MILE Working Group                                              J. Field
Internet-Draft                                                       EMC
Intended status: Informational                         February 15, 2013
Expires: August 19, 2013


            Resource-Oriented Lightweight Indicator Exchange
                     draft-field-mile-rolie-01.txt

Abstract

   This document defines a resource-oriented approach to cyber security
   information sharing.  Using this approach, a CSIRT or other
   stakeholder may share and exchange representations of cyber security
   incidents, indicators, and other related information as Web-
   addressable resources.  The transport protocol binding is specified
   as HTTP(S) with a MIME media type of Atom+XML.  An appropriate set of
   link relation types specific to cyber security information sharing is
   defined.  The resource representations leverage the existing IODEF
   [RFC5070] and RID [RFC6545] specifications as appropriate.
   Coexistence with deployments that conform to existing specifications
   including RID [RFC6545] and Transport of Real-time Inter-network
   Defense (RID) Messages over HTTP/TLS [RFC6546] is supported via
   appropriate use of HTTP status codes.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on August 19, 2013.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal



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   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Background and Motivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     3.1.  Message-oriented versus Resource-oriented Architecture . .  5
       3.1.1.  Message-oriented Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
       3.1.2.  Resource-Oriented Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.2.  Authentication of Users  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.3.  Authorization Policy Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.3.1.  Enforcement at Destination System  . . . . . . . . . .  8
       3.3.2.  Enforcement at Source System . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   4.  RESTful Usage Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.1.  Dynamic Service Discovery versus Static URL Template . . . 10
     4.2.  Non-Normative Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.2.1.  Service Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       4.2.2.  Feed Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       4.2.3.  Entry Retrieval  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
       4.2.4.  Use of Link Relations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
   5.  Requirements for RESTful (Atom+xml) Binding  . . . . . . . . . 30
     5.1.  Transport Layer Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     5.2.  User Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
     5.3.  User Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     5.4.  Content Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
     5.5.  HTTP methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     5.6.  Service Discovery  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       5.6.1.  Workspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
       5.6.2.  Collections  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       5.6.3.  Service Document Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     5.7.  Category Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       5.7.1.  Collection Category  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
       5.7.2.  Entry Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     5.8.  Entry ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     5.9.  Entry Content  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     5.10. Link Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
       5.10.1. Additional Link Relation Requirements  . . . . . . . . 36
     5.11. Member Entry Forward Security  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     5.12. Date Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37



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     5.13. Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
     5.14. / (forward slash) Resource URL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
   6.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
   7.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
   8.  ToDo and Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
   9.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
     10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
   Appendix A.  Change Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
   Appendix B.  Resource Authorization Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
     B.1.  Example XACML Profile  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
   Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45






































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1.  Introduction

   This document defines a resource-oriented approach to cyber security
   information sharing that follows the REST [REST] architectural style.
   The resource representations leverage the existing IODEF [RFC5070]
   and RID [RFC6545] specifications as appropriate.  The transport
   protocol binding is specified as HTTP(S) with a media type of Atom+
   XML.  An appropriate set of link relation types specific to cyber
   security information sharing is defined.  Using this approach, a
   CSIRT or other stakeholder may exchange cyber security incident
   and/or indicator information as Web-addressable resources.

   The goal of this specification is to define a loosely-coupled, agile
   approach to cyber security situational awareness.  This approach has
   architectural advantages for some use case scenarios, such as when a
   CSIRT or other stakeholder is required to share cyber security
   information broadly (e.g., at internet scale), or when an information
   sharing consortium requires support for asymmetric interactions
   amongst their stakeholders.

   Coexistence with deployments that conform to existing specifications
   including RID [RFC6545] and Transport of Real-time Inter-network
   Defense (RID) Messages over HTTP/TLS [RFC6546] is supported via
   appropriate use of HTTP status codes.


2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST," "MUST NOT," "REQUIRED," "SHALL," "SHALL NOT,"
   "SHOULD," "SHOULD NOT," "RECOMMENDED," "MAY," and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
   Definitions for some of the common computer security-related
   terminology used in this document can be found in Section 2 of
   [RFC5070].


3.  Background and Motivation

   It is well known that Internet security threats are evolving ever
   more rapidly, and are becoming ever more sophisticated than before.
   The threat actors are frequently distributed and are not constrained
   to operating within a fixed, closed consortium.  The technical skills
   needed to perform effective analysis of a security incident, or to
   even recognize an indicator of compromise are already specialized and
   relatively scarce.  As threats continue to evolve, even an
   established network of CSIRT may find that it does not always have
   all of the skills and knowledge required to immediately identify and
   respond to every new incident.  Effective identification of and



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   response to a sophisticated, multi-stage attack frequently depends
   upon cooperation and collaboration, not only amongst the defending
   CSIRTs, but also amongst other stakeholders, including, potentially,
   individual end users.

   Existing approaches to cyber security information sharing are based
   upon message exchange patterns that are point-to-point, and event-
   driven.  Sometimes, information that may be useful to, and sharable
   with multiple peers is only made available to peers after they have
   specifically requested it.  Unfortunately, a sharing peer may not
   know, a priori, what information to request from another peer.
   Sending unsolicited RID reports does provide a mechanism for
   alerting, however these reports are again sent point-to-point, and
   must be reviewed for relevance and then prioritized for action by the
   recipient.  Thus, distribution of some relevant incident and
   indicator information may exhibit significant latency.

   In order to appropriately combat the evolving threats, the defending
   CSIRTs should be enabled to operate in a more agile manner, sharing
   selected cyber security information proactively, if and as
   appropriate.

   For example, a CSIRT analyst would benefit by having the ability to
   search a comprehensive collection of indicators that has been
   published by a government agency, or by another member of a sharing
   consortium.  The representation of each indicator may include links
   to the related resources, enabling an appropriately authenticated and
   authorized analyst to freely navigate the information space of
   indicators, incidents, and other cyber security domain concepts, as
   needed.  In general, a more Web-centric sharing approach will enable
   a more dynamic and agile collaboration amongst a broader, and varying
   constituency.

   The following sections discuss additional specific technical issues
   that motivate the development of an alternative approach.

3.1.  Message-oriented versus Resource-oriented Architecture

   The existing approaches to cyber security information sharing are
   based upon message-oriented interactions.  The following paragraphs
   explore some of the architectural constraints associated with
   message-oriented interactions and consider the relative merits of an
   alternative model based on a Resource-oriented architecture for use
   in some use case scenarios.







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3.1.1.  Message-oriented Architecture

   In general, message-based integration architectures may be based upon
   either an RPC-style or a document-style binding.  The message types
   defined by RID represent an example of an RPC-style request.  This
   approach imposes implied requirements for conversational state
   management on both of the communicating RID endpoint(s).  Experience
   has shown that this state management frequently becomes the limiting
   factor with respect to the runtime scalability of an RPC-style
   architecture.

   In addition, the practical scalability of a peer-to-peer message-
   based approach will be limited by the administrative procedures
   required to manage O(N^2) trust relationships and at least O(N)
   policy groups.

   As long as the number of CSIRTs participating in an information
   sharing consortium is limited to a relatively smaller number of nodes
   (i.e., O(2^N), where N < 5), these scalability constraints may not
   represent a critical concern.  However, when there is a requirement
   to support a significantly larger number of participating peers, a
   different architectural approach will be required.  One alternative
   to the message-based approach that has demonstrated scalability is
   the REST [REST] architectural style.

3.1.2.  Resource-Oriented Architecture

   Applying the REST architectural style to the problem domain of cyber
   security information sharing would take the approach of exposing
   incidents, indicators, and any other relevant types as simple Web-
   addressable resources.  By using this approach, a CSIRT or other
   organization can more quickly and easily share relevant incident and
   indicator information with a much larger and potentially more diverse
   constituency.  A client may leverage virtually any available HTTP
   user agent in order to make requests of the service provider.  This
   improved ease of use could enable more rapid adoption and broader
   participation, thereby improving security for everyone.

   A key interoperability aspect of any RESTful Web service will be the
   choices regarding the available resource representations.  For
   example, clients may request that a given resource representation be
   returned as either XML or JSON.  In order to enable back-
   compatibility and interoperability with existing CSIRT
   implementations, IODEF [RFC5070] is specified for this transport
   binding as a mandatory to implement (MTI) data representation for
   incident and indicator resources.  In addition to the REQUIRED
   representation, an implementation MAY support additional
   representations if and as needed such as IODEF extensions, the RID



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   schema, or other schemas.  For example, an implementation may choose
   to provide support for returning a JSON representation of an incident
   resource.

   Finally, an important principle of the REST architectural style is
   the use of hypertext links as the embodiment of application state
   (HATEOAS).  Rather than the server maintaining conversational state
   for each client context, the server will instead include a suitable
   set of hyperlinks in the resource representation that is returned to
   the client.  In this way, the server remains stateless with respect
   to a series of client requests.  The included hyperlinks provide the
   client with a specific set of permitted state transitions.  Using
   these links the client may perform an operation, such as updating or
   deleting the resource representation.  The client may also be
   provided with hypertext links that can be used to navigate to any
   related resource.  For example, the resource representation for an
   incident object may contain links to the related indicator
   resource(s).

