Internet Engineering Task Force M. Foschiano
Internet Draft Cisco Systems
Category: Informational April 2007
Expires: October 2007
Cisco Systems UniDirectional Link Detection (UDLD) Protocol
draft-foschiano-udld-03.txt
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Cisco Systems UniDirectional Link Detection Protocol April 2007
Abstract
This document describes a Cisco Systems protocol that can be used to
detect and disable unidirectional Ethernet fiber or copper links
caused for instance by mis-wiring of fiber strands, interface
malfunctions, media converters' faults, etc. It operates at Layer 2
in conjunction with IEEE 802.3's existing Layer 1 fault detection
mechanisms.
This document explains the protocol objectives and applications,
illustrates the specific premises the protocol was based upon and
describes the protocol architecture and related deployment issues, to
serve as a possible base for future standardization.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..................................................3
2. Protocol Objectives and Applications..........................3
3. Protocol Design Premises......................................4
4. Protocol Background...........................................5
5. Protocol Architecture.........................................5
5.1 The Basics................................................5
5.2 Neighbor Database Maintenance.............................5
5.3 Event-driven Detection and Echoing........................6
5.4 Event-based versus Event-less Detection...................6
6. Packet Format.................................................7
6.1 TLV Description...........................................9
7. Protocol Logic...............................................10
7.1 Protocol Timers..........................................11
8. Comparison with Bidirectional Forwarding Detection...........11
Security Considerations.........................................12
IANA Considerations.............................................12
Deployment Considerations.......................................12
Changes from the Previous Version...............................12
Normative References............................................12
Author's Address................................................13
IPR Notice......................................................13
Full Copyright Notice...........................................14
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1. Introduction
Today's Ethernet-based switched networks often rely on the Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP) defined in the IEEE 802.1D standard [1] to create
a loop-free topology that is used to forward the traffic from a
source to a destination based on the Layer 2 packet information
learned by the switches and on the knowledge of the status of the
physical links along the path.
Issues arise when due to mis-wirings or to hardware faults the
communication path behaves abnormally and generates forwarding
anomalies. The simplest example of such anomalies is the case of a
bidirectional link that stops passing traffic in one direction and
therefore breaks one of the most basic assumptions most high-level
protocols depend upon: reliable two-way communication between peers.
The purpose of the UDLD protocol is to detect the presence of
anomalous conditions in the Layer 2 communication channel, while
relying on the mechanisms defined by the IEEE in the 802.3 standard
[2] to properly handle conditions inherent to the physical layer.
2. Protocol Objectives and Applications
The UniDirectional Link Detection protocol (often referred to in
short as "UDLD") is a light-weight protocol that can be used to
detect and disable one-way connections before they create dangerous
situations such as Spanning Tree loops or other protocol
malfunctions.
The protocol's main goal is to advertise the identities of all the
capable devices attached to the same LAN segment and to collect the
information received on the ports of each device to determine if the
Layer 2 communication is happening in the appropriate fashion.
In a network that has an extensive fiber cabling plant, problems may
arise when incorrect patching causes a switch port to have its RX
fiber strand connected to one neighbor port and its TX fiber strand
connected to another. In these cases, a port may be deemed active if
it is receiving an optical signal on its RX strand. However, the
problem is that this link does not provide a valid communication path
at Layer 2 (and above).
If this scenario of wrongly connected fiber strands is applied to
multiple ports to create a fiber loop, each device in the loop could
directly send packets to a neighbor but would not be able to receive
from the same device to which it is sending to.
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Albeit the above scenario is rather extreme, it exemplifies how the
lack of mutual identification of the neighbors can bring protocols to
the wrong assumption that during a transmission the sender and the
receiver at the other end of the link match.
Another equally dangerous incorrect assumption is that the lack of
reception of protocol messages on a port unmistakably indicates the
absence of transmitting protocol entities at the other end of the
link.
The UDLD protocol was implemented to help correct certain assumptions
made by other protocols, and in particular to help the Spanning Tree
Protocol to function properly so as to avoid the creation of
dangerous Layer 2 loops. It has been available on most Cisco Systems
switches for several years and is now part of numerous network design
best practices.
