vector of length 256 bit where
low-order bits are placed on the right, and high-order ones are
placed on the left
_ _
h = (alpha[255], ... , alpha[0]), h belongs to V256 (10)
where alpha[i], i = 0, ... , 255 are equal to 1 or to 0. We will say
that the number alpha belonging to Z is mapped onto the binary vector
h, if the equality holds
alpha = alpha[0]*2^0 + alpha[1]*2^1 + ... + alpha[256]*2^256. (11)
_ _
For two binary vectors h1 and h2 , which correspond to integers alpha
and beta, we define a concatenation (union) operation in the
following way. Let
_
h1 = (alpha[255], ... , alpha[0]),
_ (12)
h2 = (beta[255], ..., beta[0]),
then their union is
_ _
h1||h2 = (alpha[255], ... , alpha[0], beta[255], ..., beta[0]) (13)
that is a binary vector of length 512 bit, consisting of coefficients
_ _
of the vectors h1 and h2.
On the other hand, the introduced formulae define a way to divide a
_
binary vector h of length 512 bit into two binary vectors of length
_
256 bit, where h is the concatenation of the two.
7. Main processes
In this section the digital signature generation and verification
processes of user's message are defined.
For the realization of the processes it is necessary, that all users
know the digital signature scheme parameters, which satisfy the
requirements of section 5.2.
Besides, every user must have the signature key d and the
verification key Q(x[q], y[q]) , which also must satisfy the
requirements of section 5.2.
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7.1 Digital signature generation process
It is necessary to perform the following actions (steps) according to
Algorithm I to obtain the digital signature for the message M
belonging to V_all:
_
Step 1 - calculate the message hash code M: h = h(M). (14)
Step 2 - calculate an integer alpha, binary representation of which is
_
the vector h , and determine e = alpha(mod q ) . (15)
If e = 0, then assign e = 1.
Step 3 - generate a random (pseudorandom) integer k, satisfying the
inequality
0 < k < q. (16)
Step 4 - calculate the elliptic curve point C = k * P and determine
r = x_C(mod q ), (17)
where x_C - x-coordinate of the point C. If r = 0, return to step 3.
Step 5 - calculate the quantity
s = (r*d + k*e)(mod q). (18)
If s = 0, return to step 3.
_ _
Step 6 - calculate the binary vectors r and s , corresponding to r
_ _
and s, and determine the digital signature zeta = (r || s) as
concatenation of these two binary vectors.
The initial data of this process are the signature key d and the
message M to be signed. The output result is the digital signature
zeta.
7.2 Digital signature verification
To verify digital signature for the received message M belonging to
V_all it is necessary to perform the following actions (steps)
according to Algorithm II:
Step 1 - calculate the integers r and s using the received signature
zeta. If the inequalities 0 < r < q, 0 < s < q hold, go to the next
step. In the other case the signature is invalid.
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Step 2 - calculate the hash code of the received message M
_
h = h(M ). (19)
Step 3 - calculate the integer alpha, the binary representation of
_
which is the vector h , and determine
e = alpha(mod q). (20)
If = 0, then assign = 1.
Step 4 - calculate the quantity v = e^-1(mod q) . (21)
Step 5 - calculate the quantities
z1 = s * v(mod q), z2 = - r * v (mod q). (22)
Step 6 - calculate the elliptic curve point C = z1 * P + z2 * Q and
determine
R = x_C(mod q), (23)
where x_C - x-coordinate of the point .
Step 7 - if the equality R = r holds, than the signature is accepted,
in the other case the signature is invalid.
The input data of the process are the signed message M, the digital
signature zeta and the verification key Q. The output result is the
witness of the signature validity or invalidity.
Appendix A (for reference only) Extra terms in EDS area
The appendix gives extra international terms applied in the
considered and allied areas.
1. padding: Extending of a data string with extra bits (ISO/IEC
10118-1 [6]).
2. identification data: A list of data elements, including specific
object identifier, that belongs to the object and is used for its
denotation (ISO/IEC 148881-1 [3]).
3. signature equation: An equation, defined by the digital signature
function (ISO/IEC 148881-1 [3]).
4. verification function: A verification process function, defined by
the verification key, which outputs a witness of the signature
authenticity (ISO/IEC 148881-1 [3]).
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5. signature function: A function within a signature generation
process,defined by the signature key and by the EDS scheme
parameters. This function inputs is a part of initial data and,
probably, a pseudorandom number sequence generator (randomizer), and
outputs the second part of the digital signature.