   This document specifies the use of Atom Syndication Format [RFC4287]
   and Atom Publishing Protocol [RFC5023] as the mechanism for
   representing the required hypertext links.

3.1.2.1.  A Resource-Oriented Use Case: "Mashup"

   In this section we consider a non-normative example use case scenario
   for creating a cyber security "mashup".

   Any CSIRT can enable any authenticated and authorized client that is
   a member of the sharing community to quickly and easily navigate
   through any of the cyber security information that that provider is
   willing to share.  An authenticated and authorized analyst may then
   make HTTP(S) requests to collect incident and indicator information
   known at one CSIRT with threat actor data being made available from
   another CSIRT.  The resulting correlations may yield new insights
   that enable a more timely and effective defensive response.  Of
   course, this report may, in turn, be made available to others as a
   new Web-addressable resource, reachable via another URL.  By
   employing the RESTful Web service approach the effectiveness of the
   collaboration amongst a consortium of CSIRTs and their stakeholders
   can be greatly improved.

3.2.  Authentication of Users

   In the store-and-forward, message-based model for information sharing
   client authentication is provided via a Public Key Infrastructure
   (PKI) -based trust and mutually authenticated TLS between the
   messaging system endpoints.  There is no provision to support



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   authentication of a client by another means.  As a result,
   participation in the sharing community is limited to those
   organizations that have sufficient resources and capabilities to
   manage a PKI.

   A CSIRT may apply XML Security to the content of a message, however
   the contact information provided within the message body represents a
   self-asserted identity, and there is no guarantee that the contact
   information will be recognized by the peer.  As a result, the audit
   trail and the granularity of any authorization policies is limited to
   the identity of the peer CSIRT organization.

   A CSIRT implementing this specification MUST implement server-
   authenticated TLS.  The CSIRT may choose to authenticate its client
   users via any suitable authentication scheme that can be implemented
   via HTTP(S).  A participating CSIRT MAY choose to support more than
   one authentication method.  Support for use of a Federated Identity
   approach is RECOMMENDED.  Establishing a specific end user identity
   prior to processing a request is RECOMMENDED.  Doing so will enable
   the source system to maintain a more complete audit trail of exactly
   what cyber security incident and indicator information has been
   shared, when, and with whom.

3.3.  Authorization Policy Enforcement

   A key aspect of any cyber security information sharing arrangement is
   assigning the responsibility for authorization policy enforcement.
   The authorization policy must be enforced either at the destination
   system, or the source system, or both.  The following sections
   discuss these alternatives in greater detail.

3.3.1.  Enforcement at Destination System

   The store-and-forward, message-based approach to cyber security
   information sharing requires that the origin system delegate
   authorization policy enforcement to the destination system.  The
   origin system may leverage XML Encryption and DigitalSignature to
   protect the message content.  In addition, the origin system assigns
   a number of policy-related attribute values, including a
   "restriction" attribute, before the message is sent.  These labels
   indicate the sender's expectation for confidentiality enforcement and
   appropriate handling at the destination.  Section 9.1 of RFC6545
   provides specific guidance to implementers on use of the XML security
   standards in order to achieve the required levels of security for the
   exchange of incident information.

   Once the message has been received at the destination system, the XML
   encryption and digital signature protections on the message will be



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   processed, and based upon the pre-established PKI-based trust
   relationships, the message content is validated and decrypted.
   Typical implementations will then pass the cleartext data to an
   internal Incident Handling System (IHS) for further review and/or
   action by a human operator or analyst.  Regardless of where in the
   deployment architecture the XML message-level security is being
   handled, eventually the message content will be made available as
   cleartext for handling by human systems analysts and other
   operational staff.

   The authorization policy enforcement of the message contents must
   then be provided by the destination IHS.  It is the responsibility of
   the destination system to honor the intent of the policy restriction
   labels assigned by the origin system.  Ideally, these policy labels
   would serve as part of a distributed Mandatory Access Control scheme.
   However, in practice a typical IHS will employ a Discretionary Access
   Control (DAC) model rather than a MAC model and so the policy related
   attributes are defined to represent handling "hints" and provide no
   guarantee of enforcement at the destination.

   As a result, ensuring that the destination system or counterparty
   will in fact correctly enforce the intended authorization policies
   becomes a key issue when entering into any information sharing
   agreements.  The origin CSIRT must accept a non-zero risk of
   information leakage, and therefore must rely upon legal recourse as a
   compensating control.  Establishing such legal sharing agreements can
   be a slow and difficult process, as it assumes a high level of trust
   in the peer, with respect to both intent and also technical
   capabilities.

3.3.2.  Enforcement at Source System

   In this model, the required authorization policy enforcements are
   implemented entirely within the source system.  Enforcing the
   required authorization policy controls at the source system
   eliminates the risk of subsequent information leakage at the
   destination system due to inadequate or incomplete implementation of
   the expected controls.  The destination system is not expected to
   perform any additional authorization enforcements.  Authorization
   enforcement at the source system may be based on, e.g.  Role-based
   Access Controls applied in the context of an established user
   identity.  The source system may use any appropriate authentication
   mechanism in order to determine the user identity of the requestor,
   including, e.g. federated identity.  An analyst or operator at a
   CSIRT may request specific information on a given incident or
   indicator from a peer CSIRT, and the source system will return a
   suitable representation of that resource based upon the specific role
   of the requestor.  A different authenticated user (perhaps from the



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   same destination CSIRT) may receive a different representation of the
   same resource, based upon the source system applying suitable Role-
   based Access Control policy enforcements for the second user
   identity.

   Consistent with HTTP [RFC2616] a user's request MAY be denied with a
   resulting HTTP status code value of 4xx such as 401 Unauthorized, 403
   Forbidden, or 404 Not Found, or 405 Method Not Allowed, if and as
   appropriate.


4.  RESTful Usage Model

   This section describes the basic use of Atom Syndication Format
   [RFC4287] and Atom Publishing Protocol [RFC5023] as a RESTful
   transport binding and dynamic discovery protocol, respectively, for
   cyber security information sharing.

   As described in Atom Publishing Protocol [RFC5023], an Atom Service
   Document is an XML-based document format that allows a client to
   dynamically discover the collections provided by a publisher.

   As described in Atom Syndication Format [RFC4287], Atom is an XML-
   based document format that describes lists of related information
   items known as collections, or "feeds".  Each feed document contains
   a collection of zero or more related information items called "member
   entries" or "entries".

   When applied to the problem domain of cyber security information
   sharing, an Atom feed may be used to represent any meaningful
   collection of information resources such as a set of incidents, or
   indicators.  Each entry in a feed could then represent an individual
   incident, or indicator, or some other resource, as appropriate.
   Additional feeds could be used to represent other meaningful and
   useful collections of cyber security resources.  A feed may be
   categorized, and any feed may contain information from zero or more
   categories.  The naming scheme and the semantic meaning of the terms
   used to identify an Atom category are application-defined.

4.1.  Dynamic Service Discovery versus Static URL Template

   In order to specify a protocol for cyber security information sharing
   using the REST architectural style it is necessary to define the set
   of resources to be modeled, and how these resources are related.
   Based on this interface contract, clients will then interact with the
   REST service by navigating the modeled entities, and their
   relationships.  The interface contract between the client and the
   server may either be statically bound or dynamically bound.



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   In the statically bound case, the clients have a priori knowledge of
   the resources that are supported.  In the REST architectural style
   this static interface contract takes the form of a URL template.
   This approach is not appropriate for the cyber security information
   sharing domain for at least two reasons.

   First, there is no standard for a cyber security domain model.  While
   information security practitioners can generally agree on some of the
   basic concepts that are important to modeling the cyber security
   domain -- such as "indicator," "incident," or "attacker," -- there is
   no single domain model that can been referenced as the basis for
   specifying a standardized RESTful URI Template.  Second, the use of
   static URL templates creates a tighter coupling between the client
   implementation and the server implementation.  Security threats on
   the internet are evolving ever more rapidly, and it will never be
   possible to establish a statically defined resource model and URL
   Template.  Even if there were an initial agreement on an appropriate
   URL template, it would eventually need to change.  If and when a
   CSIRT finds that it needs to change the URL template, then any
   existing deployed clients would need to be upgraded.

   Thus, rather than attempting to define a fixed set of resources via a
   URI Template, this document has instead specified an approach based
   on dynamic discovery of resources via an Atom Publishing Protocol
   Service Document.  By using this approach, it is possible to
   standardize the RESTful usage model, without needing to standardize
   on the definitions of specific, strongly-typed resources.  A client
   can dynamically discover what resources are provided by a given
   CSIRT, and then navigate that domain model accordingly A specific
   server implementation may still embody a particular URL template,
   however the client does not need a priori knowledge of the format of
   the links, and the URL itself is effectively opaque to the client.
   Clients are not bound to any particular server's interface.