3. Protocol Design Premises
The current implementation of UDLD is based on the following
considerations/presuppositions:
o The protocol would have to be run in the control plane of a
network device to be flexible enough to support upgrades and bug
fixes. The control plane speed would ultimately be the limiting
factor to the capability of fast fault detection of the protocol
(CPU speed, task switching speed, event processing speed, etc.).
The transmission medium's propagation delay at 10 Mbps speed (or
higher) would instead be considered a negligible factor.
o Oftentimes network events tend to happen not with optimal
timing, but rather at the speed determined by the
software/firmware infrastructure that controls them (for
psychological and practical reasons developers tend to choose
round timer values rather than determine the optimal value for
the specific software architecture in use; also, software bugs,
coding oversights, slow process switching, implementation
overhead can all affect the control plane responsiveness and
event timings). Hence it was deemed necessary to adopt a
conservative protocol design to minimize false positives during
the detection process.
o If a fault were discovered, it was assumed that the user would
want to keep the faulty port down for a predetermined amount of
time to avoid unnecessary port state flapping. For that reason a
time-based fault recovery mechanism was provided (although
alternative recovery mechanisms are not implicitly precluded by
the protocol itself).
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4. Protocol Background
UDLD is meant to be a Layer 2 detection protocol that works on top of
the existing Layer 1 detection mechanisms defined by the IEEE
standards. For example, the Far End Fault Indication function (FEFI)
for 100BaseFX interfaces and the Auto-Negotiation function for
100BaseTX/1000BaseX interfaces represent standard physical-layer
mechanisms to determine if the transmission media is bidirectional.
(Please see [2] sections 24.3.2.1 and 28.2.3.5 for more details.) The
typical case of a Layer 1 "fault" indication is the "loss of light"
indication.
UDLD instead differs from the above-mentioned mechanisms insofar as
it performs mutual neighbor identification; in addition it performs
neighbor acknowledgement on top of the LLC layer and thus is able to
discover logical one-way mis-communication between neighbors even
when either one of the said PHY layer mechanisms has deemed the
transmission medium bidirectional.
5. Protocol Architecture
5.1 The Basics
UDLD uses two basic mechanisms:
a. It advertises a port's identity and learns about its neighbors
on a specific LAN segment; it keeps the acquired information on
the neighbors in a cache table.
b. It sends a train of echo messages in certain circumstances that
require fast notifications or fast resynchronization of the
cached information.
Because of the above, the algorithm run by UDLD requires that all the
devices connected to the same LAN segment be running the protocol in
order for a potential misconfiguration to be detected and for a
prompt corrective action to be taken.
5.2 Neighbor Database Maintenance
UDLD sends periodical "hello" packets (also called "advertisements"
or "probes") on every active interface to keep each device informed
about its neighbors. When a hello message is received, it is cached
and kept in memory at most for a defined time interval, called
"holdtime" or "time-to-live", after which the cache entry is
considered stale and is aged out.
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If a new hello message is received when a correspondent old cache
entry has not been aged out yet, then the old entry is dropped and is
replaced by the new one with a reset time-to-live timer.
Whenever an interface gets disabled and UDLD is running, or whenever
UDLD is disabled on an interface, or whenever the device is reset,
all existing cache entries for the interfaces affected by the
configuration change are cleared and UDLD sends at least one message
to inform the neighbors to flush the part of their caches also
affected by the status change. This mechanism is meant to keep the
caches coherent on all the connected devices.
5.3 Event-driven Detection and Echoing
The echoing mechanism is the base of UDLD's detection algorithm:
whenever a UDLD device learns about a new neighbor or receives a
resynchronization request from an out-of-synch neighbor, it
(re)starts the detection process on its side of the connection and
sends N echo messages in reply. (This mechanism implicitly assumes
that N packets are sufficient to get through a link and reach the
other end, even though some of them might get dropped during the
transmission.)
Since this behavior must be the same on all the neighbors, the sender
of the echoes expects to receive after some time an echo in reply. If
the detection process ends without the proper echo information being
received, under specific conditions the link is considered to be
unidirectional.
5.4 Event-based versus Event-less Detection
UDLD can function in two modes: normal mode and aggressive mode.
In normal mode a protocol determination at the end of the detection
process is always based on information received in UDLD messages:
whether it's the information about the exchange of proper neighbor
identifications or the information about the absence of such proper
identifications. Hence, albeit bound by a timer, normal mode
determinations are always based on gleaned information, and as such
are "event-based". If no such information can be obtained (e.g.,
because of a bidirectional loss of connectivity), UDLD follows a
conservative approach based on the considerations in Section 3 and
deems a port to be in "undetermined" state. In other words, normal
mode will shut down a port only if it can explicitly determine that
the associated link is faulty for an extended period of time.
