INTERNET-DRAFT                                    Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
                                                   Motorola Laboratories
Expires: December 2006                                         June 2006

                    Domain Name System (DNS) Cookies
                    ------ ---- ------ ----- -------
                 <draft-eastlake-dnsext-cookies-00.txt>


Status of This Document

   By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
   applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
   have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
   aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.

   This draft is intended to be become a Proposed Standard RFC.
   Distribution of this document is unlimited. Comments should be sent
   to the author or the DNSEXT working group mailing list
   <namedroppers@ops.ietf.org>.

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Abstract
   DNS cookies are a light-weight DNS transaction security mechanism.
   They provides limited protection to DNS servers and resolvers against
   a variety of increasingly common denial-of-service and cache
   poisoning attacks by off-path attackers.


Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).







D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 1]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


Table of Contents

      Status of This Document....................................1
      Abstract...................................................1
      Copyright Notice...........................................1

      Table of Contents..........................................2

      1. Introduction............................................3
      1.1 Contents of This Document..............................3
      1.2 Definitions............................................3
      2. Threats Considered......................................4
      2.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks..............................4
      2.1.1 DNS Server Denial-of-Service.........................4
      2.1.2 Selected Host Denial-of-Service......................5
      2.2 Cache Poisoning Attacks................................5
      3. Comments on Existing DNS Security.......................5
      4. The COOKIE RR...........................................6
      4.1 Resolver Cookies.......................................7
      4.2 Server Cookies.........................................7
      5. General Policies and Implementation.....................8
      5.1 Resolver Policies and Implementation...................8
      5.2 Server Policies and Implementation.....................9
      5.3 Implementation Requirements...........................10
      6. NAT and AnyCast Considerations.........................10
      7. IANA Considerations....................................12
      8. Security Considerations................................12
      9. Copyright and Disclaimer...............................13
      10. Normative References..................................13
      11. Informative References................................13

      Author's Address..........................................15
      Additional IPR Provisions.................................15
      Expiration and File Name..................................15


















D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 2]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


1. Introduction

   The Domain Name System (DNS) provides a replicated distributed
   database which stores "resource records" (RRs) under hierarchical
   domain names.  DNS data is structured into CLASSes and zones which
   can be independently maintained.  See [STD 13], [RFC 2181]
   familiarity with which is assumed.

   As with many core Internet protocols, DNS was designed at a time when
   the Internet had only a small pool of trusted users. As the Internet
   has exploded to a global information utility the DNS has increasingly
   been subject to abuse and been used as a vector for abuse.

   This document describes DNS cookies, a light-weight DNS transaction
   security mechanism. They provides limited protection to DNS servers
   and resolvers against a variety of increasingly common denial-of-
   service and cache poisoning attacks by off-path attackers.



1.1 Contents of This Document

   In Section 2, we discuss the threats against which DNS cookies
   provides some protection.

   Section 3 describes existing DNS security mechanisms and why they are
   not adequate subsitutes for DNS cookies.

   Section 4 describes the COOKIE RR including how recommendations for
   calculating Resolver and Server Cookies.

   Section 5 describes the processing of COOKIE RRs by resolvers and
   server and policies for such processing.

   Section 6 discusses some NAT and anycast related DNS Cookies design
   considerations.

   Sections 7 and 8 describe IANA and Security Considerations.



1.2 Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

   An "off-path attacker", for a particular DNS resolver and server, is
   defined as an attacker which cannot observe the legitimate plain text
   DNS requests and responses between that resolver and server.


D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 3]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


   "Soft state" indicates information learned or derived by a host which
   may be discarded when indicated by the policies of that host. For
   example, it could be discarded after a period of time or when storage
   for caching such data becomes full. If operations requiring that soft
   state continue after it has been discarded, it will be automatically
   re-generated, albeit at some cost.

