TSVWG                                                       G. Fairhurst
Internet-Draft                                    University of Aberdeen
Intended status: Informational                              C.S. Perkins
Expires: March 29, 2018                            University of Glasgow
                                                      September 27, 2017

The Impact of Transport Header Encryption on Operation and Evolution of
                              the Internet
               draft-fairhurst-tsvwg-transport-encrypt-04

Abstract

   This document describes implications of applying end-to-end
   encryption at the transport layer.  It identifies some in-network
   uses of transport layer header information that can be used with a
   transport header integrity check.  It reviews the implication of
   developing encrypted end-to-end transport protocols and examines the
   implication of developing and deploying encrypted end-to-end
   transport protocols.  Since transport measurement and analysis of the
   impact of network characteristics have been important to the design
   of current transport protocols, it also considers some anticipated
   implications on transport and application evolution.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on March 29, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.









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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
     1.1.  Current uses of Transport Headers within the Network . . .  6
       1.1.1.  Observing Transport Information in the Network . . . .  7
         1.1.1.1.  Flow Identification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
         1.1.1.2.  Metrics derived from Transport Layer Headers . . .  7
         1.1.1.3.  Metrics derived from Network Layer Headers . . . . 10
       1.1.2.  Transport Measurement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
         1.1.2.1.  Point of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
         1.1.2.2.  Use by Operators to Plan and Provision Networks  . 13
         1.1.2.3.  Service Performance Measurement  . . . . . . . . . 13
         1.1.2.4.  Measuring Transport to Support Network Operations  13
       1.1.3.  Use for Network Diagnostics and Troubleshooting  . . . 15
       1.1.4.  Observing Headers to Implement Network Policy  . . . . 15
   2.  Encryption and Authentication of Transport Headers . . . . . . 15
     2.1.  Authenticating the Transport Protocol Header . . . . . . . 17
     2.2.  Encrypting the Transport Payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     2.3.  Encrypting the Transport Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     2.4.  Authenticating Transport Information and Selectively
           Encrypting the Transport Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
     2.5.  Adding Transport Information to Network-Layer Protocol
           Headers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   3.  Implications of Protecting the Transport Headers . . . . . . . 19
     3.1.  Independent Measurement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     3.2.  Characterising "Unknown" Network Traffic . . . . . . . . . 20
     3.3.  Accountability and Internet Transport Protocols  . . . . . 20
     3.4.  Impact on Research, Development and Deployment . . . . . . 21
   4.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
   5.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   7.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     7.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     7.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   Appendix A. Revision information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1.  Introduction

   This document discusses the implications of end-to-end encryption
   applied at the transport layer, and examines the impact on transport
   protocol design, usage, and network operations and management.  It
   also considers anticipated implications on transport and application
   evolution.

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   The transport layer provides the first end-to-end interactions across
   the Internet.  Transport protocols layer directly over the network-
   layer service and are sent in the payload of network-layer packets.
   They support end-to-end communication between applications, supported
   by higher-layer protocols, running on the end systems (or transport
   endpoint). This simple architectural view hides one of the core
   functions of the transport, however - to discover and adapt to the
   properties of the Internet path that is currently being used.  The
   design of Internet transport protocols is as much about trying to
   avoid the unwanted side effects of congestion on a flow and other
   capacity-sharing flows, avoiding congestion collapse, adapting to
   changes in the path characteristics, etc., as it is about end-to-end
   feature negotiation, flow control and optimising for performance of a
   specific application.

   To achieve stable Internet operations the IETF transport community
   has to date relied heavily on measurement and insights of the network
   operations community to understand the trade-offs, and to inform
   selection of select appropriate mechanisms, to ensure a safe,
   reliable and robust Internet.  In turn, the network operations
   community relies on being able to understand the traffic passing over
   the Internet, both in aggregate and at the flow level -- inspecting
   transport layer headers to help understand traffic dynamics.

   There are many motivations for deploying encrypted transports, and
   encryption of transport payloads.  The increasing public concerns
   about the interference with Internet traffic have led to a rapidly
   expanding deployment of encryption to protect end-user privacy, in
   protocols like QUIC. At the same time, network operators and access
   providers, especially in mobile networks, have come to rely on the
   in-network measurement of transport properties and the functionality
   provided by middleboxes to both support network operations and
   enhance performance.

   This document considers some implications of working with encrypted
   transport protocols, and discusses trade-offs around authentication,
   encryption of transport protocol headers.  It describes some of the
   architectural challenges and considerations in the way transport
   protocols are designed when using encryption [Measure].

   Encryption of the transport layer brings some well-known privacy and
   security benefits, but also introduces various costs that need to be
   considered.  Specifically, it can impact the following activities
   that rely on measurement and analysis of traffic flows:










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   o  Network Operations and Research: Observable transport headers
      enable operators and the research community to measure and analyse
      protocol performance, network anomalies, and failure pathologies.
      This information can help inform capacity planning, and assist in
      determining the need for equipment and/or configuration changes by
      network operators.  This data also can inform Internet engineering
      research, and help the develop of new protocols and procedures.
      Encryption of the entire transport protocol, including header
      information, will restrict the availability of data, and might
      lead to the development of alternative, and potentially more
      intrusive, methods to acquire the needed data.  Encrypting the
      transport payload, but leaving some, or all, of the transport
      headers unencrypted but authenticated can provide the majority of
      the privacy and security benefits while allowing some measurement.

   o  Network Troubleshooting and diagnostics: Encrypting transport
      header information eliminates the incentive for operators to
      troubleshoot what they cannot interpret.  A flow experiencing
      packet loss looks like an unaffected flow when only observing
      network layer headers (if transport sequence numbers and flow
      identifiers are obscured). This limits understanding of the impact
      of packet loss on the flows that share a network segment.
      Encrypted traffic therefore implies "don't touch", and a likely
      trouble-shooting response will be "can't help, no trouble found".
      The additional mechanisms that will need to be introduced to help
      reconstruct transport-level metrics add complexity and operational
      costs [I-D.mm-wg-effect-encrypt].

   o  Network Traffic Analysis: The use of encryption can make it harder
      to determine which transport protocols and features are being used
      across a network segment.  The trends in usage.  This could impact
      the ability for an operator to anticipate the need for network
      upgrades and roll-out.  It can also impact the on-going traffic
      engineering activities performed by operators.  While the impact
      may, in many cases, be small there are scenarios where operators
      directly support particular services (e.g., in radio links, or to
      troubleshoot issues realting to Quality of Service, QoS). The more
      complex the underlying infrastructure the more important this
      impact.