   The following paragraphs provide a number of non-normative examples
   to illustrate the use of Atom Publishing Protocol for basic cyber
   security information sharing service discovery, as well as the use of
   Atom Syndication Format as a mechanism to publish cyber security
   information feeds.

   Normative requirements are defined below, in Section 5.

4.2.  Non-Normative Examples

4.2.1.  Service Discovery

   This section provides a non-normative example of a client doing
   service discovery.



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   An Atom service document enables a client to dynamically discover
   what feeds a particular publisher makes available.  Thus, a CSIRT may
   use an Atom service document to enable clients of the CSIRT to
   determine what specific cyber security information the CSIRT makes
   available to the community.  The service document could be made
   available at any well known location, such as via a link from the
   CSIRT's home page.  One common technique is to include a link in the
   <HEAD> section of the organization's home page, as shown below:


   Example of bootstrapping Service Document discovery:


      <link rel="introspection"  type="application/atomsvc+xml" title="Atom Publishing Protocol Service Document" href="/csirt/svcdoc.xml" />


   A client may then format an HTTP GET request to retrieve the service
   document:


   GET /csirt/svcdoc.xml
   Host: www.example.org
   Accept: application/atomsvc+xml


   Notice the use of the HTTP Accept: request header, indicating the
   MIME type for Atom service discovery.  The response to this GET
   request will be an XML document that contains information on the
   specific feed collections that are provided by the CSIRT.






















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   Example HTTP GET response:


      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 17:09:11 GMT
      Content-Length: 570
      Content-Type: application/atomsvc+xml;charset="utf-8"

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <service xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2007/app"
               xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
          <workspace xml:lang="en-US" xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace">
            <atom:title type="text">Incidents</atom:title>
            <collection  href="http://example.org/csirt/incidents">
               <atom:title type="text">Incidents Feed</atom:title>
               <accept>application/atom+xml; type=entry</accept>
            </collection>
          </workspace>
      </service>


   This simple Service Document example shows that this CSIRT provides
   one workspace, named "Incidents."  Within that workspace, the CSIRT
   makes one feed collection available.  When attempting to GET or POST
   entries to that feed collection, the client must indicate a content
   type of application/atom+xml.

























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   A CSIRT may also offer a number of different feeds, each containing
   different types of cyber security information.  In the following
   example, the feeds have been categorized.  This categorization will
   help the clients to decide which feeds will meet their needs.


      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 17:10:11 GMT
      Content-Length: 1912
      Content-Type: application/atomsvc+xml;charset="utf-8"

       <?xml version="1.0" encoding='utf-8'?>
          <service xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2007/app"
            xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
            <workspace>
              <atom:title>Cyber Security Information Sharing</atom:title>
              <collection href="http://example.org/csirt/public/indicators" >
                <atom:title>Public Indicators</atom:title>
                <categories fixed="yes">
                  <atom:category scheme="http://example.org/csirt/restriction" term="public" />
                  <atom:category scheme="http://example.org/csirt/purpose" term="reporting" />
                </categoies>
                <accept>application/atom+xml; type=entry</accept>
              </collection>
              <collection href="http://example.org/csirt/public/incidents" >
                <atom:title>Public Incidents</atom:title>
                <categories fixed="yes">
                  <atom:category scheme="http://example.org/csirt/restriction" term="public" />
                  <atom:category scheme="http://example.org/csirt/purpose" term="reporting" />
                </categoies>
                <accept>application/atom+xml; type=entry</accept>
            </collection>
            </workspace>
            <workspace>
              <atom:title>Private Consortium Sharing</atom:title>
              <collection href="http://example.org/csirt/private/incidents" >
                <atom:title>Incidents</atom:title>
                <accept>application/atom+xml;type=entry</accept>
                <categories fixed="yes">
                  <atom:category scheme="http://example.org/csirt/purpose" term="traceback, mitigation, reporting" />
                  <atom:category scheme="http://example.org/csirt/restriction" term="private, need-to-know" />
                </categories>
              </collection>
            </workspace>
          </service>


   In this example, the CSIRT is providing a total of three feed



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   collections, organized into two different workspaces.  The first
   workspace contains two feeds, consisting of publicly available
   indicators and publicly available incidents, respectively.  The
   second workspace provides one additional feed, for use by a sharing
   consortium.  The feed contains incident information containing
   entries related to three purposes: traceback, mitigation, and
   reporting.  The entries in this feed are categorized with a
   restriction of either "Need-to-Know" or "private".  An appropriately
   authenticated and authorized client may then proceed to make GET
   requests for one or more of these feeds.  The publicly provided
   incident information may be accessible with or without
   authentication.  However, users accessing the feed targeted to the
   private sharing consortium would be expected to authenticate, and
   appropriate authorization policies would subsequently be enforced by
   the feed provider.

4.2.2.  Feed Retrieval

   This section provides a non-normative example of a client retrieving
   an incident feed.

   Having discovered the available cyber security information sharing
   feeds, an authenticated and authorized client who is a member of the
   private sharing consortium may be interested in receiving the feed of
   known incidents.  The client may retrieve this feed by performing an
   HTTP GET operation on the indicated URL.

   Example HTTP GET request for a Feed:

   GET /csirt/private/incidents
   Host: www.example.org
   Accept: application/atom+xml


   The corresponding HTTP response would be an XML document containing
   the incidents feed:















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   Example HTTP GET response for a Feed:


      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 17:20:11 GMT
      Content-Length: 2882
      Content-Type: application/atom+xml;type=feed;charset="utf-8"

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom file:/C:/schemas/atom.xsd
                              urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-1.0 file:/C:/schemas/iodef-1.0.xsd"
          xml:lang="en-US">

          <generator version="1.0" xml:lang="en-US">emc-csirt-iodef-feed-service</generator>
          <id xml:lang="en-US">http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents</id>
          <title type="text" xml:lang="en-US">Atom formatted representation of a feed of IODEF documents</title>
          <updated xml:lang="en-US">2012-05-04T18:13:51.0Z</updated>
          <author>
              <email>csirt@example.org</email>
              <name>EMC CSIRT</name>
          </author>

          <!-- By convention there is usually a self link for the feed -->
          <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents" rel="self"/>

          <entry>
              <id>http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456</id>
              <title>Sample Incident</title>
              <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456" rel="self"/>       <!-- by convention -->
              <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456" rel="alternate"/>  <!-- required by Atom spec -->
              <published>2012-08-04T18:13:51.0Z</published>
              <updated>2012-08-05T18:13:51.0Z</updated>
              <!-- The category is based upon IODEF purpose and restriction attributes -->
              <category term="traceback" scheme="purpose" label="trace back" />
              <category term="need-to-know" scheme="restriction" label="need to know" />
              <summary>A short description of this incident, extracted from the IODEF Incident class, <description> element. </summary>
          </entry>

          <entry>
              <!-- ...another entry... -->
          </entry>

      </feed>






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   This feed document has two atom entries, one of which has been
   elided.  The completed entry illustrates an Atom <entry> element that
   provides a summary of essential details about one particular
   incident.  Based upon this summary information and the provided
   category information, a client may choose to do an HTTP GET operation
   to retrieve the full details of the incident.  This example provides
   a RESTful alterntive to the RID investigation request messaage, as
   described in sections 6.1 and 7.2 of RFC6545.

4.2.3.  Entry Retrieval

   This section provides a non-normative example of a client retrieving
   an incident as an Atom entry.

   Having retrieved the feed of interest, the client may then decide
   based on the description and/or category information that one of the
   entries in the feed is of further interest.  The client may retrieve
   this incident Entry by performing an HTTP GET operation on the
   indicated URL.

   Example HTTP GET request for an Entry:


   GET /csirt/private/incidents/123456
   Host: www.example.org
   Accept: application/atom+xml


   The corresponding HTTP response would be an XML document containing
   the incident:

   Example HTTP GET response for an Entry:


      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 17:30:11 GMT
      Content-Length: 4965
      Content-Type: application/atom+xml;type=entry;charset="utf-8"

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <entry>
        <id>http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456</id>
        <title>Sample Incident</title>
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456" rel="self"/>       <!-- by convention -->
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456" rel="alternate"/>  <!-- required by Atom spec -->
        <published>2012-08-04T18:13:51.0Z</published>
        <updated>2012-08-05T18:13:51.0Z</updated>
        <!-- The category is based upon IODEF purpose and restriction attributes -->



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        <category term="traceback" scheme="purpose" label="trace back" />
        <category term="need-to-know" scheme="restriction" label="need to know" />
        <summary>A short description of this incident, extracted from the IODEF Incident class, <description> element. </summary>

        <!-- Refer to section 5.9 for the list of supported (cyber information-specific) link relationships -->
        <!-- Typical operations that can be performed on this IODEF message include edit -->
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456" rel="edit"/>

        <!-- the next and previous are just sequential access, may not map to anything related to this IODEF Incident ID -->
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123457" rel="next"/>
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123455" rel="previous"/>

        <!-- navigate up to the full collection.  Might also be rel="collection" as per IANA registry -->
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents" rel="up"/>