   "Silently discarded" indicates that there are no DNS protocol message
   consequences; however, it is RECOMMENDED that appropriate debugging
   network management facilities be included in implementations, such as
   a counter of the occurrences of each type of such events.

   The term "IP address" is used herein in a length independent manner
   and refers interchangeably to IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.



2. Threats Considered

   DNS cookies are intended to provide significant but limited
   protection against certain denial-of-service and cache poisoning
   attacks by off-path attackers described below.



2.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks

   The normal form of the denial-of-service attacks considered herein is
   to send DNS requests to the attacked server with forged source IP
   addresses. The intent can be to attack the server or a selected host
   as described below.



2.1.1 DNS Server Denial-of-Service

   DNS requests that are accepted cause work on the part of DNS servers.
   This is particularly true for recursive servers which may issue one
   or more requests and process the responses thereto in order to
   determine their response to the initial query. And the situation is
   even worse for recursive servers implementing DNSSEC [RFC 4033], [RFC
   4034], [RFC 4035] because they may be induced to perform burdensome
   public key cryptographic computations in attempts to verify the
   authenticity of data they retrieve in trying to answer the request.

   While the burden cause by such requests is not dependent on a forged
   IP source address, the use of such addresses makes
   +  the source of the requests causing the denial-of-service requests
      to be harder to find and
   +  administrative restriction of the IP addresses from which such


D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 4]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


      requests should be honored harder to enforce.



2.1.2 Selected Host Denial-of-Service

   Request with a forged IP address causes a response to be sent to that
   forged IP address. Thus the forging of many such requests can,
   indirectly, result in enough traffic being sent to the forged IP
   address to interfere with service to the host at the IP address.
   Furthermore, it is generally easy in the DNS to create short requests
   that produce much longer responses. Thus a DNS server can be used as
   not only a way to obscure the true source of an attack but as a
   traffic amplifier to make the attack more effective.

   Use of DNS cookies severely limits the traffic amplification that can
   be obtained by attackers off path for the server and the attacked
   host. Enforced DNS cookies would make it hard for an off path
   attacker to cause any more than a brief error response to be send to
   a forged IP address.  Furthermore, DNS cookies make it more effective
   to implement a rate limiting scheme for bad DNS cookie error response
   from the server which would further restrict selected host denial-of-
   service traffic from that server.



2.2 Cache Poisoning Attacks

   The form of the cache poisoning attacks considered is to send forged
   replies to a resolver. Modern network speeds for well connected hosts
   are such that, by forging replies from the IP addresses of heavily
   used DNS servers and for popular names to a heavily used resolver,
   there can be an unacceptably high probability of randomly coming up
   with a reply that will be accepted and cause false DNS information to
   be cached by that resolver. This can be used to facilitate phishing
   attacks and other diversion of legitimate traffic to a compromised or
   malicious host such as a web server.



3. Comments on Existing DNS Security

   Two forms of security have been added to DNS:

   The first, called DNSSEC and described in [RFC 4033], [RFC 4034],
   [RFC 4035], provides data origin authentication and authenticated
   denial of existence. It is being deployed very slowly and, in any
   case, can make some denial-of-service attacks worse because of the
   high cryptographic computational load it can require and the
   increased size in DNS packets that it can produces.


D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 5]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


   The second form of security which has been added to DNS provides
   "transaction" security through TSIG [RFC 2845] or SIG(0) [RFC 2931].
   TSIG could provide near perfect protection against the attacks for
   which DNS cookies provide weak and incomplete protection; however,
   TSIG is hard to deploy in the general Internet because of the burden
   it imposes of pre-agreement and key distribution between pairs of
   resolvers and servers and because it requires time synchronization
   between resolver and server.

   TKEY [RFC 2930] can solve the problem of key distribution for TSIG
   but some modes of TKEY impose substantial cryptographic computations
   loads and can be dependent on the deployment of DNSSEC.