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   o  Open and Verifiable Network Data: The use of transport header
      encryption reduces the range of actors that can capture useful
      measurement data.  This is, of course, its goal.  Doing so,
      however, limits the information sources available to the Internet
      community to understand the operation of transport protocols, so
      preventing access to the information necessary to inform design
      decisions and standards for new protocols and related operational
      practices.  There are dangers in a model where only endpoints
      (i.e., at user devices and within service platforms) can observe
      performance, and this cannot be independently verified.  To ensure
      the health of the standards and research communities, we need
      independently captured data to develop on the behaviour of the
      transports.  Independently verifiable performance metrics might
      also important in order to demonstrate regulatory compliance in
      some jurisdictions.

   The last point leads us to consider the impact of encrypting all the
   transport headers the specification and development of protocols and
   standards.  It has potential impact on:

   o  Understanding Feature Interactions: An appropriate vantage point,
      coupled with timing information about traffic flows, provides a
      valuable tool for benchmarking equipment and/or configurations,
      and to understand complex feature interactions.  Transport header
      encryption limits the ability to diagnose and explore interactions
      between features at different protocol layers, a side-effect of
      not allowing a choice of vantage point from which this information
      is observed.

   o  Supporting Common Specifications: The Transmission Control Protocl
      (TCP) is the predominant transport protocol.  Its many variants
      have broadly consistent approaches to avoiding congestion
      collapse, and to ensuring the stability of the network.  Increased
      use of transport layer encryption can overcome ossification,
      allowing deployment of new transports with different types of
      congestion control.  This flexibility can be beneficial, but it
      comes at the cost of fragmenting the ecosystem.  There's little
      doubt that developers will try to produce high quality transports
      for their target uses, but it is not clear there are sufficient
      incentives to ensure good practice that benefits the wide
      diversity of requirements for the Internet community as a whole.
      Increased diversity, and the ability to innovate without public
      scrutiny, risks point solutions that optimise for specific needs,
      but accidentally disrupt operations of/in different parts of the
      network.  The social compact that maintains the stability of the
      network relies on accepting common specifications, and on the
      ability to verify that others also conform.







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   o  Operational practice: Published transport specifications allow
      operators to check compliance.  This can bring assurance to those
      operating networks, often avoiding the need to deploy complex
      techniques that routinely monitor and manage TCP/IP traffic flows
      (e.g.  Avoiding the capital and operational costs of deploying
      flow rate-limiting and network circuit-breaker methods). This
      should continue when encrypted transport headers are used, but
      methods need to confirm that the traffic produced conforms to the
      expectations of the operator or developer.

   o  Restricting research and development: The use of encryption may
      impede independent research into new mechanisms, measurement of
      behaviour, and development initiatives.  Experience shows that
      transport protocols are complicated to design and complex to
      deploy, and that individual mechanisms need to be evaluated while
      considering other mechanism, across a broad range of network
      topologies and with attention to the impact on traffic sharing the
      capacity.  Adopting pervasive encryption of transport information
      could eliminate the independent self-checks that have previously
      been in place from research and academic contributors (e.g., the
      role of the IRTF ICCRG, and research publications in reviewing new
      transport mechanisms and assessing the impact of their
      experimental deployment).

   Pervasive use of transport header encryption can impact the ways that
   protocols are designed, standardised, deployed, and operated.  The
   choice of whether future transport protocols encrypt their protocol
   headers therefore needs to be taken based not solely on security and
   privacy considerations, but also taking into account the impact on
   operations, standards, and research.  A network that is secure but
   unusable due to persistent congestion collapse is not an improvement,
   and while that would be an extreme outcome proposals that impose high
   costs for very limited benefits need to be considered carefully, to
   ensure the benefits outweigh the costs.

1.1.  Current uses of Transport Headers within the Network

   The transport layer is the first end-to-end layer in the network
   stack.  Despite headers having end-to-end meaning, some transport
   headers have come to be used in various ways within the Internet.  In
   response to pervasive monitoring [RFC7624] revelations and the IETF
   consensus that "Pervasive Monitoring is an Attack" [RFC7258], efforts
   are underway to increase encryption of Internet traffic, which would
   prevent visibility of transport headers.  This affects on how network
   protocols are designed and used [I-D.mm-wg-effect-encrypt].  To
   understand these implications, it is first necessary to understand
   how transport layer headers are currently observed and/or modified by
   middleboxes within the network.






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   Transport protocols can be designed to encrypt or authenticate
   transport header fields.  Authentication methods at the transport
   layer can be sued to detect any changes to an immutable header field
   that were made by a network device along a path.  The intentional
   modification of transport headers by middleboxes (such as Network
   Address Translation with Protocol Translation, NAT-PT, or Firewalls)
   is not considered.

1.1.1.  Observing Transport Information in the Network

   In-network observation of transport protocol headers requires
   knowledge of the format of the transport header:

   o  Flows need to be identified at the level required for monitoring;

   o  The protocol and version of the header need to be observable.  As
      protocols evolve over time and there may be a need to introduce
      new transport headers.  This may require interpretation of
      protocol version information or connection setup information;

   o  Location and syntax of any transport headers to be observed.  IETF
      transport protocols specify this information.

   The following subsections describe various ways that observable
   transport information may be utilised.

1.1.1.1.  Flow Identification

   Transport protocol header information can identify a flow and the
   connection state of the flow, together with the protocol options
   being used.  In some usages, a low-numbered (well-known ) port can
   identify a protocol (although port information alone is not
   sufficient to guarantee identification of a protocol).  Transport
   protocols, such as TCP and Stream Control Transport Protocol (SCTP)
   specify a standard base header that includes sequence number
   information and other data, with the possibility to negotiate
   additional headers at connection setup, identified by an option
   number in the transport header.  UDP-based protocols can use, but
   sometimes do not use, well-known ports.  Some can instead be
   identified by signalling protocols or through the use of magic
   numbers placed in the first byte(s) of the datagram payload.

1.1.1.2.  Metrics derived from Transport Layer Headers

   Some actors have a need to characterise the performance of link/
   network segments.  Passive monitoring uses observed traffic to makes
   inferences from transport headers to derive these measurements.  A
   variety of open source and commercial tools have been deployed that
   utilise this information.  The following metrics can be derived from
   transport header information:




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   Traffic Rate and Volume: Header infromation may allow derivation of
      volume measures per-application, to characterise the traffic that
      uses a network segment or the pattern of network usage.  This may
      be measured per endpoint or aggregate of endpoint (e.g., by an
      operator to assess subscriber usage). It can also be used to
      trigger measurement-based traffic shaping and to implement QoS
      support within the network and lower layers.  Volume measures can
      be valuable for capacity planning (providing detail of trends
      rather than the volume per subscriber).