        <content type="application/xml">
          <iodef:IODEF-Document lang="en" xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-1.0">
            <iodef:Incident purpose="traceback" restriction="need-to-know">

              <!-- Note that the ID is assigned using a namespace that is our base URL, so that it can also be leveraged as an Atom link -->
              <iodef:IncidentID name="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents">123456</iodef:IncidentID>

              <iodef:DetectTime>2004-02-02T22:49:24+00:00</iodef:DetectTime>
              <iodef:StartTime>2004-02-02T22:19:24+00:00</iodef:StartTime>
              <iodef:ReportTime>2004-02-02T23:20:24+00:00</iodef:ReportTime>
              <iodef:Description>
                Host involved in DoS attack
              </iodef:Description>
              <iodef:Assessment>
                <iodef:Impact completion="failed" severity="low" type="dos"/>
              </iodef:Assessment>
              <iodef:Contact role="creator" type="organization">
                <iodef:ContactName>Constituency-contact for 192.0.2.35
                </iodef:ContactName>
                <iodef:Email>Constituency-contact@192.0.2.35</iodef:Email>
              </iodef:Contact>
              <iodef:EventData>
                <iodef:Flow>
                  <iodef:System category="source">
                    <iodef:Node>
                      <iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">192.0.2.35
                      </iodef:Address>
                    </iodef:Node>
                    <iodef:Service ip_protocol="6">
                      <iodef:Port>38765</iodef:Port>
                    </iodef:Service>
                  </iodef:System>
                  <iodef:System category="target">



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                    <iodef:Node>
                      <iodef:Address category="ipv4-addr">192.0.2.67
                      </iodef:Address>
                    </iodef:Node>
                    <iodef:Service ip_protocol="6">
                      <iodef:Port>80</iodef:Port>
                    </iodef:Service>
                  </iodef:System>
                </iodef:Flow>
                <iodef:Expectation action="rate-limit-host" severity="high">
                  <iodef:Description>
                    Rate-limit traffic close to source
                  </iodef:Description>
                </iodef:Expectation>
                <iodef:Record>
                  <iodef:RecordData>
                    <iodef:Description>
                      The IPv4 packet included was used in the described attack
                    </iodef:Description>
                    <iodef:RecordItem dtype="ipv4-packet">450000522ad9
                      0000ff06c41fc0a801020a010102976d0050103e020810d9
                      4a1350021000ad6700005468616e6b20796f7520666f7220
                      6361726566756c6c792072656164696e6720746869732052
                      46432e0a
                    </iodef:RecordItem>
                  </iodef:RecordData>
                </iodef:Record>
              </iodef:EventData>
            </iodef:Incident>
          </iodef:IODEF-Document>
        </content>
      </entry>


   As can be seen in the example response, above, an IODEF document is
   contained within the Atom <content> element.  The client may now
   process the IODEF document as needed.

   Note also that, as described previously, the content of the Atom
   <category> element is application-defined.  In the present context,
   the Atom categories have been assigned based on a mapping of the
   <restriction> and <purpose> attributes, as defined in the IODEF
   schema.  In addition, the IODEF <incidentID> element has been
   judiciously chosen so that the associated name attribute, as well as
   the corresponding incidentID value, can be concatenated in order to
   easily create the corresponding <id> element for the Atom entry.
   These and other mappings are normatively defined in Section 5, below.




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   Finally, it should be noted that in order to optimize the client
   experience, and avoid an additional round trip, a feed provider may
   choose to include the entry content inline, as part of the feed
   document.  That is, an Atom <entry> element within a Feed document
   may contain an Atom <content> element as a child.  In this case, the
   client will receive the full content of the entries within the feed.
   The decision of whether to include the entry content inline or to
   include it as a link is a design choice left to the feed provider
   (e.g. based upon local environmental factors such as the number of
   entries contained in a feed, the available network bandwidth, the
   available server compute cycles, the expected client usage patterns,
   etc.).

4.2.4.  Use of Link Relations

   As noted previously, a key benefit of using the RESTful architectural
   style is the ability to enable the client to navigate to related
   resources through the use of hypermedia links.  In the Atom
   Syndication Format, the type of the related resource identified in a
   <link> element is indicated via the "rel" attribute, where the value
   of this attribute identifies the kind of related resource available
   at the corresponding "href" attribute.  Thus, in lieu of a well-known
   URI template the URI itself is effectively opaque to the client, and
   therefore the client must understand the semantic meaning of the
   "rel" attribute in order to successfully navigate.  Broad
   interoperability may be based upon a sharing consortium defining a
   well-known set of Atom Link Relation types.  These Link Relation
   types may either be registered with IANA, or held in a private
   registry.

   Individual CSIRTs may always define their own link relation types in
   order to support specific use cases, however support for a core set
   of well-known link relation types is encouraged as this will maximize
   interoperability.

   In addition, it may be beneficial to define use case profiles that
   correspond to specific groupings of supported link relationship
   types.  In this way, a CSIRT may unambiguously specify the classes of
   use cases for which a client can expect to find support.

   The following sections provide NON-NORMATIVE examples of link
   relation usage.  Four distinct cyber security information sharing use
   case scenarios are described.  In each use case, the unique benefits
   of adopting a resource-oriented approach to information sharing are
   illustrated.  It is important to note that these use cases are
   intended to be a small representative set and is by no means meant to
   be an exhaustive list.  The intent is to illustrate how the use of
   link relationship types will enable this resource-oriented approach



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   to cyber security information sharing to successfully support the
   complete range of existing use cases, and also to motivate an initial
   list of well-defined link relationship types.

4.2.4.1.  Use Case: Incident Sharing

   This section provides a non-normative example of an incident sharing
   use case.

   In this use case, a member CSIRT shares incident information with
   another member CSIRT in the same consortium.  The client CSIRT
   retreives a feed of incidents, and is able to identify one particular
   entry of interest.  The client then does an HTTP GET on that entry,
   and the representation of that resource contains link relationships
   for both the associated "indicators" and the incident "history", and
   so on.  The client CSIRT recognizes that some of the indicator and
   history may be relevant within her local environment, and can respond
   proactively.

































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   Example HTTP GET response for an incident entry:


      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <entry>
        <id>http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456</id>
        <title>Sample Incident</title>
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456" rel="self"/>       <!-- by convention -->
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456" rel="alternate"/>  <!-- required by Atom spec -->
        <published>2012-08-04T18:13:51.0Z</published>
        <updated>2012-08-05T18:13:51.0Z</updated>

        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456" rel="edit"/>

        <!-- The links to indicators related to this incident, and the history of this incident, and so on.... -->
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456/relationships/indicators" rel="indicators"/>
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/1234456/relationships/history" rel="history"/>
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents/1234456/relationships/campaign" rel="campaign"/>

        <!-- navigate up to the full collection.  Might also be rel="collection" as per IANA registry -->
        <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents" rel="up"/>

        <content type="application/xml">
          <iodef:IODEF-Document lang="en" xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-1.0">
            <iodef:Incident purpose="traceback" restriction="need-to-know">
              <iodef:IncidentID name="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents">123456</iodef:IncidentID>
              <!-- ...additional incident data.... -->
              </iodef:Incident>
          </iodef:IODEF-Document>
        </content>
      </entry>


   As can be seen in the example response, the Atom <link> elements
   enable the client to navigate to the related indicator resources,
   and/or the history entries associated with this incident.

4.2.4.2.  Use Case: Collaborative Investigation

   This section provides a non-normative example of a collaborative
   investigation use case.

   In this use case, two member CSIRTs that belong to a closed sharing
   consortium are collaborating on an incident investigation.  The
   initiating CSIRT performs an HTTP GET to retrieve the service
   document of the peer CSIRT, and determines the collection name to be
   used for creating a new investigation request.  The initiating CSIRT
   then POSTs a new incident entry to the appropriate collection URL.



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   The target CSIRT acknowledges the request by responding with an HTTP
   status code 201 Created.

   Example HTTP GET response for the service document:


      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 17:09:11 GMT
      Content-Length: 934
      Content-Type: application/atomsvc+xml;charset="utf-8"

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <service xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2007/app"
               xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
          <workspace xml:lang="en-US" xmlns:xml="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace">
            <atom:title type="text">RID Use Case Requests</atom:title>
            <collection  href="http://www.example.org/csirt/RID/InvestigationRequests">
               <atom:title type="text">Investigation Requests</atom:title>
               <accept>application/atom+xml; type=entry</accept>  <!-- perhaps we should have a more specific media type -->
            </collection>
            <collection  href="http://www.example.org/csirt/RID/TraceRequests">
               <atom:title type="text">Trace Requests</atom:title>
               <accept>application/atom+xml; type=entry</accept>
            </collection>
            <!-- ...and so on.... -->
          </workspace>
      </service>


   As can be seen in the example response, the Atom <collection>
   elements enable the client to determine the appropriate collection
   URL to request an investigation or a trace.



















