Network Working Group Ross Finlayson
Internet-Draft LIVE.COM
Expire in six months 2001.02.21
The UDP Multicast Tunneling Protocol
<draft-finlayson-umtp-05.txt>
1. Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance
with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as
Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-
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"work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
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2. Abstract
Many Internet hosts - such as PCs - while capable of running multicast
applications, cannot access the MBone (or other wide-area multicast
network) because (i) the router(s) that connect them to the Internet
do not yet support IP multicast routing, and (ii) their
operating systems cannot support a tunneled implementation of
IP multicast routing.
The ''UDP Multicast Tunneling Protocol'' (UMTP) enables such a host to
establish an 'ad hoc' connection to the MBone by tunneling multicast UDP
datagrams inside unicast UDP datagrams. By using UDP, this tunneling can
be implemented as a 'user level' application, without requiring changes to
the host's operating system. It is important to note, however, that this
tunneling mechanism is *not* a substitute for proper multicast routing, and
should be used *only* in environments where multicast routing cannot be
used instead. This document describes this protocol, as is currently
implemented by the liveGate multicast tunneling server
(http://www.live.com/liveGate/).
3. Revision History
February 2001: draft-finlayson-umtp-05.txt
Corrected the version numbers in this revision history.
December 2000: draft-finlayson-umtp-04.txt
Added an example to illustrate the operation of the protocol.
Added a description of the extended trailer (and commands)
that are used to tunnel Source-Specific Multicast ("SSM")
Corrected a URL
September 1998: draft-finlayson-umtp-03.txt
Added descriptions of two new commands: JOIN_RTP_GROUP
and LEAVE_RTP_GROUP, for optimizing the control of
RTP/RTCP sessions.
February 1998: draft-finlayson-umtp-02.txt
Rearranged the fields in the "encapsulation trailer" to allow for
possible variable-sized trailers in the future.
December 1997: draft-finlayson-umtp-01.txt
Changed the "encapsulation header" into an "encapsulation trailer".
Added 'cookie' fields to prevent source address spoofing.
December 1997: draft-finlayson-umtp-01.txt
Original draft.
4. Overview
UMTP operates using (unicast) UDP datagrams between pairs of nodes - each
pair forming the endpoints of a "tunnel". Each datagram is either a
"command" (e.g., instructing the destination endpoint to join or leave a
group address & port), or "data": an encapsulated multicast UDP datagram,
including a (group, port) tuple.
For each (group, port) being tunneled, a tunnel endpoint can act either as
a "master" or a "slave". A tunnel master (for a particular (group, port))
periodically sends a JOIN_GROUP command to the remote endpoint (a slave),
instructing it that this (group, port) is still of interest, and should be
tunneled (or continue to be tunneled). A slave will stop tunneling a
(group, port) if it either (i) receives a LEAVE_GROUP command from the
master, or (ii) has not received any JOIN_GROUP commands for some period of
time (currently, 60 seconds). Typically, a host that is trying to access
the MBone (e.g., a PC) will be a master, and its remote endpoint (a host
already on the MBone) will be a slave. (It is also possible, however, for
both endpoints of a tunnel to be masters.)
Whenever a tunnel endpoint - whether a master or a slave - receives a
multicast UDP datagram addressed to a (group, port) that is currently being
tunneled, it encapsulates this datagram and sends it (as a unicast
datagram) to the other end of the tunnel. Conversely, whenever a tunnel
endpoint receives, over the tunnel, an encapsulated multicast datagram for
a (group, port) of interest, it decapsulates it and resends it as a
multicast datagram (with a TTL that was specified as a parameter in the
encapsulation).
A node (typically a slave server) can be the endpoint of several different
UMTP tunnels - i.e., each with a different endpoint master. Although,
superficially, such a system appears similar to a multicast<->unicast
reflector, it differs in two ways:
(i) The tunneling is application-independent, and handles any (UDP)
multicast packets
(ii) After traversing a tunnel, a decapsulated packet is delivered to the
endpoint's application(s) via multicast, not unicast. This allows regular
multicast-based applications to make use of a UMTP tunnels (subject to some
restrictions described below).