   Loss Rate and Loss Pattern: Flow loss rate may be derived and is
      often used as a metric for performance assessment and to
      characterise transport behaviour.  Understanding the root cause of
      loss can help an operator determine whether this requires
      corrective action.

      There are various cause of loss, including: corruption on a link
      (e.g., interference on a radio link), buffer overflow (e.g., due
      to congestion), policing (traffic management), buffer management
      (e.g., Active Queue Management, AQM).  Understanding flow loss
      rate requires either maintaining per flow packet counters or by
      observing sequence numbers in transport headers.  Loss can be
      monitored at the interface level by devices in the network.  It is
      often important to understand the conditions under which packet
      loss occurs.  This usually requires relating loss to the traffic
      flowing on the network segment at the time of loss.

      Observation of transport feedback information (observing loss
      reports, e.g., RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), TCP SACK) can increase
      understanding of the impact of loss and help identify cases where
      loss may have been wrongly identified, or the transport did not
      require the lost packet.  It is sometimes more important to
      understand the pattern of loss, than the loss rate - since losses
      can often occur as bursts, rather than randomly-timed events.

   Throughput and Goodput: The throughput observed by a flow can be
      determined even when a flow is encrypted, providing the individual
      flow can be identified.  Goodput [RFC7928] is a measure of useful
      data exchanged (the ratio of useful/total volume of traffic sent
      by a flow), which requires ability to differentiate loss and
      retransmission of packets (e.g., by observing packet sequence
      numbers in the TCP or the Real Time Protocol, RTP, headers












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      [RFC3550]).

   Latency: Latency is a key performance metric that impacts application
      response time and user-perceived response time.  It often
      indirectly impacts throughput and flow completion time.  Latency
      determines the reaction time of the transport protocol itself,
      impacting flow setup, congestion control, loss recovery, and other
      transport mechanisms.  The observed latency can have many
      components [Latency].  Of these, unnecessary/unwanted queuing in
      network buffers has often been observed as a significant factor.
      Once the cause of unwanted latency has been identified, this can
      often be eliminated, and determining latency metrics is a key
      driver in the deployment of AQM [RFC7567], DiffServ [RFC2474], and
      Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) [RFC3168] [RFC8087].

      To measure latency across a part of the path, an observation point
      can measure the experienced round trip time (RTT) using packet
      sequence numbers, and acknowledgements, or by observing header
      timestamp information.  Such information allows an observation
      point in the network to determine not only the path RTT, but also
      to measure the upstream and downstream contribution to the RTT.
      This may be used to locate a source of latency, e.g., by observing
      cases where the ratio of median to minimum RTT is large for a part
      of a path.

      An example usage of this method could identify excessive buffers
      to help deploy or configure AQM [RFC7567] [RFC7928] to effectively
      eliminate unnecessary queuing in routers and other devices.  AQM
      methods need to be deployed at the capacity bottleneck, but are
      often deployed in combination with other techniques, such as
      scheduling [RFC7567] [I-D.ietf-aqm-fq-codel] and although
      parameter-less methods are desired [RFC7567], current methods [I-D
      .ietf-aqm-fq-codel] [I-D.ietf-aqm-codel] [I-D.ietf-aqm-pie] often
      cannot scale across all possible deployment scenarios.  The
      service offered by operators can therefore benefit from latency
      information to understand the impact of deployment and tune
      deployed services.

   Jitter: Some network applications are sensitive to changes in packet
      timing.  For such applications, it can be necessary to measure the
      jitter observed along a portion of the path.  The requirements to
      measure jitter resemble those for the measurement of latency.

   Flow Reordering: Significant flow reordering can impact time-critical
      applications and can be interpreted as loss by reliable
      transports.  Many transport protocol techniques are impacted by
      reordering (e.g., triggering TCP retransmission, or re-buffering








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      of real-time applications).  Packet reordering can occur for many
      reasons (from equipment design to misconfiguration of forwarding
      rules).

      As in the drive to reduce network latency, there is a need for
      operational tools to detect mis-ordered packet flows and quantify
      the degree or reordering.  Techniques for measuring reordering
      typically observe packet sequence numbers.  Metrics have been
      defined that evaluate whether a network has maintained packet
      order on a packet-by-packet basis [RFC4737] and [RFC5236].

      There has been initiatives in the IETF transport area to reduce
      the impact of reordering within a transport flow, possibly leading
      to reduced the requirements for ordering.  These have promise to
      simplify network equipment design as well as the potential to
      improve robustness of the transport service.  Measurements of
      reordering can help understand the level of reordering within
      deployed infrastructure, and inform decisions about how to
      progress such mechanisms.

   Some protocols provide in-built monitoring and reporting functions.
   Transport fields in the RTP header [RFC3550] [RFC4585] can be
   observed to derive traffic volume measurements and provide
   information on the progress and quality of a session using RTP.  Key
   performance indicators are retransmission rate, packet drop rate,
   sector utilization level, a measure of reordering, peak rate, the CE-
   marking rate, etc.  Metadata is often important to understand the
   context under which the data was collected, including the time,
   observation point, and way in which metrics were accumulated.  The
   RTCP protocol directly reports some of this information in a form
   that can be directly visible in the network.  A user of summary
   measurement data needs to trust the source of this data and the
   method used to generate the summary information.

   When encryption conceals information in packet headers, measurements
   need to rely on pattern inferences and other heuristics grows, and
   accuracy suffers [I-D.mm-wg-effect-encrypt].

1.1.1.3.  Metrics derived from Network Layer Headers

   Some transport information is made visible in the network-layer
   protocol header.  These header fields are not encrypted and can be
   used to make flow observations.

   Use of IPv6 Network-Layer Flow Label: Endpoints are encouraged expose
      flow information in the IPv6 Flow Label field of the network-layer
      header (e..g.  [RFC8085]). This can be used to inform network-
      layer queuing, forwarding (e.g., for equal cost multi-path (ECMP)
      routing, and Link Aggregation, LAG). This can provide useful
      information to assign packets to flows in the data collected by
      measurement campaigns.  Although important to characterising a
      path, it does not directly provide any performance data.



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   Use Network-Layer Differentiated Services Code Point Point: Applicati
      on can expose their delivery expectations to the network by
      setting the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) field of
      IPv4 and IPv6 packets.  This can be used to inform network-layer
      queuing and forwarding, and can also provide information on the
      relative importance of packet information collected by measurement
      campaigns, but does not directly provide any performance data.