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   The client CSIRT then POSTs a new entry to the appropriate feed
   collection.  Note that the <content> element of the new entry may
   contain a RID message of type "InvestigationRequest" if desired,
   however this would NOT be required.  The entry content itself need
   only be an IODEF document, with the choice of the target collection
   resource URL indicating the callers intent.  A CSIRT would be free to
   use any URI template to accept investigationRequests.


POST /csirt/RID/InvestigationRequests HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.org
Content-Type: application/atom+xml;type=entry
Content-Length: 852

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<entry xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <title>New Investigation Request</title>
  <id>http://www.example2.org/csirt/private/incidents/123456</id>  <!-- id and updated not guranteed to be preserved -->
  <updated>2012-08-12T11:08:22Z</updated>                         <!-- may want to profile that behavior in this document -->
  <author><name>Name of peer CSIRT</name></author>
  <content type="application/xml">
    <iodef:IODEF-Document lang="en" xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-1.0">
      <iodef:Incident purpose="traceback" restriction="need-to-know">
      <iodef:IncidentID name="http://www.example2.org/csirt/private/incidents">123</iodef:IncidentID>
        <!-- ...additional incident data.... -->
      </iodef:Incident>
    </iodef:IODEF-Document>
  </content>
</entry>


   The receiving CSIRT acknowledges the request with HTTP return code
   201 Created.


















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HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 19:17:11 GMT
Content-Length: 906
Content-Type: application/atom+xml;type=entry
Location: http://www.example.org/csirt/RID/InvestigationRequests/823
ETag: "8a9h9he4qphqh"

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<entry xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <title>New Investigation Request</title>
  <id>http://www.example.org/csirt/RID/InvestigationRequests/823</id>  <!-- id and updated not guranteed to be preserved -->
  <updated>2012-08-12T11:08:30Z</updated>                              <!-- may want to profile that behavior in this document -->
  <published>2012-08-12T11:08:30Z</published>
  <author><name>Name of peer CSIRT</name></author>
  <content type="application/xml">
    <iodef:IODEF-Document lang="en" xmlns:iodef="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-1.0">
      <iodef:Incident purpose="traceback" restriction="need-to-know">
      <iodef:IncidentID name="http://www.example.org/csirt/private/incidents">123</iodef:IncidentID>
        <!-- ...additional incident data.... -->
      </iodef:Incident>
    </iodef:IODEF-Document>
  </content>
</entry>


   Consistent with HTTP/1.1 RFC, the location header indicates the URL
   of the newly created InvestigationRequest.  If for some reason the
   request were not authorized, the client would receive an HTTP status
   code 403 Unauthorized.  In this case the HTTP response body may
   contain additional details, if an as appropriate.

4.2.4.3.  Use Case:  Search (Query)

   This section provides a non-normative example of a search use case.

   The following example provides a RESTful alternative to the RID Query
   messaage, as described in sections 6.5 and 7.4 of RFC6545.  Note that
   in the RESTful approach described herein there is no requirement to
   define a query language specific to RID queries.  Instead, CSIRTs may
   provide support for search operations via existing search facilities,
   and advertise these capabilities via an appropriate URL template.
   Clients dynamically retrieve the search description document, and
   invoke specific searches via an instantiated URL template.

   An HTTP response body may include a link relationship of type
   "search."  This link provides a reference to an OpenSearch
   description document.




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   Example HTTP response that includes a "search" link:


      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 17:20:11 GMT
      Content-Length: nnnn
      Content-Type: application/atom+xml;type=feed;charset="utf-8"

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom file:/C:/schemas/atom.xsd
                              urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-1.0 file:/C:/schemas/iodef-1.0.xsd"
          xml:lang="en-US">

          <link href="http://www.example.org/opensearchdescription.xml" rel="search"
                  type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
                  title="CSIRT search facility" />

          <!-- ...other links... -->

          <entry>
              <!-- ...zero or more entries... -->
          </entry>

      </feed>


   The OpenSearch Description document contains the information needed
   by a client to request a search.  An example of an Open Search
   description document is shown below:




















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   Example HTTP response that includes a "search" link:



              <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
              <OpenSearchDescription xmlns="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/">
                <ShortName>CSIRT search example</ShortName>
                <Description>Cyber security information sharing consortium search interface</Description>
                <Tags>example csirt indicator search</Tags>
                <Contact>admin@example.org</Contact>
                <!-- ...optionally, other elements, as per OpenSearch specification... -->
                <Url type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" rel="self" template="http://www.example.com/csirt/opensearchdescription.xml"/>
                <Url type="application/atom+xml" rel="results" template="http://www.example.org/csirt?q={searchTerms}&amp;format=Atom+xml"/>
                <LongName>www.example.org CSIRT search</LongName>
                <Query role="example" searchTerms="incident" />
                <Language>en-us</Language>
                <OutputEncoding>UTF-8</OutputEncoding>
                <InputEncoding>UTF-8</InputEncoding>
              </OpenSearchDescription>



   The OpenSearch Description document shown above contains two <Url>
   elements that contain parameterized URL templates.  These templates
   provide a representation of how the client should make search
   requests.  The exact format of the query string, including the
   parameterization is specified by the feed provider.This OpenSearch
   Description Document also contains an example of a <Query> element.
   Each <Query> element describes a specific search request that can be
   made by the client.  Note that the parameters of the <Query> element
   correspond to the URL template parameters.  In this way, a provider
   may fully describe the search interface available to the clients.
   Section 5.12, below, provides specific NORMATIVE requirements for the
   use of Open Search.

4.2.4.4.  Use Case:  Cyber Data Repository

   This section provides a non-normative example of a cyber security
   data repository use case.

   In this use case a client accesses a persistent repository of cyber
   security data via a RESTful usage model.  Retrieving a feed
   collection is analogous to an SQL SELECT statement producing a result
   set.  Retrieving an individual Atom Entry is analogous to a SQL
   SELECT statement based upon a primary key producing a unique record.
   The cyber security data contained in the repository may include
   different data types, including indicators, incidents, becnmarks, or
   any other related resources.  In this use case, the repository is



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   queried via HTTP GET, and the results that are returned to the client
   may optionally contain URL references to other cyber security
   resources that are known to be related.  These related resources may
   also be persisted locally, or they may exist at another (remote)
   cyber data respository.

   Example HTTP GET request to a persistent repository for any resources
   representing Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks:


   GET /csirt/repository/ddos
   Host: www.example.org
   Accept: application/atom+xml


   The corresponding HTTP response would be an XML document containing
   the DDOS feed.

   Example HTTP GET response for a DDOS feed:
































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      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 17:20:11 GMT
      Content-Length: nnnn
      Content-Type: application/atom+xml;type=feed;charset="utf-8"

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom file:/C:/schemas/atom.xsd
                              urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-1.0 file:/C:/schemas/iodef-1.0.xsd"
          xml:lang="en-US">

          <generator version="1.0" xml:lang="en-US">emc-csirt-iodef-feed-service</generator>
          <id xml:lang="en-US">http://www.example.org/csirt/repository/ddos</id>
          <title type="text" xml:lang="en-US">Atom formatted representation of a feed of known ddos resources.</title>
          <updated xml:lang="en-US">2012-05-04T18:13:51.0Z</updated>
          <author>
              <email>csirt@example.org</email>
              <name>EMC CSIRT</name>
          </author>

          <!-- By convention there is usually a self link for the feed -->
          <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/repository/ddos" rel="self"/>

          <entry>
              <id>http://www.example.org/csirt/repository/ddos/123456</id>
              <title>Sample DDOS Incident</title>
              <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/repository/ddos/123456" rel="self"/>          <!-- by convention -->
              <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/repository/ddos/123456" rel="alternate"/>     <!-- required by Atom spec -->
              <link href="http://www.example.org/csirt/repository/ddos/987654" rel="related"/>       <!-- link to a related DDOS resource in this repository -->
              <link href="http://www.cyber-agency.gov/repository/indicators/1a2b3c" rel="related"/>  <!-- link to a related DDOS resource in another repository -->
              <published>2012-08-04T18:13:51.0Z</published>
              <updated>2012-08-05T18:13:51.0Z</updated>
              <!-- The category is based upon IODEF purpose and restriction attributes -->
              <category term="traceback" scheme="purpose" label="trace back" />
              <category term="need-to-know" scheme="restriction" label="need to know" />
              <category term="ddos" scheme="ttp" label="tactics, techniques, and procedures"/>
              <summary>A short description of this DDOS attack, extracted from the IODEF Incident class, <description> element. </summary>
          </entry>

          <entry>
              <!-- ...another entry... -->
          </entry>

      </feed>






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   This feed document has two atom entries, one of which has been
   elided.  The completed entry illustrates an Atom <entry> element that
   provides a summary of essential details about one particular DDOS
   incident.  Based upon this summary information and the provided
   category information, a client may choose to do an HTTP GET operation
   to retrieve the full details of the DDOS incident.  This example
   shows how a persistent repository may provide links to additional
   resources, both local and remote.  Note that the provider of a
   persistent repostory is not obligated to follow any particular URL
   template scheme.  The repository available at the hypothetical
   provider "www.example.com" uses a different URL pattern than the
   hypothetical repository available at "www.cyber-agency.gov".  When a
   client de-references a link to resource that is located in a remote
   repository the client may be challenged for authentication
   credentials acceptable to that provider.  If the two repository
   providers choose to support a federated identity scheme or some other
   form of single-sign-on technology, then the user experience can be
   improved for interactive clients (e.g., a human user at a browser).
   However, this is not required and is an implementation choice that is
   out of scope for this specification.