5. Restrictions
UMTP allows a multicast-capable - but otherwise non-MBone-connected - host
to run multicast-based applications. Such applications, however, must
satisfy the following conditions:
1/ Their multicast packets must all be UDP - not 'raw' IP
2/ The UMTP implementation (i.e., a tunnel endpoint) must have
a way of knowing each (group, port) that the application uses.
3/ The application must not rely upon the source address of its
incoming multicast packets being different for different
original data sources. In particular, the application must not
use source addresses to identify these original data sources.
Most multicast-based applications - especially those based on RTP [2] -
satisfy these requirements. If the multicast-based applications are
launched from a separate 'session directory' application, then the UMTP
implementation may be built into the session directory. For some multicast
applications, however, the (group, port) is not specified in advance, but
instead is determined by the application itself - e.g., by querying a
separate 'licensing' server. Depending on the host operating system, a
separate UMTP implementation might not be able to independently determine
this (group, port). In this case, UMTP could not be used, unless it were
incorporated into the application itself.
Note that for Source-Specific Multicast ("SSM") sessions [6], condition
3/ above will be violated: SSM uses a source address (as well as a
regular group address) to identify a SSM "channel", but the act of
tunneling a multicast packet (using UMTP) changes its source address.
Therefore, any SSM-receiving application that uses UMTP to deliver
its incoming multicast packets must be made aware of this change of
source address.
These application restrictions reinforce the point that UMTP should be used
*only* if full multicast routing cannot be provided instead.
6. Packet Format, and Command Codes
The payload of each UMTP datagram - i.e., excluding the outer UDP header -
consists of a 12 or 16-octet 'trailer' descriptor. For commands other than
"DATA", this descriptor makes up the entire UMTP payload. In the case of
a "DATA" command, however, this descriptor is also preceded by the data
that is being encapsulated (i.e., the original UDP payload). The format
of the 'trailer' descriptor is as follows:
12-octet trailer:
=================
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| source cookie | destination cookie |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (IPv4) multicast address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| port | TTL |S|vers.|command|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
16-octet trailer:
=================
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (IPv4) source address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| source cookie | destination cookie |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| (IPv4) multicast address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| port | TTL |S|vers.|command|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Note that UMTP is defined only for IPv4. (In IPv6, native multicast routing
will be ubiquitous.)
The "S" bit (the high-order bit of the last octet of the trailer)
indicates the size of the trailer. S==0 denotes a 12-octet trailer;
S==1 denotes a 16-octet trailer.
The 16-octet trailer is identical to the 12-octet trailer, except for
the addition of an IP source address. This extended trailer is used
to tunnel (and control the tunneling of) Source-Specific Multicast
sessions.
"source cookie" and "destination cookie" are used to protect against IP
source address spoofing, as described below.
"vers" - the protocol version - is currently zero.
The following "command"s are currently defined:
0 (unused)
1 DATA
2 JOIN_GROUP
3 LEAVE_GROUP
4 TEAR_DOWN
5 PROBE
6 PROBE_ACK
7 PROBE_NACK
8 JOIN_RTP_GROUP
9 LEAVE_RTP_GROUP
10-15 (unused)
Notes:
- The primary reason for having the encapsulated data appear *before*
the encapsulation descriptor is that the encapsulated data will
often be a RTP packet [2], and by retaining this data in its usual
position, IP/UDP/RTP header compression [3] - if present - will
work properly. A secondary reason is that this order may allow
UMTP implementations written in some type-safe programming
languages - such as Java - to reduce the amount of byte copying that
they would otherwise have to perform. Note that UMTP implementations
must allow for the possibility of the 'trailer' descriptor not being
aligned on a 4-byte boundary.
- The S/vers/command fields always occupy the last byte of the data
payload. This allows a receiving implementation to easily determine
the size of the trailer, and allows for the possibility of having
other kinds of encapsulation trailers (e.g., for trailer compression)
in future versions of this protocol.
- The DATA, JOIN_GROUP, LEAVE_GROUP, JOIN_GROUP_RTP, and LEAVE_GROUP_RTP
commands can be used with either a 12-octet trailer, or (if the "S"
bit is set to 1) with a 16-octet trailer that adds a source address
(specifying a SSM session). In the Protocol Operation described in
the next section, replace "(group, port)" with "(group, source, port)"
when dealing with a SSM session.