      This field provides explicit information that can be used in place
      of inferring traffic requirements (e.g., by inferring QoS
      requirements from port information via a multi-field classifier).
      The DSCP value can therefore impact the quality of experience for
      a flow.  Observations of service performance need to consider this
      field when a network path has support for differentiated service
      treatment.

   Use of Explicit Congestion Marking: ECN[RFC3168] is an optional
      transport mechanism that uses a code point in the network-layer
      header.  Use of ECN can offer gains in terms of increased
      throughput, reduced delay, and other benefits when used over a
      path that includes equipment that supports an AQM method that
      performs Congestion Experienced (CE) marking of IP packets
      [RFC8087].

      ECN exposes the presence of congestion on a network path to the
      transport and network layer.  The reception of CE-marked packets
      can therefore be used to monitor the presence and estimate the
      level of incipient congestion on the upstream portion of the path
      from the point of observation (Section 2.5 of [RFC8087]). Because
      ECN marks carried in the IP protocol header, it is much easier to
      measure ECN than metering packet loss.  However, interpreting the
      marking behaviour (i.e., assessing congestion and diagnosing
      faults) requires context from the transport layer (path RTT,
      visibility of loss - that could be due to queue overflow,
      congestion response, etc) [RFC7567].

      Some ECN-capable network devices can provide richer (more frequent
      and fine-grained) indication of their congestion state.  Setting
      congestion marks proportional to the level of congestion (e.g.,
      Data Center TCP, DCTP [I-D.ietf-tcpm-dctcp], and Low Latency Low
      Loss Scalable throughput, L4S, [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-l4s-arch].

      Use of ECN requires feedback a transport to feed back reception
      information on the path towards the data sender.  Exposure of this
      Transport ECN feedback provides an additional powerful tool to
      understand ECN-enabled AQM-based networks [RFC8087].








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      AQM and ECN offer a range of algorithms and configuration options,
      it is therefore important for tools to be available to network
      operators and researchers to understand the implication of
      configuration choices and transport behaviour as use of ECN
      increases and new methods emerge [RFC7567] [RFC8087].  ECN-
      monitoring is expected to become important as AQM is deployed that
      supports ECN [RFC8087].

1.1.2.  Transport Measurement

   The common language between network operators and application/content
   providers/users is packet transfer performance at a layer that all
   can view and analyse.  For most packets, this has been transport
   layer, until the emergence of QUIC, with the obvious exception of
   VPNs and IPsec.  When encryption conceals more layers in a packet,
   people seeking understanding of the network operation need to rely
   more on pattern inferences and other heuristics.  The accuracy of
   measurements therefore suffers, as does the ability to investigate
   and troubleshoot interactions between different anomalies.  For
   example, the traffic patterns between a web server and a browser are
   dependent on browser supplier and version, even use of the
   application (e.g., web e-mail access). Even when measurement datasets
   are made available (e.g., from endpoints) additional metadata, such
   as the state of the network, is often required to interpret the data.
   Collecting and coordinating such metadata is more difficult when the
   observation point is at a different location to the bottleneck/device
   under evaluation.

   Packet sampling techniques can be used to scale the processing
   involved in observing packets on high rate links.  This exports only
   the packet header information of (randomly) selected packets.  The
   utility of these measurements depends on the type of bearer and
   number of mechanisms used by network devices.  Simple routers are
   relatively easy to manage, a device with more complexity demands
   understanding of the choice of many system parameters.  This level of
   complexity exists when several network methods are combined.

   This section discusses topics concerning observation of transport
   flows, with a focus on transport measurement.















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1.1.2.1.  Point of Measurement

   Often measurements can only be understood in the context of the other
   flows that share a bottleneck.  A simple example is monitoring of
   AQM. For example, FQ-CODEL [I-D.ietf-aqm-fq-codel], combines sub
   queues (statistically assigned per flow), management of the queue
   length (CODEL), flow-scheduling, and a starvation prevention
   mechanism.  Usually such algorithms are designed to be self-tuning,
   but current methods typically employ heuristics that can result in
   more loss under certain path conditions (e.g., large RTT, effects of
   multiple bottlenecks [RFC7567]).

   In-network measurements can distinguish between upstream and
   downstream metrics with respect to the measurement point.  These are
   particularly useful for locating the source of problems or to assess
   the performance of a network segment or a particular device
   configuration.

   By correlating observations at multiple points along the path (e.g.,
   at the ingress and egress of a network segment), an observer can
   determine the contribution of a portion of the path to an observed
   metric (to locate a source of delay, jitter, loss, reordering,
   congestion marking, etc.).

1.1.2.2.  Use by Operators to Plan and Provision Networks

   Traffic measurements (e.g., traffic volume, loss, latency) is used by
   operators to help plan deployment of new equipment and configurations
   in their networks.  Data is also important to equipment vendors who
   need to understand traffic trends traffic and patterns of usage as
   inputs to decisions about planning products and provisioning for new
   deployments.  This measurement information can also be correlated
   with billing information when this is also collected by an operator.

   A network operator supporting traffic that uses transport header
   encryption may not have access to per-flow measurement data.  Trends
   in aggregate traffic can be observed and can be related this to the
   endpoint addresses being used, but it may not be possible to
   correlate patterns in measurements with changes in transport
   protocols (e.g., the impact of changes in introducing a new transport
   protocol mechanism). This increases the dependency on other indirect
   sources of information to inform planning and provisioning.

1.1.2.3.  Service Performance Measurement

   Traffic measurements (e.g., traffic volume, loss, latency) can be
   used by various actors to help analyse the performance available to
   users of a network segment, and inform operational practice.  While
   active measurements may be used in-network passive measurements can
   have advantages in terms of eliminating unproductive traffic,
   reducing the influence of test traffic on the overall traffic mix,
   and the ability to choose the point of measurement Section 1.1.2.1.

1.1.2.4.  Measuring Transport to Support Network Operations

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   Information provided by tools observing transport headers can help
   determine whether mechanisms are needed in the network to prevent
   flows from acquiring excessive network capacity.  Operators can
   implement operational practices to manage traffic flows (e.g., to
   prevent flows from acquiring excessive network capacity under severe
   congestion) by deploying rate-limiters, traffic shaping or network
   transport circuit breakers [RFC8084].

   Congestion Control Compliance of Traffic: Congestion control is a key
      transport function.  Many network operators implicitly accept that
      TCP traffic to comply with a behaviour that is acceptable for use
      in the shared Internet.  TCP algorithms have been continuously
      improved over decades, and they have reached a level of efficiency
      and correctness that custom application-layer mechanisms will
      struggle to easily duplicate [RFC8085].