5.   Requirements for RESTful (Atom+xml) Binding

   This section provides the NORMATIVE requirements for using Atom
   format and Atom Pub as a RESTful binding for cyber security
   information sharing.

5.1.  Transport Layer Security

   Servers implementing this specification MUST support server-
   authenticated TLS.

   Servers MAY support mutually authenticated TLS.

5.2.  User Authentication

   Servers MUST require user authentication.

   Servers MAY support more than one client authentication method.

   Servers participating in an information sharing consotium and
   supporting interactive user logins by members of the consortium
   SHOULD support client authentication via a federated identity scheme
   as per SAML 2.0.

   Servers MAY support client authenticated TLS.




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5.3.  User Authorization

   This document does not mandate the use of any specific user
   authorization mechanisms.  However, service implementers SHOULD
   provide appropriate authorization checking for all resource accesses,
   including individual Atom Entries, Atom Feeds, and Atom Service
   Documents.

   Authorization for a resource MAY be adjudicated based on the value(s)
   of the associated Atom <category> element(s).

   When the content model for the Atom <content> element of an Atom
   Entry contains an <IODEF-Document>, then authorization MUST be
   adjudicated based upon the Atom <category> element(s), whose values
   have been mapped as per Section 5.7.

   Any use of the <category> element(s) as an input to an authorization
   policy decision MUST include both the "scheme" and "term" attributes
   contained therein.  As described in Section 5.7 below, the namespace
   of the "term" attribute is scoped by the associated "scheme"
   attribute.

5.4.  Content Model

   Member entry resources providing a representation of an incident
   resource (e.g., as specified in the link relation type) MUST use the
   IODEF schema as the content model for the Atom Entry <content>
   element.

   Member Entry resources providing a representation of an indicator
   resource (e.g., as specified in the link relation type) MUST use the
   IODEF schema as the content model for the Atom Entry <content>
   element.

   The resource representation MAY include an appropriate indicator
   schema type within the <AdditionalData> element of the IODEF Incident
   class.  Supported indicator schema types SHALL be registered via an
   IANA table (todo: IANA registration/review).

   Member Entry resources providing a representation of a RID report
   resource (e.g., as specified in the link relation type) MUST use the
   RID schema as the content model for the Atom Entry <content> element.

   Member Entry resources providing representation of other types,
   SHOULD use the IODEF schema as the content model for the Atom Entry
   <content> element.

   If the member entry content model is not IODEF, then the <content>



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   element of the Atom entry MUST contain an appropriate XML namespace
   declaration.

5.5.  HTTP methods

   The following table defines the HTTP [RFC2616] uniform interface
   methods supported by this specification:

   +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+
   | HTTP   | Description                                              |
   | method |                                                          |
   +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+
   | GET    | Returns a representation of an individual member entry   |
   |        | resource, or a feed collection.                          |
   | PUT    | Replaces the current representation of the specified     |
   |        | member entry resource with the representation provided   |
   |        | in the HTTP request body.                                |
   | POST   | Creates a new instance of a member entry resource.  The  |
   |        | representation of the new resource is provided in the    |
   |        | HTTP request body.                                       |
   | DELETE | Removes the indicated member entry resource, or feed     |
   |        | collection.                                              |
   | HEAD   | Returns metadata about the member entry resource, or     |
   |        | feed collection, contained in HTTP response headers.     |
   | PATCH  | Support TBD.                                             |
   +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+

       Table 1: Uniform Interface for Resource-Oriented Lightweight
                            Indicator Exchange

   Clients MUST be capable of recognizing and prepared to process any
   standard HTTP status code, as defined in [RFC2616]

5.6.  Service Discovery

   This specification requires that a CSIRT MUST publish an Atom Service
   Document that describes the set of cyber security information sharing
   feeds that are provided.

   The service document SHOULD be discoverable via the CSIRT
   organization's Web home page or another well-known public resource.

5.6.1.  Workspaces

   The service document MAY include multiple workspaces.  Any CSIRT
   providing both public feeds and private consortium feeds MUST place
   these different classes of feeds into different workspaces, and
   provide appropriate descriptions and naming conventions to indicate



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   the intended audience of each workspace.

5.6.2.  Collections

   A CSIRT MAY provide any number of collections within a given
   Workspace.  It is RECOMMENDED that each collection appear in only a
   single Workspace.  It is RECOMMENDED that at least one collection be
   provided that accepts new incident reports from users.  At least one
   collection MUST provide a feed of incident information for which the
   content model for the entries uses the IODEF schema.  The title of
   this collection SHOULD be "Incidents".

5.6.3.  Service Document Security

   Access to the service document MUST be protected via server-
   authenticated TLS and a server-side certificate.

   When deploying a service document for use by a closed consortium, the
   service document MAY also be digitally signed and/or encrypted, using
   XML DigSig and/or XML Encryption, respectively.

5.7.  Category Mapping

   This section defines normative requirements for mapping IODEF
   metadata to corresponding Atom category elements. (todo: decide
   between IANA registration of scheme, or use a full URI).

5.7.1.  Collection Category

   An Atom collection MAY hold entries from one or more categories.  The
   collection category set MUST contain at least the union of all the
   member entry categories.  A collection MAY have additional category
   metadata that are unique to the collection, and not applicable to any
   individual member entry.  A collection containing IODEF incident
   content MUST contain at least two <category> elements.  One category
   MUST be specified with the value of the "scheme" attribute as
   "restriction".  One category MUST be specified with the value of the
   "scheme" attribute as "purpose".  The value of the "fixed" attribute
   for both of these category elements MUST be "yes".  When the category
   scheme="restriction", the allowable values for the "term" attribute
   are constrained as per section 3.2 of IODEF, e.g. public, need-to-
   know, private, default.  When the category scheme="purpose", the
   allowable values for the "term" attribute are constrained as per
   section 3.2 of IODEF, e.g. traceback, mitigation, reporting, other.







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5.7.2.  Entry Category

   An Atom entry containing IODEF content MUST contain at least two
   <category> elements.  One category MUST be specified with the value
   of the "scheme" attribute as "restriction".  One category MUST be
   specified with the value of the "scheme" attribute as "purpose".
   When the category scheme="restriction", the value of the "term"
   attribute must be exactly one of ( public, need-to-know, private,
   default).  When the category scheme="purpose", the value of the
   "term" attribute must be exactly one of (traceback, mitigation,
   reporting, other).  When the purpose is "other"....

   Any member entry MAY have any number of additional categories.

5.8.  Entry ID

   The ID element for an Atom entry SHOULD be established via the
   concatenation of the value of the name attribute from the IODEF
   <IncidentID> element and the corresponding value of the <IncidentID>
   element.  This requirement ensures a simple and direct one-to-one
   relationship between an IODEF incident ID and a corresponding Feed
   entry ID and avoids the need for any system to maintain a persistent
   store of these identity mappings.

   (todo: Note that this implies a constraint on the IODEF document that
   is more restrictive than the current IODEF schema.  IODEF section 3.3
   requires only that the name be a STRING type.  Here we are stating
   that name must be an IRI.  Possible request to update IODEF to
   constrain, or to support a new element or attribute).

5.9.  Entry Content

   The <content> element of an Atom <entry> SHOULD include an IODEF
   document.  The <entry> element SHOULD include an appropriate XML
   namespace declaration for the IODEF schema.  If the content model of
   the <entry> element does not follow the IODEF schema, then the
   <entry> element MUST include an appropriate XML namespace
   declaration.

   A client MAY ignore content that is not using the IODEF schema.

5.10.  Link Relations

   In addition to the standard Link Relations defined by the Atom
   specification, this specification defines the following additional
   Link Relation terms, which are introduced specifically in support of
   the Resource-Oriented Lightweight Indicator Exchange protocol.