   SIG(0) provides less protection than TSIG or, in one way, even DNS
   cookies, because it does not authentication requests, only complete
   transactions.  In any case, it also depends on the deployment of
   DNSSEC and requires computationally burdensome public key
   cryptographic operations.

   Thus, none of the previous forms of DNS security are a suitable
   substitute for DNS cookies, which provide light weight transaction
   authentication of DNS requests and responses with no requirement for
   pre-configuration.



4. The COOKIE RR

   COOKIE is a meta-RR that can be included once in the Additional
   Information portion of DNS requests and responses.

   The RDATA portion of the COOKIE RR is 18 bytes long as shown below.

                         1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                   Resolver Cookie upper half                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                   Resolver Cookie lower half                  |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                    Server Cookie upper half                   |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                    Server Cookie lower half                   |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |           Error Code          |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The Resolver and Server Cookies are stored in network byte order and
   are determined as described below.



D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 6]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


   The Error Code field MUST BE zero in requests and in responses unless
   the response is communicating a DNS cookie related error. Three
   values are possible for Error Code: NOCOOKIE and BADCOOKIE which
   occur with a Refused RCODE in the DNS response header, and MANYCOOKIE
   which occurs with a FormErr RCODE in the DNS header. More information
   on the generation of error response appears in Section 5 below.



4.1 Resolver Cookies

   The Resolver Cookie, when it occurs in a COOKIE RR in a DNS response,
   is intended to weakly assure the resolver that the response came from
   a server at the indicated source IP address.

   Servers remember the Resolver Cookie that appears in a query long
   enough to use it in the construction of the COOKIE RR in the
   corresponding response if such a COOKIE RR is included in that
   response.

   The Resolver Cookie SHOULD be a pseudo-random function of the server
   IP address and a secret quantity known only to the resolver. This
   resolver secret SHOULD have 64 bits of entropy [RFC 4086] and MAY be
   changed periodically.  The RECOMMENDED method is the HMAC-MD5-64 [RFC
   1321], [RFC 2104] of the server IP address and the resolver secret.
   That is

      Resolver Cookie =
      Truncate-64 ( HMAC-MD5 ( Server IP, Resolver Secret ) )

   A resolver MUST NOT use the same Resolver Cookie value for queries to
   all servers.



4.2 Server Cookies

   The Server Cookie, when it occurs in a COOKIE RR in a query, is
   intended to weakly assure the server that the query legitimately came
   from a resolver at the indicated source IP address that is using the
   indicated Resolver Cooker.

   Resolvers learn Server Cookies and retain them as soft state
   associated with the server IP address. They learn them from the
   Server Cookie that appears in the COOKIE RR of a reply that also has
   the correct Resolver Cookie, even if that reply is an error message.

   The Server Cookie SHOULD be a pseudo-random function of the request
   source IP address, the request Resolver Cookie, and a secret quantity
   known only to the server. This server secret SHOULD have 64 bits of


D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 7]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


   entropy [RFC 4086] and SHOULD be changed periodically such as daily.
   The RECOMMENDED method is the HMAC-MD5-64 [RFC 1321], [RFC 2104] of
   the request IP address, the Resolver Cookie, and the server secret.
   That is

      Server Cookie = Truncate-64 (
      HMAC-MD5 ( (Request IP | Resolver Cookie), Server Secret ) )

   where "|" represents concatenation.  A server MUST NOT use the same
   Server Cookie value for responses to all requests.



5. General Policies and Implementation

   DNS resolvers and servers will adopt one of three policies regarding
   cookies. These policies SHOULD be logically settable on a per server
   IP address basis for resolvers and a per resolver IP address,
   Resolver Cookie pair for servers.  Thus a resolver can have different
   policies for different servers, based on the server IP address. And a
   server can have different policies for different resolvers, based on
   the resolver IP address and Resolver Cookie. Of course, the actual
   implementation of setting these policies may by for blocks of values
   or use sparse array techniques.