7. Protocol Operation
For the purposes of describing the protocol, a tunnel endpoint has the
following state:
- a set E of allowable remote endpoints (each defined by a unicast
address & port). Each such endpoint, e, is also tagged with:
- localCookie_e: a hard-to-guess (e.g., random) 16-bit value
- remoteCookie_e: a 16-bit value (initially, some arbitrary value)
- a set G of active (group, port) tuples. Each such tuple, g, is also
tagged with:
- a flag F_g with one of two values: {"master", "slave"}
- a subset E_g of E: the tunnels that are members of g
- a default TTL T_g (the TTL to use if one is not otherwise known)
Also, for each tunnel endpoint, the following events of note may occur:
1/ The local node requests the joining of a (group, port) g,
with default TTL t
2/ The local node requests the leaving of a (group, port) g
3/ The local node sends a multicast packet to a (group, port) g, with TTL t
4/ A (non-local) multicast packet arrives for a (group, port) g,
with source address s
5/ A 'JOIN_GROUP timeout' occurs on a (group, port) g
6/ A tunneled UMTP packet arrives, with source address s,
and containing 'cookies' (srcCookie, dstCookie)
Each of these events is handled as follows:
1/ The local node requests the joining of a (group, port) g,
with default TTL t
add g to G; set F_g to "master"; set T_g to t
locally join the multicast group g
for each tunnel endpoint e in E_g,
send, to e, at 15 second intervals, a command
JOIN_GROUP(group, port, t,
srcCookie<-localCookie_e,
dstCookie<-remoteCookie_e)
2/ The local node requests the leaving of a (group, port) g
ignore this if g is not a member of G; otherwise:
if F_g is "master"
for each tunnel endpoint e in E_g,
cancel the ongoing periodic JOIN_GROUP commands
send, to e, a command
LEAVE_GROUP(group, port,
srcCookie<-localCookie_e,
dstCookie<-remoteCookie_e)
(The TTL field in the packet is unused)
(optional: Repeat this send several times)
locally leave the multicast group g
remove g from G
3/ The local node sends a multicast packet to a (group, port) g, with TTL t
ignore this if g is not a member of G (or if t==0); otherwise:
for each tunnel endpoint e in E_g,
send, to e, a command
DATA(group, port, t-1,
srcCookie<-localCookie_e,
dstCookie<-remoteCookie_e)
with the original packet's data prepended
4/ A (non-local) multicast packet arrives for a (group, port) g,
with source address s
IMPORTANT (see below): If s is one of the endpoints e in E:
send, to e, a command
TEAR_DOWN(srcCookie<-localCookie_e,
dstCookie<-remoteCookie_e)
(the address, port, TTL fields are unused)
remove e from E
otherwise:
ignore this if g is not a member of G; otherwise:
if the TTL t of the incoming packet is not known:
set t to T_g
for each tunnel endpoint e in E_g,
(if t>0) send, to e, a command
DATA(group, port, t-1,
srcCookie<-localCookie_e,
dstCookie<-remoteCookie_e)
with the original packet's data prepended
5/ A 'JOIN_GROUP timeout' occurs on a (group, port) g
ignore this if g is not a member of G; otherwise:
if F_g is "slave"
remove g from G
locally leave the multicast group g
6/ A tunneled UMTP packet arrives, with source address s,
and containing 'cookies' (srcCookie, dstCookie)
If s is not one of the endpoints e in E, ignore this packet
*unless* the "command" is PROBE, in which case:
replace the packet's "command" field with PROBE_NACK,
swap the packet's source and destination cookie fields
send the resulting packet back to s
continue normal processing
If dstCookie does *not* equal localCookie_s [*]
send, to s, a command
PROBE_ACK(srcCookie<-localCookie_s,
dstCookie<-the srcCookie from the packet)
(the address, port, TTL fields are ignored; they
should be given the same values as those in the
incoming packet)
continue normal processing
[*] (Note: An implementation may omit this check if it is sure
that source addresses incoming packets cannot be spoofed.)