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In aggressive mode, instead, UDLD will shut down a port also in case
it just loses bidirectional connectivity with the neighbor for the
same extended period of time mentioned above and subsequently fails
repeated last-resort attempts to re-establish communication with the
other end of the link. This mode of operation assumes that loss of
communication with the neighbor is a meaningful network event in
itself and is a symptom of a serious connectivity problem. Because
this type of detection can be event-less, and lack of information
cannot always be associated to an actual malfunction of the link,
this mode is optional and is recommended only in certain scenarios
(typically only on point-to-point links where no communication
failure between two neighbors is admissible).
6. Packet Format
The UDLD protocol runs on top of the LLC sub-layer of the data link
layer of the OSI stack. It uses a specially assigned multicast
destination MAC address and encapsulates its messages using the
standard SNAP format as described in the following:
Destination MAC address 01-00-0C-CC-CC-CC
UDLD SNAP format:
LLC value 0xAAAA03
Org Id 0x00000C
HDLC protocol type 0x0111
UDLD's Protocol Data Unit (PDU) format is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Ver | Opcode | Flags | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| List of TLVs (variable length list) |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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The TLV format is the basic one described below:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TYPE | LENGTH |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| VALUE |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type (16 bits): If an implementation does not understand a Type value
it should skip over it using the length field.
Length (16 bits): Length in bytes of the Type, Length, and Value
fields. In order for this field value to be valid, it should be
greater than or equal to the minimum allowed length, 4 bytes; if not,
the whole packet is to be considered corrupted and therefore it must
be discarded right away during the parsing process. TLVs should not
be split across packet boundaries.
Value (variable length): Object contained in the TLV.
The protocol header fields are defined as follows:
Ver (3 bits):
0x01: UDLD PDU version number
Opcode (5 bits):
0x00: Reserved
0x01: Probe message
0x02: Echo message
0x03: Flush message
0x04-0x1F: Reserved for future use
Flags (8 bits):
bit 0: Recommended timeout flag (RT)
bit 1: ReSynch flag (RSY)
bit 2...7: Reserved for future use
PDU Checksum (16 bits):
IP-like checksum. Take the 1's complement of the 1's complement
sum (with the modification that the odd byte at the end of an odd
length message is used as the low 8 bits of an extra word, rather
than as the high 8 bits.) N.B.: All UDLD implementations must comply
with this specification.
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The list of currently defined TLVs comprises:
Name Type Value format
Device-ID TLV 0x0001 ASCII character string
Port-ID TLV 0x0002 ASCII character string
Echo TLV 0x0003 List of ID pairs
Message Interval TLV 0x0004 8 bit unsigned integer
Timeout Interval TLV 0x0005 8 bit unsigned integer
Device Name TLV 0x0006 ASCII character string
Sequence Number TLV 0x0007 32 bit unsigned integer
Reserved TLVs > 0x0007 Format unknown.
To be skipped by parsing routine.
6.1 TLV Description
Device-ID TLV:
This TLV uniquely identifies the device that is sending the UDLD
packet. The TLV length field determines the length of the carried
identifier and must be greater than zero. In version 1 of the
protocol the lack of this ID is considered a symptom of packet
corruption that implies that the message is invalid and must be
discarded.
Port-ID TLV:
This TLV uniquely identifies the physical port the UDLD packet is
sent on. The TLV length field determines the length of the carried
identifier and must be greater than zero. In version 1 of the
protocol the lack of this ID is considered a symptom of packet
corruption that implies that the message is invalid and must be
discarded.
Echo TLV:
This TLV contains the list of valid DeviceID/PortID pairs received
by a port from all its neighbors. If either one of the identifiers
in a pair is corrupted the message will be ignored.
This list includes only DeviceID's and PortID's extracted from UDLD
messages received and cached on the same interface on which this
TLV is sent. If no UDLD messages are received, then this TLV is
sent containing zero pairs. Despite its name, this TLV must be
present in both probe and echo messages, whereas in flush messages
it's not required.