   The policy for each value is either "Disabled", "Enabled", or
   "Enforced" as described below.



5.1 Resolver Policies and Implementation

   Disabled:
      Never include a COOKIE RR in requests.
      Ignore COOKIE RRs in the Additional Information section of
         responses.

   Enabled:
      Always include a COOKIE RR in the Additional Information section
         of requests. If a cached Server Cookie for the server is not
         available, the Server Cookie field can be set to any value.
      Normally process responses without a COOKIE RR.
      Silently ignore responses with more than one COOKIE RR.
      Silently ignore responses with one COOKIE RR if that RR has an
         incorrect Resolver Cookie value.
      On receipt of a response with one COOKIE RR and that RR having the
         correct Resolver Cookie value (even if it is a BADCOOKIE error
         response), perform normal response processing, including
         caching the received Server Cookie and MUST change to the
         Enforced policy for DNS requests to that server IP address.


D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 8]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


         This policy change SHOULD be treated as soft state with the
         same discard policy as the Server Cookie value for that server.
         On discarding that state information, the policy for that
         server reverts to Enabled.

   Enforced:
      Always include a COOKIE RR in the Additional Information section
         of requests.
      Silently ignore all responses that do not include exactly one
         COOKIE RR with that RR having the correct Resolver Cookie
         value. Normally process responses which do include such a
         COOKIE RR.



5.2 Server Policies and Implementation

   Disabled:
      Ignore COOKIE RRs in requests.
      Never include a COOKIE RR in responses.

   Enabled:
      Normally process requests without a COOKIE RR.
      Ignore, other than sending a MANYCOOKIE error response, any
         request with more than one COOKIE RR.
      Ignore, other than sending a BADCOOKIE error response, any query
         with one COOKIE RR if that RR has an incorrect Server Cookie.
      On receipt of a request with a COOKIE RR having the correct Server
         Cookie value, perform normal request processing and SHOULD
         adopt the Enforced policy for DNS requests from that resolver
         IP address with the Resolver Cookie in the request. This policy
         change for that resolver SHOULD be treated as soft state. On
         discarding that state information, the policy for that resolver
         IP and Resolver Cookie pair reverts to enabled.
      Always include a COOKIE RR in responses.

   Enforced:
      Ignore requests without a COOKIE RR or with more than one COOKIE
         RR, other than sending a NOCOOKIE or MANYCOOKIE error message
         respectively.
      Ignore requests with one COOKIE RR if that RR has an incorrect
         Server Cookie, other than sending a BADCOOKIE error message.
      If a request has one COOKIE RR with a correct Server Cookie,
         perform normal processing of the request.
      Include a COOKIE RR in all responses.







D. Eastlake 3rd                                                 [Page 9]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


5.3 Implementation Requirements

   DNS resolvers and servers MUST implement DNS cookies.

   DNS resolvers SHOULD operate in and be shipped so as to default to
   the Enabled or Enforced mode for all servers.

   DNS servers SHOULD operate in and be shipped so as to default to the
   Enabled or Enforced mode for all resolvers they are willing to
   service.



6. NAT and AnyCast Considerations

   In the Classic Internet, DNS Cookies could simply be a pseudo-random
   function of the resolver IP address and a sever secret or the server
   IP address and a resolver secret. You would want to compute the
   Server Cookie that way, so a resolver could cache its Server Cookie
   for a particular server for an indefinitely amount of time and the
   server could easily regenerate and check it. You could consider the
   Resolver Cookie to be a resolver signature over the server IP address
   which the resolver checks in responses and you could extend this
   signature to cover the ID for example.