      A standards-compliant TCP stack provides congestion control may
      therefore be judged safe for use across the Internet.
      Applications developed on top of well-designed transports can be
      expected to appropriately control their network usage, reacting
      when the network experiences congestion, by back-off and reduce
      the load placed on the network.  This is the normal expected
      behaviour for TCP and SCTP.

      However when anomolies are detected, tools can interpret the
      transport protocol header information to help understand the
      impact of specific transport protocols (or protocol mechanisms) on
      the other traffic that shares a network.  An observation in the
      network can gain understanding of the dynamics of a flow and its
      congestion control behaviour.  Analysing observed packet sequence
      numbers can be used to help build confidence that an application
      flow backs-off its share of the network load in the face of
      persistent congestion, and hence to understand whether the
      behaviour is appropriate for sharing limited network capacity.
      For example, it is common to visualise plots of TCP sequence
      numbers versus time for a flow to understand how a flow shares
      available capacity, deduce its dynamics in response to congestion,
      etc.

   Congestion Control Compliance for UDP Traffic UDP provides a minimal
      message-passing transport that has no inherent congestion control
      mechanisms.  Because congestion control is critical to the stable
      operation of the Internet, applications and other protocols that
      choose to use UDP as an Internet transport are required to employ
      mechanisms to prevent congestion collapse, avoid unacceptable
      contributions to jitter/latency, and to establish an acceptable
      share of capacity with concurrent traffic [RFC8085].

      A network operator needs tools to understand if UDP flows comply
      with congestion control expectations and therefore whether there




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      is a need to deploy methods such as rate-limiters, transport
      circuit breakers or other methods to enforce acceptable usage for
      the offered service.

      UDP flows that expose a well-known header by specifying the format
      of header fields can allow information to be observed to gain
      understanding of the dynamics of a flow and its congestion control
      behaviour.  For example, tools exist to monitor various aspects of
      the RTP and RTCP header information of real-time flows (see
      Section 1.1.1.2.

1.1.3.  Use for Network Diagnostics and Troubleshooting

   Transport header information is useful for a variety of operational
   tasks [I-D.mm-wg-effect-encrypt]: to diagnose network problems,
   assess performance, capacity planning, management of denial of
   service threats, and responding to user performance questions.  These
   tasks seldom involve the need to determine the contents of the
   transport payload, or other application details.

   A network operator supporting traffic that uses transport header
   encryption can see only encrypted transport headers.  This prevents
   deployment of performance measurement tools that rely on transport
   protocol information.  Choosing to encrypt all information may be
   expected to reduce the ability for networks to "help" (e.g., in
   response to tracing issues, making appropriate Quality of Service,
   QoS, decisions). For some this will be blessing, for others it may be
   a curse.  For example, operational performance data about encrypted
   flows needs to be determined by traffic pattern analysis, rather than
   relying on traditional tools.  This can impact the ability of the
   operator to respond to faults, it could require reliance on endpoint
   diagnostic tools or user involvement in diagnosing and
   troubleshooting unusual use cases or non-trivial problems.  A key
   need here is that tools need to provide useful information during
   network anomalies (e.g., significant reordering, high or intermittent
   loss). Although many network operators utilise transport information
   as a part of their operational practice, the network will not break
   because transport headers are encrypted.

1.1.4.  Observing Headers to Implement Network Policy

   Information from the transport protocol can be used by a multi-field
   classifier as a part of policy framework.  Policies are commonly used
   for QoS management for resource-constrained networks and by firewalls
   that use the information to implement access rules.  Traffic that
   cannot be classified, will typically receive a default treatment.

2.  Encryption and Authentication of Transport Headers







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   End-to-end encryption can be applied at various protocol layers.  It
   can be applied above the transport to encrypt the transport payload.
   Encryption methods can hide information from an eavesdropper in the
   network.  Encryption can also help protect the privacy of a user, by
   hiding data relating to user/device identity or location.  Neither an
   integrity check nor encryption methods prevent traffic analysis, and
   usage needs to reflect that profiling of users, identification of
   location and fingerprinting of behaviour can take place even on
   encrypted traffic flows.

   One motive to use encryption is a response to perceptions that the
   network has become ossified by over-reliance on middleboxes that
   prevent new protocols and mechanisms from being deployed.  This has
   lead to a common perception that there is too much "manipulation" of
   protocol headers within the network, and that designing to deploy in
   such networks is preventing transport evolution.  In the light of
   this, a method that authenticates transport headers may help improve
   the pace of transport development, by eliminating the need to always
   consider deployed middleboxes [I-D.trammell-plus-abstract-mech], or
   potentially to only explicitly enable middlebox use for particular
   paths with particular middleboxes that are deliberately deployed to
   realise a useful function for the network and/or users[RFC3135].

   Another motivation stems from increased concerns about privacy and
   surveillance.  Some Internet users have valued the ability to protect
   identity, user location, and defend against traffic analysis, and
   have used methods such as IPsec ESP and Tor [Tor].  Revelations about
   the use of pervasive surveillance [RFC7624] have, to some extent,
   eroded trust in the service offered by network operators, and
   following the Snowden revelation in the USA in 2013 has led to an
   increased desire for people to employ encryption to avoid unwanted
   "eavesdropping" on their communications.  Whatever the reasons, there
   are now activities in the IETF to design new protocols that may
   include some form of transport header encryption (e.g., QUIC [I-D
   .ietf-quic-transport]).

   Authentication methods (that provide integrity checks of protocols
   fields) have also been specified at the network layer, and this also
   protects transport header fields.  The network layer itself carries
   protocol header fields that are increasingly used to help forwarding
   decisions reflect the need of transport protocols, such the IPv6 Flow
   Label [RFC6437], the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP)
   [RFC2474] and Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) [RFC3168].

   The use of transport layer authentication and encryption exposes a
   tussle between middlebox vendors, operators, applications developers
   and users.

   o  On the one hand, future Internet protocols that enable large-scale
      encryption assist in the restoration of the end-to-end nature of
      the Internet by returning complex processing to the endpoints,
      since middleboxes cannot modify what they cannot see.


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   o  On the other hand, encryption of transport layer header
      information has implications for people who are responsible for
      operating networks and researchers and analysts seeking to
      understand the dynamics of protocols and traffic patterns.

   Whatever the motives, a decision to use pervasive of transport header
   encryption will have implications on the way in which design and
   evaluation is performed, and which can in turn impact the direction
   of evolution of the TCP/IP stack.

   The next subsections briefly review some security design options for
   transport protocols.