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Message Interval TLV:
This required TLV contains the 8-bit time interval value used by a
neighbor to send UDLD probes after the linkup or detection phases.
Its time unit is 1 second. The holdtime of a cache item for a
received message is calculated as (advertised-message-interval x
R), where R is a constant called "Ttl to message interval ratio".
Timeout Interval TLV:
This optional TLV contains the 8-bit timeout interval value (T)
used by UDLD to decide the basic length of the detection phase. Its
time unit is 1 second. If it's not present in an advertisement, T
is assumed to be a hard-coded constant.
Device Name TLV:
This required TLV is meant to be used by the CLI or SNMP and
typically contains the user-readable device name string.
Sequence Number TLV:
The purpose of this optional TLV is to inform the neighbors of the
sequence number of the current message being transmitted. A counter
from 1 to 2^32-1 is supposed to keep track of the sequence number;
it is reset whenever a transition of phase occurs so that it will
restart counting from one, for instance, whenever an echo message
sequence is initiated, or whenever a linkup message train is
triggered.
No wraparound of the counter is supposed to happen.
The zero value is reserved and can be used as a representation of a
missing or invalid sequence number by the user interface.
Therefore, the TLV should never contain zero.
(N.B.: The use of this TLV is currently limited only to
informational purposes.)
7. Protocol Logic
UDLD's protocol logic relies on specific internal timers and is
sensitive to certain network events.
The type of messages that UDLD transmits and the timing intervals
that it uses are dependent upon the internal state of the protocol,
which changes based on network events such as:
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o Link up
o Link down
o Protocol enabled
o Protocol disabled
o New neighbor discovery
o Neighbor state change
o Neighbor resynchronization requests
7.1 Protocol Timers
UDLD timer values could vary within certain "safety" ranges based on
the considerations in Section 3. However, in practice, in the current
implementation timers use only certain values verified during
testing. Their time unit is one second.
During the detection phase, messages are exchanged at the maximum
possible rate of one per second. After that, if the protocol reaches
a stable state and can make a certain determination on the
"bidirectionality" of the link, the message interval is increased to
a configurable value based on a curve known as M1(t), a time-based
function.
In case the link is deemed anything other than bidirectional at the
end of the detection, this curve is a flat line with a fixed value of
Mfast (7 seconds in the current implementation).
In case the link is instead deemed bidirectional, the curve will use
Mfast for the first 4 subsequent message transmissions and then will
transition to an Mslow value for all other steady-state
transmissions. Mslow can be either a fixed value (60 seconds in some
obsolete implementations) or a user configurable value (between Mfast
and 90 seconds with a default of 15 seconds in the current
implementations).
8. Comparison with Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
Similarly to UDLD, the Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) [3]
protocol is intended to detect faults in the path between two network
nodes. However, BFD is supposed to operate independently of media,
data protocols and routing protocols. There is no address discovery
mechanism in BFD, which is left to the application to determine.
On the other hand, UDLD works exclusively on top of a L2 transport
supporting the SNAP encapsulation and operates independently of the
other bridge protocols (UDLD's main "applications"), with which it
has limited interaction. It also performs full neighbor discovery on
point-to-point and point-to-multipoint media.
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Security Considerations
In a heterogeneous Layer 2 network that is built with different
models of network devices or with devices running different software
images, the UDLD protocol should be supported and configured on all
ports interconnecting said devices in order to achieve a complete
coverage of its detection process. Instead, UDLD is not supposed to
be used on ports connected to untrusted devices or incapable devices;
hence, it should be disabled on such ports.
IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
Deployment Considerations
Cisco Systems has supported the UDLD protocol in its Catalyst family
of switches since year 1999.
Changes from the Previous Version
Updated as per RFC 4748 and edited as per reviewers' comments. Added
a section with a comparison between UDLD and BFD.
Normative References
[1] IEEE 802.1D-2004 Standard -- Media access control (MAC) Bridges
[2] IEEE 802.3-2002 IEEE Standard -- Local and metropolitan area
networks Specific requirements--Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and
Physical Layer Specifications
[3] Katz, D., and Ward, D., "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection",
draft-ietf-bfd-base-06.txt, March, 2007.
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Author's Address
Marco Foschiano
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Via Torri Bianche 7, Vimercate, MI, 20059, Italy
Email: foschia@cisco.com
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This Internet-Draft will expire in October, 2007.
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