Set remoteCookie_s <- srcCookie
Process the packet, based on the "command" field:
DATA(group, port, t)
set g to (group, port)
(Note: It is not required that g be a member of G.)
multicast the encapsulated (prepended) data to g, with TTL t
(optional: Instead limit the TTL; see below)
(if t>0) for each tunnel endpoint e in E_g, EXCEPT for s
send, to e, a command
DATA(group, port, t-1,
srcCookie<-localCookie_e,
dstCookie<-remoteCookie_e)
with the original packet's data prepended
JOIN_GROUP(group, port, t)
set g to (group, port)
ignore this if g is not a multicast address; otherwise:
if g is not already a member of G:
add g to G; set F_g to "slave"; set T_g to t
locally join the multicast group g
if F_g is "slave":
set a 'JOIN_GROUP timeout' to occur in 60 seconds time
(replacing any existing such timeout)
LEAVE_GROUP(group, port)
set g to (group, port)
ignore this if g is not a member of G; otherwise:
if F_g is "slave"
locally leave the multicast group g
remove g from G
TEAR_DOWN
remove e from E
PROBE
send, to s, a command
PROBE_ACK(srcCookie<-localCookie_s,
dstCookie<-remoteCookie_s)
(the address, port, TTL fields are ignored; they
should be given the same values as those in the
incoming packet)
PROBE_ACK, PROBE_NACK
Ignore this packet (unless we have recently sent a PROBE)
Note: The PROBE command is one that a node can (optionally)
use to determine whether a prospective endpoint
exists, and if so, whether it would accept us as an
endpoint in turn. A PROBE can also be used, by a
master, to obtain the correct "remoteCookie" - via
the subsequent PROBE_ACK - prior to sending its
first JOIN_GROUP.
8. Illustration of Protocol Operation
In this simple example, consider a tunnel between a single pair of
nodes, A and B, and suppose that node A (the master) wishes that data
for a particular (group, port) "g" be relayed across the tunnel, with
default TTL "t".
Initial state:
A (master) B (slave)
========== =========
E == {B} E == {A}
localCookie_B: 914 localCookie_A: 1442
(initially chosen at random) (initially chosen at random)
remoteCookie_B: 2207 (ditto) remoteCookie_A: 4913 (ditto)
G == {} G == {}
A begins by sending a PROBE command across the tunnel to B. This is
optional, but it serves each endpoint to 'synchronize' their cookies.
A --> PROBE(914,2207) -->B
B receives this command, and notices that the source (A) is one of his
legitimate endpoints. However, he also notices that the command's
destination cookie (2207) does *not* equal his local cookie (1442).
Therefore, he sends back a PROBE_ACK, containing his correct cookie
(and the source cookie from the original PROBE):
A<-- PROBE_ACK(1442,914) <--B
A receives this command, notices that the source (B) is one of his
legitimate endpoints. He also notices that the command's destination
cookie (914) equals his own local cookie. This authenticates the
remote endpoint B (showing that it hasn't been spoofed), so A then sets
his remoteCookie_B to 1442 (the local cookie from the incoming command).
Current state:
A (master) B (slave)
========== =========
E == {B} E == {A}
localCookie_B: 914 localCookie_A: 1442
remoteCookie_B: 1442 remoteCookie_A: 4913
G == {} G == {}
Note that B hasn't yet authenticated the remote endpoint A. This
happens after the next packet:
Next, A joins the multicast (group, port), and tells B to relay this:
A--> JOIN_GROUP(group, port, t, 914, 1442) -->B
(A repeats this command every 15 seconds.)
B receives each such command, authenticates its endpoint and cookies,
sets his remoteCookie_A to 914, and handles the JOIN_GROUP command by
- locally joining the group (if it hasn't already done so)
- setting F_g to "slave"
- setting a "JOIN_GROUP timeout" to occur in 60 seconds
(if no more JOIN_GROUP commands are received within this time)
Current state:
A (master) B (slave)
========== =========
E == {B} E == {A}
localCookie_B: 914 localCookie_A: 1442
remoteCookie_B: 1442 remoteCookie_A: 914
G == {g} G == {g}
F_g == "master" F_g == "slave"
E_g == {B} E_g == {A}
T_g == t T_g == t
Suppose now that B receives a local multicast packet addressed to "g".
He then sends a DATA command across the tunnel to A:
A<-- DATA(group, port, t-1, 914, 1442) <--B
(with the original data prepended)
(If B knew the TTL of the incoming packet, he'd use this instead of t.)