2.1.  Authenticating the Transport Protocol Header

   Transport layer header information can be authenticated.  An
   integrity check that protects the immutable transport header fields,
   but can still expose the transport protocol header information in the
   clear, allowing in-network devices to observes these fields.  An
   integrity check can not prevent in-network modification, but can
   avoid a receiving accepting changes and avoid impact on the transport
   protocol operation.

   An example transport authentication mechanism is TCP-Authentication
   (TCP-AO) [RFC5925].  This TCP option authenticates TCP segments,
   including the IP pseudo header, TCP header, and TCP data.  TCP-AO
   protects the transport layer, preventing attacks from disabling the
   TCP connection itself.  TCP-AO may interact with middleboxes,
   depending on their behaviour [RFC3234].

   The IPsec Authentication Header (AH) [RFC4302] works at the network
   layer and authenticates the IP payload.  This therefore also
   authenticates all transport headers, and verifies their integrity at
   the receiver, preventing in-network modification.

2.2.  Encrypting the Transport Payload

   The transport layer payload can be encrypted to protect the content
   of transport segments.  This leaves transport protocol header
   information in the clear.  The integrity of immutable transport














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   header fields could be protected by combining this with an integrity
   check (Section 2.1).

   Examples of encrypting the payload include Transport Layer Security
   (TLS) over TCP [RFC5246] [RFC7525] or Datagram TLS (DTLS) over UDP
   [RFC6347] [RFC7525].

2.3.  Encrypting the Transport Header

   The network layer payload could be encrypted (including the entire
   transport header and payload). This method does not expose any
   transport information to devices in the network, which also prevents
   modification along the network path.

   The IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) [RFC4303] is an
   example of encryption at the network layer, it encrypts and
   authenticates all transport headers, preventing visibility of the
   headers by in-network devices.  Some Virtual Private Network (VPN)
   methods also encrypt these headers.

2.4.  Authenticating Transport Information and Selectively Encrypting
      the Transport Header

   A transport protocol design can encrypt selected header fields, while
   also choosing to authenticate fields in the transport header.  This
   allows specific transport header fields to be made observable by
   network devices.  End-to end integrity checks can prevent an endpoint
   from undetected modification of the immutable transport headers.

   The choice of which fields to expose and which to encrypt is a design
   choice for the transport protocol.  Any selective encryption method
   requires trading two conflicting goals for a transport protocol
   designer to decide which header fields to encrypt.  On the one hand,
   security work typically employs a design technique that seeks to
   expose only what is needed.  On the other hand, there may be
   performance and operational benefits in exposing selected information
   to network tools.

   Mutable fields in the transport header provide opportunities for
   middleboxes to modify the transport behaviour (e.g., the extended
   headers described in [I-D.trammell-plus-abstract-mech]). This
   considers only immutable fields in the transport headers, that is,
   fields that may be authenticated end-to-end across a path.

   An example of a method that encrypts some, but not all, transport
   information is GRE-in-UDP [RFC8086] when used with GRE encryption.

2.5.  Adding Transport Information to Network-Layer Protocol Headers







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   The transport information can be made visible in a network-layer
   header.  This has the advantage that this information can then be
   observed by in-network devices.  This has the advantage that a single
   header can support all transport protocols, but there may also be
   less desirable implications of separating the operation of the
   transport protocol from the measurement framework.

   Some measurements may be made by adding additional protocol headers
   carrying operations, administration and management (OAM) information
   to packets at the ingress to a maintenance domain (e.g., an Ethernet
   protocol header with timestamps and sequence number information using
   a method such as 802.11ag) and removing the additional header at the
   egress of the maintenance domain.  This approach enables some types
   of measurements, but does not cover the entire range of measurements
   described in this document.

   Another example of a network-layer approach is the IPv6 Performance
   and Diagnostic Metrics (PDM) Destination Option [I-D.ietf-ippm-6man-
   pdm-option].  This allows a sender to optionally include a
   destination option that caries header fields that can be used to
   observe timestamps and packet sequence numbers.  This information
   could be authenticated by receiving transport endpoints when the
   information is added at the sender and visible at the receiving
   endpoint, although methods to do this have not currently been
   proposed.  This method needs to be explicitly enabled at the sender.

   A drawback of using extension headers is that IPv4 network options
   are often not supported (or are carried on a slower processing path)
   and some IPv6 networks are also known to drop packets that set an
   IPv6 header extension.  Another disadvantage is that protocols that
   separately expose header information do not necessarily have an
   advantage to expose the information that is utilised by the protocol
   itself, and could manipulate this header information to gain an
   advantage from the network.

3.  Implications of Protecting the Transport Headers

   This section explores key implications of working with encrypted
   transport protocols.

3.1.  Independent Measurement

   Independent observation by multiple actors is important for
   scientific analysis.  Encrypting transport header encryption changes
   the ability for other actors to collect and independently analyse
   data.  Internet transport protocols employ a set of mechanisms.  Some








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   of these need to work in cooperation with the network layer - loss
   detection and recovery, congestion detection and congestion control,
   some of these need to work only end-to-end (e.g., parameter
   negotiation, flow-control).

   When encryption conceals information in the transport header, it
   could be possible for an applications to provide summary data on
   performance and usage of the network.  This data could be made
   available to other actors.  However, this data needs to contain
   sufficient detail to understand (and possibly reconstruct the network
   traffic pattern for further testing) and to be correlated with the
   configuration of the network paths being measured.  Sharing
   information between actors needs also to consider the privacy of the
   user and the incentives for providing accurate and detailed
   information.  Protocols that expose the state information used by the
   transport protocol in their header information (e.g., timestamps used
   to calculate the RTT, packet numbers used to asses congestion and
   requests for retransmission) provide an incentive for the sending
   endpoint to provide correct information, increasing confidence that
   the observer understands the transport interaction with the network.
   This becomes important when considering changes to transport
   protocols, changes in network infrastructure, or the emergence of new
   traffic patterns.

3.2.  Characterising "Unknown" Network Traffic

   The patterns and types of traffic that share Internet capacity
   changes with time as networked applications, usage patterns and
   protocols continue to evolve.

   If "unknown" or "uncharacterised" traffic patterns form a small part
   of the traffic aggregate passing through a network device or segment
   of the network the path, the dynamics of the uncharacterised traffic
   may not have a significant collateral impact on the performance of
   other traffic that shares this network segment.  Once the proportion
   of this traffic increases, the need to monitor the traffic and
   determine if appropriate safety measures need to be put in place.

   Tracking the impact of new mechanisms and protocols requires traffic
   volume to be measured and new transport behaviours to be identified.
   This is especially true of protocols operating over a UDP substrate.
   The level and style of encryption needs to be considered in
   determining how this activity is performed.  On a shorter timescale,
   information may also need to be collected to manage denial of service
   attacks against the infrastructure.