Appendix B (for reference only) Test example
This is a reference appendix and is not a part of the standard. The
values given here for the parameters p, a, b, m, q, P, the signature
key d and the verification key Q are recommended for testing the
correctness of only the specific realization of the algorithms,
described in GOST R 34.10-2001.
All numerical values are introduced in decimal and hexadecimal
notations. Lower index in number notation denotes a number system
base. Symbol "\\" denotes a hyphenation of a number to the next line.
For example, the notation
12345\\
67890
0x499602D2
represents 1234567890 in decimal and hexadecimal number systems
correspondingly.
B.1 The digital signature scheme parameters
The following parameters must be used for the digital signature
generation and verification (see section 6.2).
B.1.1 Elliptic curve modulus
The following value is assigned to parameter p in this example
p= 57896044618658097711785492504343953926\\
634992332820282019728792003956564821041
p = 0x8000000000000000000000000000\\
000000000000000000000000000000000431
B.1.2 Elliptic curve coefficients
Parameters a and b take the following values in this example:
a = 7
a = 0x7
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b = 43308876546767276905765904595650931995\\
942111794451039583252968842033849580414
b = 0x5FBFF498AA938CE739B8E022FBAFEF40563\\
F6E6A3472FC2A514C0CE9DAE23B7E
B.1.3 Elliptic curve points group order
Parameter m takes the following value in this example:
m = 5789604461865809771178549250434395392\\
7082934583725450622380973592137631069619
m = 0x80000000000000000000000000000\\
00150FE8A1892976154C59CFC193ACCF5B3
B.1.4 Order of cyclic subgroup of elliptic curve points group
Parameter q takes the following value in this example:
q = 5789604461865809771178549250434395392\\
7082934583725450622380973592137631069619
q = 0x80000000000000000000000000000001\\
50FE8A1892976154C59CFC193ACCF5B3
B.1.5 Elliptic curve point coordinates
Point P coordinates take the following values in this example:
x_p = 2
x_p = 0x2
y_p = 40189740565390375033354494229370597\\
75635739389905545080690979365213431566280
y_p = 0x8E2A8A0E65147D4BD6316030E16D19\\
C85C97F0A9CA267122B96ABBCEA7E8FC8
B.1.6 Signature key
It is supposed in this example that the user has the following
signature key d:
d = 554411960653632461263556241303241831\\
96576709222340016572108097750006097525544
d = 0x7A929ADE789BB9BE10ED359DD39A72C\\
11B60961F49397EEE1D19CE9891EC3B28
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B.1.7 Verification key
It is supposed in this example that the user has the verification key
Q with the following coordinate values:
x_q = 57520216126176808443631405023338071\\
176630104906313632182896741342206604859403
x_q = 0x7F2B49E270DB6D90D8595BEC458B5\\
0C58585BA1D4E9B788F6689DBD8E56FD80B
y_q = 17614944419213781543809391949654080\\
031942662045363639260709847859438286763994
y_q = 0x26F1B489D6701DD185C8413A977B3\\
CBBAF64D1C593D26627DFFB101A87FF77DA
B.2 Digital signature process (Algorithm I)
Suppose that after 1-3 steps according to the Algorithm I (7.1) are
performed the following numerical values are obtained:
e = 2079889367447645201713406156150827013\\
0637142515379653289952617252661468872421
e = 0x2DFBC1B372D89A1188C09C52E0EE\\
C61FCE52032AB1022E8E67ECE6672B043EE5
k = 538541376773484637314038411479966192\\
41504003434302020712960838528893196233395
k = 0x77105C9B20BCD3122823C8CF6FCC\\
7B956DE33814E95B7FE64FED924594DCEAB3
And the multiple point C = k * P has the coordinates:
x_C = 297009809158179528743712049839382569\\
90422752107994319651632687982059210933395
x_C = 0x41AA28D2F1AB148280CD9ED56FED\\
A41974053554A42767B83AD043FD39DC0493
y[C] = 328425352786846634770946653225170845\\
06804721032454543268132854556539274060910
y[C] = 0x489C375A9941A3049E33B34361DD\\
204172AD98C3E5916DE27695D22A61FAE46E
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Parameter r = x_C(mod q) takes the value:
r = 297009809158179528743712049839382569\\