A then receives this command, authenticates its endpoint and cookies,
and re-multicasts the encapsulated data to (group, port).
(The same steps happen, in the reverse direction, if A receives a local
multicast packet addressed to "g".)
9. Relaying RTP/RTCP Sessions
RTP/RTCP sessions [2] use two ports: an even numbered port for RTP, and
an odd-numbered port (the next highest) for RTCP. These sessions could
be relayed using two separate JOIN_GROUP commands - one for each port.
As an alternative, the single command JOIN_RTP_GROUP can be used.
This command works exactly like JOIN_GROUP, except that it implicitly
specifies a pair of ports: the port in the command, and that port +1.
Similarly, the command LEAVE_RTP_GROUP can be used to stop relaying a
RTP/RTCP session, as an alternative to using two separate LEAVE_GROUPs.
A UMTP master should use JOIN_RTP_GROUP and LEAVE_RTP_GROUP only for
RTP/RTCP sessions - not for other kinds of sessions that also happen
to use port pairs. A UMTP implementation may handle these commands
especially, based upon the knowledge that they represent RTP/RTCP
sessions. For example, an implementation might wish to perform
RTP/RTCP-specific monitoring or statistics gathering, or to check the
RTP SSRC ("synchronization source") field in each incoming multicast
packet for possible collisions (i.e., in case two separate multicast
sources happen to be using the same SSRC, but have not yet detected
and corrected this themselves) [4].
10. Loop Detection and Avoidance
A data loop may occur if the two endpoints of a UMTP tunnel are connected
by multicast, or via another UMTP tunnel elsewhere. Each UMTP
implementation must take steps to prevent a loop from occurring:
- When multicasting a decapsulated DATA packet, a UMTP implementation
should choose a TTL that's no larger than necessary. It must also ensure
that if this packet is then re-received (via loop-back), it is not resent
back over the same tunnel.
- If a UMTP implementation receives a multicast packet whose source address
is also the endpoint of a tunnel, it must immediately shut down this tunnel
(& send a TEAR_DOWN command to the endpoint)
- If a UMTP implementation is running on a node for which no more than one
tunnel is expected (e.g., the node is a non-MBone-connected PC), then this
implementation should attempt to ensure that no more than one tunnel can
be started on this note. (For example, the implementation could use
operating system-level locking to prevent more than one copy of itself
from running simultaneously.)
- If loops in the tunneling topology remain possible, then each end of
the tunnel should periodically send a short 'status' packet - containing
its unicast address - to a common multicast address, and also listen on
this address, checking the contents of each received status packet.
Should these contents be the same as its original status packet, it must
immediately shut down all of its tunnels.
(Note: These are the same loop detection techniques used by "mTunnel" [5] -
a similar multicast tunneling system, developed independently.)
11. Security Considerations
Each UMTP implementation should specify, in advance, its set of allowable
endpoints (E), and thus should not permit arbitrary nodes to form tunnels
(unless some additional authentication mechanism is used for this purpose).
Tunnels are authenticated by IP source address. However, the 'cookie'
mechanism protects against source address spoofing. To enhance this
protection, an implementation may choose to occasionally change its
'localCookies' while it is running. (This should be done immediately prior
to sending a packet across the tunnel, so that the remote endpoint can
learn about the new cookie immediately.)
12. References
[1] LIVE.COM,
The "liveGate" multicast tunneling server
http://www.live.com/liveGate/
[2] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and Jacobson, V.,
"RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 1889,
January, 1996.
[3] Jacobson, V., Casner, S.,
"Compressing IP/UDP/RTP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links"
RFC 2508, February, 1999.
[4] Casner, S.,
Personal communication, December, 1997.
[5] Parnes, P.,
"mTunnel"
http://www.cdt.luth.se/~peppar/progs/mTunnel/
[6] Holbrook, H., Cain, B.,
"Source-Specific Multicast for IP"
Work-in-Progress, Internet-Draft "draft-holbrook-ssm-arch-01.txt"
November, 2000.
13. Author's Address
Ross Finlayson,
Live Networks, Inc. (LIVE.COM)
email: finlayson@live.com
WWW: http://www.live.com/