3.3.  Accountability and Internet Transport Protocols








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   Information provided by tools observing transport headers can help
   determine whether mechanisms are needed in the network to prevent
   flows from acquiring excessive network capacity, and where needed to
   deploy appropriate tools Section 1.1.2.4.  Obfuscating or hiding this
   information using encryption is expected to lead operators and
   maintainers of middleboxes (firewalls, etc.) to seek other methods to
   classify and mechanisms to condition network traffic.  A lack of data
   seems likely to reduce the level of precision with which these
   mechanisms are applied, and this needs to be considered when
   evaluating the impact of designs for transport encryption.

3.4.  Impact on Research, Development and Deployment

   Measurement data is increasingly being used to inform design
   decisions in networking research, during development of new
   mechanisms and protocols and in standardisation.  Measurement has a
   critical role in the design of transport protocol mechanisms and
   their acceptance by the wider community (e.g., as a method to judge
   the safety for Internet deployment). Observation of pathologies are
   also important in understanding the interactions between cooperating
   protocols and network mechanism, the implications of sharing capacity
   with other traffic and the impact of different patterns of usage.

   Attention needs to be paid to the expected scale of deployment of new
   protocols and protocol mechanisms.  Whatever the mechanism,
   experience has shown that it is often difficult to correctly
   implement combination of mechanisms [RFC8085].  These mechanisms
   therefore typically evolve as a protocol matures, or in response to
   changes in network conditions, changes in network traffic or changes
   to application usage.

   The growth and diversity of applications and protocols using the
   Internet continues to expand - and there has been recent interest in
   a wide range of new transport methods, e.g., Larger Initial Window,
   Proportional Rate Reduction (PRR), congestion control methods based
   on measuring bottleneck bandwidth and round-trip propagation time,
   the introduction of AQM techniques and new forms of ECN response
   (e.g., Data Centre TCP, DCTP [I-D.ietf-tcpm-dctcp], and methods
   proposed for Low Latency Low Loss Scalable throughput, L4S).  For
   each new method it is desirable to build a body of data reflecting
   its behaviour under a wide range of deployment scenarios, traffic
   load, and interactions with other deployed/candidate methods.

   Open standards motivate a desire for this evaluation to include
   independent observation and evaluation of performance data, which in
   turn suggests control over where and when measurement samples are
   collected.  This requires consideration of the appropriate balance
   between encrypting all and no transport information.

4.  Acknowledgements

   The author would like to thank all who have talked to him face-to-
   face or via email.  ...

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   This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020
   research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 688421.The
   opinions expressed and arguments employed reflect only the authors'
   view.  The European Commission is not responsible for any use that
   may be made of that information.

5.  Security Considerations

   This document is about design and deployment considerations for
   transport protocols.  Authentication, confidentiality protection, and
   integrity protection are identified as Transport Features by
   RFC8095".  As currently deployed in the Internet, these features are
   generally provided by a protocol or layer on top of the transport
   protocol; no current full-featured standards-track transport protocol
   provides these features on its own.  Therefore, these features are
   not considered in this document, with the exception of native
   authentication capabilities of TCP and SCTP for which the security
   considerations in RFC4895.

   Open data, and accessibility to tools that can help understand trends
   in application deployment, network traffic and usage patterns can all
   contribute to understanding security challenges.  Standard protocols
   and understanding of the interactions between mechanisms and traffic
   patterns can also provide valuable insight into appropriate security
   design.  Like congestion control mechanisms, security mechanisms are
   difficult to design and implement correctly.  It is hence recommended
   that applications employ well-known standard security mechanisms such
   as DTLS, TLS or IPsec, rather than inventing their own.

6.  IANA Considerations

   XX RFC ED - PLEASE REMOVE THIS SECTION XXX

   This memo includes no request to IANA.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc2119>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.dolson-plus-middlebox-benefits]
              Dolson, D., Snellman, J., Boucadair, M. and C. Jacquenet,
              "Beneficial Functions of Middleboxes", Internet-Draft
              draft-dolson-plus-middlebox-benefits-03, March 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-aqm-codel]


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              Nichols, K., Jacobson, V., McGregor, A. and J. Jana,
              "Controlled Delay Active Queue Management", Internet-Draft
              draft-ietf-aqm-codel-00, October 2014.

   [I-D.ietf-aqm-fq-codel]
              Hoeiland-Joergensen, T., McKenney, P., Taht, D., Gettys,
              J. and E. Dumazet, "FlowQueue-Codel", Internet-Draft
              draft-ietf-aqm-fq-codel-00, January 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-aqm-pie]
              Pan, R., Natarajan, P., Baker, F. and G. White, "PIE: A
              Lightweight Control Scheme To Address the Bufferbloat
              Problem", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-aqm-pie-00, October
              2014.

   [I-D.ietf-ippm-6man-pdm-option]
              Elkins, N., Hamilton, R. and m.  mackermann@bcbsm.com,
              "IPv6 Performance and Diagnostic Metrics (PDM) Destination
              Option", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-ippm-6man-pdm-
              option-10, May 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-quic-transport]
              Iyengar, J. and M. Thomson, "QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed
              and Secure Transport", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-quic-
              transport-03, May 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-tcpm-accurate-ecn]
              Briscoe, B., Kuehlewind, M. and R. Scheffenegger, "More
              Accurate ECN Feedback in TCP", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-
              tcpm-accurate-ecn-00, December 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-tcpm-dctcp]
              Bensley, S., Thaler, D., Balasubramanian, P., Eggert, L.
              and G. Judd, "Datacenter TCP (DCTCP): TCP Congestion
              Control for Datacenters", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tcpm-
              dctcp-06, May 2017.

   [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-l4s-arch]
              Briscoe, B., Schepper, K. and M. Bagnulo, "Low Latency,
              Low Loss, Scalable Throughput (L4S) Internet Service:
              Architecture", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-tsvwg-l4s-
              arch-00, May 2017.

   [I-D.mm-wg-effect-encrypt]
              Moriarty, K. and A. Morton, "Effect of Pervasive
              Encryption on Operators", Internet-Draft draft-mm-wg-
              effect-encrypt-11, April 2017.

   [I-D.trammell-plus-abstract-mech]
              Trammell, B., "Abstract Mechanisms for a Cooperative Path
              Layer under Endpoint Control", Internet-Draft draft-
              trammell-plus-abstract-mech-00, September 2016.

   [I-D.trammell-plus-statefulness]

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              Kuehlewind, M., Trammell, B. and J. Hildebrand,
              "Transport-Independent Path Layer State Management",
              Internet-Draft draft-trammell-plus-statefulness-02,
              December 2016.