90422752107994319651632687982059210933395
r = 0x41AA28D2F1AB148280CD9ED56FED\\
A41974053554A42767B83AD043FD39DC0493
Parameter s = (r*d + k*e)(mod q) takes the value:
s = 57497340027008465417892531001914703\\
8455227042649098563933718999175515839552
s = 0x1456C64BA4642A1653C235A98A602\\
49BCD6D3F746B631DF928014F6C5BF9C40
B.3 Verification process of digital signature (Algorithm II)
Suppose that after the steps 1-3 according to the Algorithm II (7.2)
are performed the following numerical value is obtained:
e = 2079889367447645201713406156150827013\\
0637142515379653289952617252661468872421
e = 0x2DFBC1B372D89A1188C09C52E0EE\\
C61FCE52032AB1022E8E67ECE6672B043EE5
And the parameter v = e^-1(mod q) takes the value:
v = 176866836059344686773017138249002685\\
62746883080675496715288036572431145718978
v = 0x271A4EE429F84EBC423E388964555BB\\
29D3BA53C7BF945E5FAC8F381706354C2
Parameters z1 = s * v(mod q) and z2 = -r * v(mod q) take the values:
z1 = 376991675009019385568410572935126561\\
08841345190491942619304532412743720999759
z1 = 0x5358F8FFB38F7C09ABC782A2DF2A\\
3927DA4077D07205F763682F3A76C9019B4F
z2 = 141719984273434721125159179695007657\\
6924665583897286211449993265333367109221
z2 = 0x3221B4FBBF6D101074EC14AFAC2D4F7\\
EFAC4CF9FEC1ED11BAE336D27D52766516
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The point C = z1*P + z2*Q has the coordinates:
x_C = 2970098091581795287437120498393825699\\
0422752107994319651632687982059210933395
x_C = 0x41AA28D2F1AB148280CD9ED56FED\\
A41974053554A42767B83AD043FD39DC0493
y[C] = 3284253527868466347709466532251708450\\
6804721032454543268132854556539274060910
y[C] = 0x489C375A9941A3049E33B34361DD\\
204172AD98C3E5916DE27695D22A61FAE46E
Then the parameter R = x_C(mod q) takes the value:
R = 2970098091581795287437120498393825699\\
0422752107994319651632687982059210933395
R = 0x41AA28D2F1AB148280CD9ED56FED\\
A41974053554A42767B83AD043FD39DC0493
Since the equality R = r holds, the digital signature is accepted.
APPENDIX C (for reference only) The bibliography
[1] ISO 2382-2-76 Data processing. Dictionary. Part 2. Arithmetic and
logic operations
[2] ISO/IEC 9796-91 Information technology. Secure methods. Digital
signature scheme with message recovering
[3] ISO/IEC 14888-1-98 Information technology. Secure methods.
Digital signatures and application. Part 1. General statements
[4] ISO/IEC 14888-2-99 Information technology. Secure methods.
Digital signatures and application. Part 2. Mechanisms on
authentication base
[5] ISO/IEC 14888-3-99 Information technology. Secure methods.
Digital signatures and application. Part 3. Mechanisms on certificate
base
[6] ISO/IEC 10118-1-94 Information technology. Secure methods. Hash
functions Part 1. General statements.
[7] ISO/IEC 10118-2-94 Information technology. Secure methods. Hash
functions Part 2. Hash functions using n-bit block encryption
algorithm
V.Dolmatov Expires December 17, 2009 [Page 18]
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[8] ISO/IEC 10118-3-98 Information technology. Secure methods. Hash
functions Part 3. Decimal hash functions
[9] ISO/IEC 10118-4-98 Information technology. Secure methods. Hash
functions Part 4. Hash functions using modular arithmetic
[10]Russian federal standard. Information technology. Cryptographic
data security. Electronic digital signature generation and
verification processes (in Russian)
Authors' Addresses
Vasily Dolmatov, Ed.
Cryptocom Ltd.
Bolotnikovskaya, 23
Moscow, 117303, Russian Federation
EMail: dol@cryptocom.ru
Dmitry Kabelev
Cryptocom Ltd.
Bolotnikovskaya, 23
Moscow, 117303, Russian Federation
EMail: kdb@cryptocom.ru
Igor Ustinov
Cryptocom Ltd.
Bolotnikovskaya, 23
Moscow, 117303, Russian Federation
EMail: igus@cryptocom.ru
Sergey Vyshensky
Moscow State University
Leninskie gory, 1
Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
EMail: svysh@pn.sinp.msu.ru
Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
Administrative Support Activity (IASA).