   But we have this wart called NAT [RFC 3022], Network Address
   Translation (including therein for the purposes of this document NAT-
   PT [RFC 2766], Network Address and Protocol Translation). There is no
   problem with DNS transactions between resolvers and servers behind a
   NAT box using local IP addresses. Nor is there a problem with NAT
   translation of internal addresses to external addresses or
   translations between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, as long as the address
   mapping is relatively stable. Should an internal resolver being
   mapped to a particular external IP address change occasionally, the
   disruption is no more than when a resolver rolls-over its DNS COOKIE
   secret. And normally external access to a DNS server behind a NAT box
   is handled by a fixed mapping which forwards externally received DNS
   requests to a specific host.

   However, NAT devices sometimes also map ports. This can cause
   multiple DNS requests and responses from multiple internal hosts to
   be simultaneously mapped to a smaller number of external IP
   addresses, frequently one.  There could be many resolvers behind a
   NAT box that appear to come from the same source IP address to a
   server outside that NAT box..  If one of these were an attacker
   (think Zombie or Botnet), that behind-NAT attacked could get the
   Server Cookie for some server for the outgoing IP address by just
   making some random request to that server. It could then include that
   Server Cookie in the COOKIE RR of requests to the server with the
   forged IP address of the local IP address of some other host and/or


D. Eastlake 3rd                                                [Page 10]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


   resolver behind the NAT box. (Attacker possession of this Server
   Cookie will not help in forging responses to cause cache poisoning as
   such responses are protected by the required Resolver Cookie.)

   To fix this potential defect, it is necessary to distinguish
   different resolvers behind a NAT box from the point of view of the
   server. It is for this reason that the Server Cookie is specified as
   a pseudo-random function of both the request source IP address and
   the Resolver Cookie.  From this inclusion of the Resolver Cookie in
   the calculation of the Server Cookie, it follows that a stable
   Resolver Cookie, for any particular server, is needed. If, for
   example, the request ID was included in the calculation of the
   Resolver Cookie, it would normally change with each query to a
   particular server.  This would mean that each query would have to be
   sent twice: first to learn the new Server Cookie based on this new
   Resolver Cookie based on the new ID and then again using this new
   Resolver Cookie to actually get an answer. Thus the input to the
   Resolver Cookie computation must be limited to the server IP address
   and one or more things that change slowly such as the resolver
   secret.

   In principle, there could be a similar problem for servers, not
   particularly due to NAT but due to mechanisms like anycast which may
   cause queries to a DNS server at an IP address to be delivered to any
   one of several machines. (External queries to a DNS server behind a
   NAT box usually occur via port forwarding such that all such queries
   go to one host.) However, it is impossible to solve this the way the
   similar problem was solved for NATed resolvers; if the Server Cookie
   was included in the calculation of the Resolver Cookie the same way
   the Resolver Cookie is included in the Server Cookie, you would just
   get an almost infinite series of BADCOOKIE errors as a query was
   repeatedly retried.

   For server accessed via anycast or similar mechanisms to successfully
   support DNS COOKIES, the server clones must either all use the same
   server secret or the mechanism that distributes queries to them must
   cause the queries from a particular resolver to go to a particular
   server for a sufficiently long period of time that extra queries due
   to changes in Server Cookie resulting from accessing different server
   machines are not unduly burdensome. Such anycast accessed servers are
   unlikely to be recursive servers or otherwise act as resolvers due to
   the confusion that would result in getting responses to their queries
   back to the right machine. If they are they must all use the same
   resolver secret.








D. Eastlake 3rd                                                [Page 11]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


7. IANA Considerations

   The meta-RRTYPE value for COOKIE is (TBD, 248 (0xF8) suggested).

   Three new RCODES are assigned values above 15:
      NOCOOKIE is assigned the value (TBD, 23 suggested).
      BADCOOKIE is assigned the value (TBD, 24 suggested).
      MANYCOOKIE is assigned the value (TBD, 25 suggested).



8. Security Considerations

   DNS Cookies provide a weak form of authentication of DNS requests and
   responses. In particular, they provide no protection at all against
   "on-path" adversaries; that is, they provide no protection against
   any adversary which can observe the plain text DNS traffic, such as
   an on-path router, bridge, or any device on an on-path shared link
   unless the DNS traffic in question on that link is appropriately
   encrypted.