   [Latency]  Briscoe, B., "Reducing Internet Latency: A Survey of
              Techniques and Their Merits", November 2014.

   [Measure]  Fairhurst, G., Kuehlewind, M. and D. Lopez, "Measurement-
              based Protocol Design", June 2017.

   [RFC2474]  Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F. and D. Black,
              "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
              Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474, DOI
              10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998, <http://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc2474>.

   [RFC3135]  Border, J., Kojo, M., Griner, J., Montenegro, G. and Z.
              Shelby, "Performance Enhancing Proxies Intended to
              Mitigate Link-Related Degradations", RFC 3135, DOI
              10.17487/RFC3135, June 2001, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/
              info/rfc3135>.

   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S. and D. Black, "The Addition of
              Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP", RFC 3168,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001, <http://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc3168>.

   [RFC3234]  Carpenter, B. and S. Brim, "Middleboxes: Taxonomy and
              Issues", RFC 3234, DOI 10.17487/RFC3234, February 2002,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3234>.

   [RFC3449]  Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V., Fairhurst, G. and M.
              Sooriyabandara, "TCP Performance Implications of Network
              Path Asymmetry", BCP 69, RFC 3449, DOI 10.17487/RFC3449,
              December 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3449>.

   [RFC3550]  Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V.
              Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
              Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
              July 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.

   [RFC3819]  Karn, P., Ed., Bormann, C., Fairhurst, G., Grossman, D.,
              Ludwig, R., Mahdavi, J., Montenegro, G., Touch, J. and L.
              Wood, "Advice for Internet Subnetwork Designers", BCP 89,
              RFC 3819, DOI 10.17487/RFC3819, July 2004, <http://www
              .rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3819>.

   [RFC4301]  Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
              December 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.




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   [RFC4302]  Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302, DOI
              10.17487/RFC4302, December 2005, <http://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc4302>.

   [RFC4303]  Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC
              4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005, <http://www
              .rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4303>.

   [RFC4585]  Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C. and J. Rey,
              "Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
              Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585, DOI
              10.17487/RFC4585, July 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/
              info/rfc4585>.

   [RFC4737]  Morton, A., Ciavattone, L., Ramachandran, G., Shalunov, S.
              and J. Perser, "Packet Reordering Metrics", RFC 4737, DOI
              10.17487/RFC4737, November 2006, <http://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc4737>.

   [RFC5236]  Jayasumana, A., Piratla, N., Banka, T., Bare, A. and R.
              Whitner, "Improved Packet Reordering Metrics", RFC 5236,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5236, June 2008, <http://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc5236>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC5246, August 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc5246>.

   [RFC5559]  Eardley, P., Ed., "Pre-Congestion Notification (PCN)
              Architecture", RFC 5559, DOI 10.17487/RFC5559, June 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5559>.

   [RFC5925]  Touch, J., Mankin, A. and R. Bonica, "The TCP
              Authentication Option", RFC 5925, DOI 10.17487/RFC5925,
              June 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5925>.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
              January 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.

   [RFC6437]  Amante, S., Carpenter, B., Jiang, S. and J. Rajahalme,
              "IPv6 Flow Label Specification", RFC 6437, DOI 10.17487/
              RFC6437, November 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/
              rfc6437>.

   [RFC6679]  Westerlund, M., Johansson, I., Perkins, C., O'Hanlon, P.
              and K. Carlberg, "Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
              for RTP over UDP", RFC 6679, DOI 10.17487/RFC6679, August
              2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6679>.




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   [RFC7258]  Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an
              Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May
              2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.

   [RFC7525]  Sheffer, Y., Holz, R. and P. Saint-Andre, "Recommendations
              for Secure Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) and
              Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC
              7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May 2015, <http://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc7525>.

   [RFC7567]  Baker, F.Ed.,  and G. Fairhurst, Ed., "IETF
              Recommendations Regarding Active Queue Management", BCP
              197, RFC 7567, DOI 10.17487/RFC7567, July 2015, <http://
              www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7567>.

   [RFC7624]  Barnes, R., Schneier, B., Jennings, C., Hardie, T.,
              Trammell, B., Huitema, C. and D. Borkmann,
              "Confidentiality in the Face of Pervasive Surveillance: A
              Threat Model and Problem Statement", RFC 7624, DOI
              10.17487/RFC7624, August 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/
              info/rfc7624>.

   [RFC7713]  Mathis, M. and B. Briscoe, "Congestion Exposure (ConEx)
              Concepts, Abstract Mechanism, and Requirements", RFC 7713,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7713, December 2015, <http://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc7713>.

   [RFC7928]  Kuhn, N., Ed., Natarajan, P., Ed., Khademi, N.Ed.,  and D.
              Ros, "Characterization Guidelines for Active Queue
              Management (AQM)", RFC 7928, DOI 10.17487/RFC7928, July
              2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7928>.

   [RFC8084]  Fairhurst, G., "Network Transport Circuit Breakers", BCP
              208, RFC 8084, DOI 10.17487/RFC8084, March 2017, <http://
              www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8084>.

   [RFC8085]  Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G. and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage
              Guidelines", BCP 145, RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085,
              March 2017, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8085>.

   [RFC8086]  Yong, L., Ed., Crabbe, E., Xu, X. and T. Herbert, "GRE-in-
              UDP Encapsulation", RFC 8086, DOI 10.17487/RFC8086, March
              2017, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8086>.

   [RFC8087]  Fairhurst, G. and M. Welzl, "The Benefits of Using
              Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)", RFC 8087, DOI
              10.17487/RFC8087, March 2017, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/
              info/rfc8087>.

   [Tor]      The Tor Project,  ., "https://www.torproject.org", June
              2017.

Appendix A.  Revision information

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   -00 This is an individual draft for the IETF community.

   -01 This draft was a result of walking away from the text for a few
   days and then reorganising the content.

   -02 This draft fixes textual errors.

   -03 This draft follows feedback from people reading this draft.

   -04 This adds an additional contributore and includes significant
   reworking to ready this for review by the wider IETF community Colin
   Perkins joined the author list.

   Comments from the community are welcome on the text and
   recommendations.

Authors' Addresses

   Godred Fairhurst
   University of Aberdeen
   Department of Engineering
   Fraser Noble Building
   Aberdeen, AB24 3UE
   Scotland

   Email: gorry@erg.abdn.ac.uk
   URI:   http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/


   Colin Perkins
   University of Glasgow
   School of Computing Science
   Glasgow, G12 8QQ
   Scotland

   Email: csp@csperkins.org
   URI:   https://csperkins.org//
















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