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   +-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------------+
   | Name                  | Description                 | Conformance |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------------+
   | service               | Provides a link to an atom  | MUST        |
   |                       | service document associated |             |
   |                       | with the collection feed.   |             |
   | search                | Provides a link to an       | MUST        |
   |                       | associated Open Search      |             |
   |                       | document that describes a   |             |
   |                       | URL template for search     |             |
   |                       | queries.                    |             |
   | history               | Provides a link to a        | MUST        |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | historical entries that are |             |
   |                       | associated with the         |             |
   |                       | resource.                   |             |
   | incidents             | Provides a link to a        | MUST        |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | instances of actual cyber   |             |
   |                       | security event(s) that are  |             |
   |                       | associated with the         |             |
   |                       | resource.                   |             |
   | indicators            | Provides a link to a        | MUST        |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | instances of cyber security |             |
   |                       | indicators that are         |             |
   |                       | associated with the         |             |
   |                       | resource.                   |             |
   | evidence              | Provides a link to a        | SHOULD      |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | resources that provides     |             |
   |                       | some proof of attribution   |             |
   |                       | for an incident.  The       |             |
   |                       | evidence may or may not     |             |
   |                       | have any identified chain   |             |
   |                       | of custody.                 |             |
   | campaign              | Provides a link to a        | SHOULD      |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | resources that provides a   |             |
   |                       | representation of the       |             |
   |                       | associated cyber attack     |             |
   |                       | campaign.                   |             |
   | attacker              | Provides a link to a        | SHOULD      |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | resources that provides a   |             |
   |                       | representation of the       |             |
   |                       | attacker.                   |             |




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   | vector                | Provides a link to a        | SHOULD      |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | resources that provides a   |             |
   |                       | representation of the       |             |
   |                       | method used by the          |             |
   |                       | attacker.                   |             |
   | assessments           | Provides a link to a        | SHOULD      |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | resources that represent    |             |
   |                       | the results of executing a  |             |
   |                       | benchmark.                  |             |
   | reports               | Provides a link to a        | SHOULD      |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | resources that represent    |             |
   |                       | RID reports.                |             |
   | traceRequests         | Provides a link to a        | SHOULD      |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | resources that represent    |             |
   |                       | RID traceRequests.          |             |
   | investigationRequests | Provides a link to a        | SHOULD      |
   |                       | collection of zero or more  |             |
   |                       | resources that represent    |             |
   |                       | RID investigationRequests.  |             |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------+-------------+

    Table 2: Link Relations for Resource-Oriented Lightweight Indicator
                                 Exchange

   Unless specifically registered with IANA these short names MUST be
   fully qualified via concatenation with a base-uri.  An appropriate
   base-uri could be established via agreement amongst the members of an
   information sharing consortium.  For example, the rel="indicators"
   relationship would become rel="http://www.example.org/csirt/
   incidents/relationships/indicators."

5.10.1.  Additional Link Relation Requirements

   An IODEF document that is carried in an Atom Entry SHOULD NOT contain
   a <relatedActivity> element.  Instead, the related activity SHOULD be
   available via a link rel=related.

   An IODEF document that is carried in an Atom Entry SHOULD NOT contain
   a <history> element.  Instead, the related history SHOULD be
   available via a link rel="history" (todo: or a fully qualified link
   rek name).  The associated href MAY leverage OpenSearch to specify
   the required query.

   An Atom Entry MAY include additional link relationships not specified



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   here.  If a client encounters a link relationship of an unkown type
   the client MUST ignore the offending link and continue processing the
   remaining resource representation as if the offending link element
   did not appear.

5.11.  Member Entry Forward Security

   As described in Authorization Policy Enforcement (Section 3.3) a
   RESTful model for cyber security information sharing requires that
   all of the required security enforcement for feeds and entries MUST
   be enforced at the source system, at the point the representation of
   the given resource(s) is created.  A CSIRT provider SHALL NOT return
   any feed content or member entry content for which the client
   identity has not been specifically authenticated, authorized, and
   audited.

   Sharing communities that have a requirement for forward message
   security (such that client systems are required to participate in
   providing message level security and/or distributed authorization
   policy enforcement), MUST use the RID schema as the content model for
   the member entry <content> element.

5.12.  Date Mapping

   The Atom feed <updated> element MUST be populated with the current
   time at the instant the feed representation was generated.  The Atom
   entry <published> element MUST be populated with the same time value
   as the <reportTime> element from the IODEF document.

5.13.  Search

   Implementers MUST support OpenSearch 1.1 [opensearch] as the
   mechanism for describing how clients may form search requests.

   Implementers MUST provide a link with a relationship type of
   "search".  This link SHALL return an Open Search Description Document
   as defined in OpenSearch 1.1.

   Implementers MUST support an OpenSearch 1.1 compliant search URL
   template that enables a search query via Atom Category, including the
   scheme attribute and terms attribute as search parameters.

   Implementers SHOULD support search based upon the IODEF AlternativeID
   class as a search parameter.

   Implementers SHOULD support search based upon the four timestamp
   elements of the IODEF Incident class: <startTime>, <EndTime>,
   <DetectTime>, and <ReportTime>.



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   Implementers MAY support additional search capabilities based upon
   any of the remaining elements of the IODEF Incident class, including
   the <Description> element.

   Collections that support use of the RID schema as a content model in
   the Atom member entry <content> element (e.g. in a report resource
   representation reachable via the "report" link relationship) MUST
   support search operations that include the RID MessageType as a
   search parameter, in addition to the aforementioned IODEF schema
   elements, as contained within the <ReportSchema> element.

   Implementers MUST fully qualify all OpenSearch URL template parameter
   names using the defined IODEF or RID XML namespaces, as appropriate.

5.14.  / (forward slash) Resource URL

   The "/" resource MAY be provided for compatibility with existing
   deployments that are using Transport of Real-time Inter-network
   Defense (RID) Messages over HTTP/TLS [RFC6546].  Consistent with
   RFC6546 errata, a client requesting a GET on "/" MUST receive an HTTP
   status code 405 Method Not Allowed.  An implementation MAY provide
   full support for RFC6546 such that a POST to "/" containing a
   recognized RID message type just works.  Alternatively, a client
   requesting a POST to "/" MAY receive an HTTP status code 307
   Temporary Redirect.  In this case, the location header in the HTTP
   response will provide the URL of the appropriate RID endpoint, and
   the client may repeat the POST method at the indicated location.
   This resource could also leverage the new draft by reschke that
   proposes HTTP status code 308 (cf:
   draft-reschke-http-status-308-07.txt).


6.  Security Considerations

   This document defines a resource-oriented approach to lightweight
   indicator exchange using HTTP, TLS, Atom Syndicate Format, and Atom
   Publishing Protocol.  As such, implementers must understand the
   security considerations described in those specifications.

   In addition, there are a number of additional security considerations
   that are unique to this specification.

   As described above in the section Authentication of Users
   (Section 3.2), the approach described herein is based upon all policy
   enforcements being implemented at the point when a resource
   representation is created.  As such, CSIRTS sharing cyber security
   information using this specification must take care to authenticate
   their HTTP clients using a suitably strong user authentication



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   mechanism.  Sharing communities that are exchanging information on
   well-known indicators and incidents for purposes of public education
   may choose to rely upon, e.g.  HTTP Authentication, or similar.
   However, sharing communities that are engaged in sensitive
   collaborative analysis and/or operational response for indicators and
   incidents targeting high value information systems should adopt a
   suitably stronger user authentication solution, such as TLS client
   certificates, or a risk-based or multi-factor approach.  In general,
   trust in the sharing consortium will depend upon the members
   maintaining adequate user authentication mechanisms.

   Collaborating consortiums may benefit from the adoption of a
   federated identity solution, such as those based upon SAML-core
   [SAML-core] and SAML-bind [SAML-bind] and SAML-prof [SAML-prof] for
   Web-based authentication and cross-organizational single sign-on.
   Dependency on a trusted third party identity provider implies that
   appropriate care must be exercised to sufficiently secure the
   Identity provider.  Any attacks on the federated identity system
   would present a risk to the CISRT, as a relying party.  Potential
   mitigations include deployment of a federation-aware identity
   provider that is under the control of the information sharing
   consortium, with suitably stringent technical and management
   controls.

   As discussed above in the section Authorization Policy Enforcement
   (Section 3.3), authorization of resource representations is the
   responsibility of the source system, i.e. based on the authenticated
   user identity associated with an HTTP(S) request.  The required
   authorization policies that are to be enforced must therefore be
   managed by the security administrators of the source system.  Various
   authorization architectures would be suitable for this purpose, such
   as RBAC [1] and/or ABAC, as embodied in XACML [XACML].  In
   particular, implementers adopting XACML may benefit from the
   capability to represent their authorization policies in a
   standardized, interoperable format.

   Additional security requirements such as enforcing message-level
   security at the destination system could supplement the security
   enforcements performed at the source system, however these
   destination-provided policy enforcements are out of scope for this
   specification.  Implementers requiring this capability should
   consider leveraging, e.g. the <RIDPolicy> element in the RID schema.
   Refer to RFC6545 section 9 for more information.

   When security policies relevant to the source system are to be
   enforced at both the source and destination systems, implementers
   must take care to avoid unintended interactions of the separately
   enforced policies.  Potential risks will include unintended denial of



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   service and/or unintended information leakage.  These problems may be
   mitigated by avoiding any dependence upon enforcements performed at
   the destination system.  When distributed enforcement is unavoidable,
   the usage of a standard language (e.g.  XACML) for the expression of
   authorization policies will enable the source and destination systems
   to better coordinate and align their respective policy expressions.