   For example, if a host is connected via an unsecured IEEE 802.11 link
   (Wi-Fi), any device in the vicinity that could receive and decode the
   802.11 transmissions must be considered "on-path". On the other hand,
   in a similar situation but one where 802.11i security is
   appropriately deployed, of the Wi-Fi network nodes, only the Access
   Point via which the host is connecting is "on-path".

   Despite these limitations, use of DNS Cookies on the global Internet
   are expected to provide a significant reduction in the available
   launch points for the traffic amplification and denial of service
   attacks described in Section 2 above.

   The recommended cryptographic algorithm for use in DNS Cookies is
   HMAC-MD5-64, that is, the HMAC scheme [RFC 2104] using the MD5 hash
   function [RFC 1321] with its output truncated to 64-bits. Although
   MD5 is now considered to be susceptible to collisions attacks, this
   does not effect the security of HMAC-MD5.

   In light of the weak plain-text token security provided by DNS
   Cookies, stronger cryptography is probably not warranted.  However,
   there is nothing wrong with using, for example, HMAC-SHA256-64
   instead, assuming a DNS processor has adequate computational
   resources available. DNS processors that feel the need for somewhat
   stronger security without a significant increase in computational
   load should consider more frequent changes in their resolver and/or
   server secret; however, this does require more frequent generation of
   a cryptographically strong random number [RFC 4086] and a change in a
   server secret will result in a number of BADCOOKIE rejected requests
   from resolvers caching their old Server Cookie.


D. Eastlake 3rd                                                [Page 12]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


9. Copyright and Disclaimer

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
   contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
   retain all their rights.


   This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
   OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
   ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
   INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
   INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.



10. Normative References

   [RFC 1321] - Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC
   1321, April 1992.

   [RFC 2104] - Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
   Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.

   [RFC 2119] - Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
   Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC 2181] - Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS
   Specification", RFC 2181, July 1997.

   [RFC 4086] - Eastlake, D., 3rd, Schiller, J., and S.  Crocker,
   "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.

   [STD 13]
         Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD
         13, RFC 1034, November 1987.

         Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
         specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.



11. Informative References.

   [RFC 2845] - Vixie, P., Gudmundsson, O., Eastlake 3rd, D., and B.
   Wellington, "Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)",
   RFC 2845, May 2000.


D. Eastlake 3rd                                                [Page 13]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


   [RFC 2930] - Eastlake 3rd, D., "Secret Key Establishment for DNS
   (TKEY RR)", RFC 2930, September 2000.

   [RFC 2931] - Eastlake 3rd, D., "DNS Request and Transaction
   Signatures ( SIG(0)s )", RFC 2931, September 2000.

   [RFC 3022] - Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
   Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022, January 2001.

   [RFC 4033] - Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
   Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC 4033, March
   2005.

   [RFC 4034] - Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
   Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4034,
   March 2005.

   [RFC 4035] - Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
   Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC
   4035, March 2005.
































D. Eastlake 3rd                                                [Page 14]


INTERNET-DRAFT                                               DNS Cookies


Author's Address

   Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
   Motorola Laboratories
   155 Beaver Street
   Milford, MA 01757 USA

   Telephone:   +1-508-786-7554 (w)

   EMail:       Donald.Eastlake@motorola.com



Additional IPR Provisions

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   to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology
   described in this document or the extent to which any license
   under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it
   represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any
   such rights.  Information on the procedures with respect to
   rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
   assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
   attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
   of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
   specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository
   at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention
   any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other
   proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required
   to implement this standard.  Please address the information to the
   IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.



Expiration and File Name

   This draft expires in December 2006.

   Its file name is draft-eastlake-dnsext-cookies-00.txt








D. Eastlake 3rd                                                [Page 15]