   Adoption of the information sharing approach described in this
   document will enable users to more easily perform correlations across
   separate, and potentially unrelated, cyber security information
   providers.  A client may succeed in assembling a data set that would
   not have been permitted within the context of the authorization
   policies of either provider when considered individually.  Thus,
   providers may face a risk of an attacker obtaining an access that
   constitutes an undetected separation of duties (SOD) violation.  It
   is important to note that this risk is not unique to this
   specification, and a similar potential for abuse exists with any
   other cyber security information sharing protocol.  However, the wide
   availability of tools for HTTP clients and Atom feed handling implies
   that the resources and technical skills required for a successful
   exploit may be less than it was previously.  This risk can be best
   mitigated through appropriate vetting of the client at account
   provisioning time.  In addition, any increase in the risk of this
   type of abuse should be offset by the corresponding increase in
   effectiveness that that this specification affords to the defenders.

   While it is a goal of this specification to enable more agile cyber
   security information sharing across a broader and varying
   constituency, there is nothing in this specification that necessarily
   requires this type of deployment.  A cyber security information
   sharing consortium may chose to adopt this specification while
   continuing to operate as a gated community with strictly limited
   membership.


7.  IANA Considerations

   If the values of the newly defined link relations are not fully
   qualified URIs then we need to register these link types with IANA
   (e.g. rel="history") It is possible to adjust this document so that
   it has no actions for IANA.


8.  ToDo and Open Issues

   The following is the "todo" and open issues list:





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   1.  Need to make a decision on whether new IANA link registrations
       are required, or whether fully qualified (private) link types are
       sufficient.

   2.  Should we require Atom categories that correspond to IODEF
       Expectation class and/or IODEF Impact class?

   3.  Should we include specific requirements for Archive and Paging?
       Perhaps just reference RFC 5005?

   4.  We need more requirements input on use cases involving RID schema
       in the Atom member entry content model for link rel=report.

   5.  An Atom service document will have categories, but this is still
       coarse-grained, and not visible at the transport protocol level.
       Should we include a MIME media type parameter to support
       negotiation and better document the content model schema
       contained in a collection, i.e.:

       Accept: application/atom+xml;type=entry;content=iodef

       Accept: application/atom+xml;type=entry;content=rid

       Accept: application/atom+xml;type=entry;content=iodef+openioc


   6.  If so, I think these parameters may require media type
       registration as per RFC4288?


9.  Acknowledgements

   The author gratefully acknowledges the valuable contributions of Tom
   Maguire, Kathleen Moriarty, and Vijayanand Bharadwaj.  These
   individuals provided detailed review comments on earlier drafts, and
   many suggestions that have helped to improve this document .


10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2616]  Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
              Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext
              Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.



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   [RFC4287]  Nottingham, M., Ed. and R. Sayre, Ed., "The Atom
              Syndication Format", RFC 4287, December 2005.

   [RFC5023]  Gregorio, J. and B. de hOra, "The Atom Publishing
              Protocol", RFC 5023, October 2007.

   [RFC5070]  Danyliw, R., Meijer, J., and Y. Demchenko, "The Incident
              Object Description Exchange Format", RFC 5070,
              December 2007.

   [RFC6545]  Moriarty, K., "Real-time Inter-network Defense (RID)",
              RFC 6545, April 2012.

   [opensearch]
              Clinton, D., "OpenSearch 1.1 draft 5 specification", 2011,
              <http://www.opensearch.org/Specifications/OpenSearch/1.1>.

   [SAML-core]
              Cantor, S., Kemp, J., Philpott, R., and E. Mahler,
              "Assertions and Protocols for the OASIS Security Assertion
              Markup Language (SAML) V2.0", OASIS Standard , March 2005,
              <http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/
              saml-core-2.0-os.pdf>.

   [SAML-prof]
              Hughes, J., Cantor, S., Hodges, J., Hirsch, F., Mishra,
              P., Philpott, R., and E. Mahler, "Profiles for the OASIS
              Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) V2.0", OASIS
              Standard , March 2005, <http://docs.oasis-open.org/
              security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf>.

   [SAML-bind]
              Cantor, S., Hirsch, F., Kemp, J., Philpott, R., and E.
              Mahler, "Bindings for the OASIS Security Assertion Markup
              Language (SAML) V2.0", OASIS Standard , March 2005, <http:
              //docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/
              saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf>.

10.2.  Informative References

   [XMLencrypt]
              Imaura, T., Dillaway, B., and E. Simon, "XML Encryption
              Syntax and Processing", W3C Recommendation ,
              December 2002, <http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlenc-core/>.

   [XMLsig]   Bartel, M., Boyer, J., Fox, B., LaMaccia, B., and E.
              Simon, "XML-Signature Syntax and Processing", W3C
              Recommendation Second Edition, June 2008,



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              <http://www.w3.org/TR/xmldsig-core/>.

   [XACML]    Rissanen, E., "eXtensible Access Control Markup Language
              (XACML) Version 3.0", August 2010, <http://
              docs.oasis-open.org/xacml/3.0/
              xacml-3.0-core-spec-cs-01-en.pdf>.

   [REST]     Fielding, R., "Architectural Styles and the Design of
              Network-based Software Architectures", 2000, <http://
              www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm>.

   [RFC2396]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 2396,
              August 1998.

   [RFC2822]  Resnick, P., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822,
              April 2001.

   [RFC3339]  Klyne, G., Ed. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the
              Internet: Timestamps", RFC 3339, July 2002.

   [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
              Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
              July 2003.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC6546]  Trammell, B., "Transport of Real-time Inter-network
              Defense (RID) Messages over HTTP/TLS", RFC 6546,
              April 2012.

URIs

   [1]  <http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/rbac/>


Appendix A.  Change Tracking

   Changes since -00 version, September 5, 2012 to Feb 15, 2013:

   o  Fixed a small number of typographical errors and a few
      misspellings throughout.

   o  Added a number of missing internal cross references to improve
      readability.




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   o  Updated the text in the Introduction section for improved brevity
      and clarity of goal.  See: Section 1

   o  Added new non-normative text describing the use of HTTP 4xx status
      codes for authorization.  See: Section 3.3.2

   o  Added a new non-normative example illustrating a persistent
      repository use case.  See: Section 4.2.4.4

   o  Added new normative text recommending use of SAML2 for
      authentication of interactive end users who are members of a
      sharing consortium.  See: Section 5.2

   o  Added new normative text describing requirements for user
      authorization.  See: Section 5.3

   o  Added non-normative appendix for change tracking.  See: Appendix A

   o  Added non-normative appendix describing a suggested approach to a
      XACML profile.  See: Appendix B


Appendix B.  Resource Authorization Model

   As described in Section 3.3.2 above, ROLIE assumes that all
   authorization policy enforcement is provided at the source server.
   The implementation details of the authorization scheme chosen by a
   ROLIE-compliant provider are out of scope for this specification.
   Implementers are free to choose any suitable authorization mechanism
   that is capable of fulfilling the policy enforcement requirements
   relevant to their consortium and/or organization.

   It is well known that one of the major barriers to information
   sharing is ensuring acceptable use of the information shared.  In the
   case of ROLIE, one way to lower that barrier may be to develop a
   XACML profile.  Use of XACML would allow a ROLIE-compliant provider
   to express their information sharing authorization policies in a
   standards-compliant, and machine-readable format.

   This improved interoperability may, in turn, enable more agile
   interactions in the cyber security sharing community.  For example, a
   peer CSIRT, or another interested stakeholder such as an auditor,
   would be able to review and compare CSIRT sharing policies using
   appropriate tooling.

   The XACML 3.0 standard is based upon the notion that authorization
   policies are defined in terms of predicate logic expressions written
   against the attributes associated with one or more of the following



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   four entities:

   o  SUBJECT

   o  ACTION

   o  RESOURCE

   o  ENVIRONMENT

   Thus, a suitable approach to a XACML 3.0 profile for ROLIE
   authorization policies could begin by using the 3-tuple of [SUBJECT,
   ACTION, RESOURCE] where:

   o  SUBJECT is the suitably authenticated identity of the requestor.

   o  ACTION is the associated HTTP method, GET, PUT, POST, DELETE,
      HEAD, (PATCH).

   o  RESOURCE is an XPath expression that uniquely identifies the
      instance or type of the ROLIE resource being requested.

   Implementers who have a need may also choose to evaluate based upon
   the additional ENVIRONMENT factors, such as current threat level, and
   so on.  One could also write policy to consider the CVSS score
   associated with the resource, or the lifecycle phase of the resource
   (vulnerability unverified, confirmed, patch available, etc.), and so
   on.

   Having these policies expressed in a standards-compliant and machine-
   readable format could improve the agility and effectiveness of a
   cyber security information sharing group or consortium, and enable
   better cyber defenses.

B.1.  Example XACML Profile

   Work-in-Progress.  If this aproach finds support in the community
   then this section (or a new draft, as a seperate document) could
   provide a more complete XACML 3.0 compliant example.












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Author's Address

   John P. Field
   EMC Corporation
   1133 Westchester Avenue
   White Plains, New York
   USA

   Phone: 914-461-3522
   Email: johnp.field@emc.com









































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