MSEC S. Fries
Internet-Draft H. Tschofenig
Expires: April 16, 2005 Siemens
October 16, 2004
Bootstrapping TESLA
draft-fries-msec-bootstrapping-tesla-00.txt
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Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).
Abstract
With the Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication protocol
(TESLA) a protocol for providing source authentication in multicast
scenarios was introduced. A mapping for TESLA to the Secure
Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) has been published which assumes
that some TESLA parameters are made available by out-of-band
mechanisms. This document describes payloads for bootstrapping these
parameters with the help of the Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY)
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protocol.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. TESLA Parameter Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Parameter encoding within MIKEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1 Security Policy payload (SP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2 TESLA policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Key data transport within MIKEY's General Extension
Payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 11
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1. Introduction
[I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla] describes extensions for SRTP [RFC3711] in
order to support TESLA [I-D.ietf-msec-tesla-intro] for source
authentication in multicast scenarios. Therefore the cryptographic
context needs to be enhanced with a set of TESLA parameters. It is
necessary to provide these parameters before the actual multicast
session starts. [I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla] does not address the
bootstrapping for these parameters.
This document details bootstrapping of TESLA using the Multimedia
Internet Keying (MIKEY) [RFC3830] protocol. MIKEY defines an
authentication and key management framework that can be used for
real-time applications (both for peer-to-peer communication and group
communication). In particular, [RFC3830] is defined in a way to
support SRTP in the first place but is open to enhancements to be
used for other purposes too.
The three authentication and key exchange protocols defined in
[RFC3830] as well as the fourth protocol provided by
[I-D.ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac] may be used to provide also the TESLA
parameters. The required TESLA parameters to be exchanged are
already described in [I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla], while this document
describes their transport within MIKEY.
The following security requirements have to be placed on the exchange
of TESLA parameters:
o Integrity MUST be provided when sending the TESLA parameters,
especially for the initial key.
o Confidentiallity MAY be provided for the TESLA parameter
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. TESLA Parameter Overview
According to [I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla] the following transform
dependent parameters need to be provided for proper TESLA operation:
1. An identifier for the PRF, f, implementing the one-way function
F(x) in TESLA (to derive the keys in the chain), e.g. to
indicate HMAC-SHA1.
2. A non-negative integer n_c, determining the length of the F
output, i.e. the length of the keys in the chain (that is also
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the key disclosed in an SRTP packet).
3. An identifier for the PRF, f', implementing the one-way function
F'(x) in TESLA (to derive the keys for the TESLA MAC, from the
keys in the chain), e.g. to indicate HMAC-SHA1.
4. A non-negative integer n_f, determining the length of the output
of F', i.e. of the key for the TESLA MAC.
5. An identifier for the TESLA MAC, that accepts the output of F'(x)
as its key, e.g. to indicate HMAC-SHA1.
6. A non-negative integer n_m, determining the length of the output
of the TESLA MAC.
7. The beginning of the session T_0,
8. The interval duration T_int (in msec),
9. The key disclosure delay d (in number of intervals)
10. Non-negative integer n_c, determining the length of the key
chain, which is determined based up the expected duration of the
stream.
11. The initial key of the chain to which the sender has committed
himself.
Section 6.2 in [I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla] provides information about
the default value for the above-listed parameters.
4. Parameter encoding within MIKEY
As mentioned in Section 3, TESLA parameters need to be transported
before actually starting a session. MIKEY currently only defines a
payload for transporting the SRTP policy (see Section 6.10 of
[RFC3830]). This section describes the enhancement of MIKEY to allow
the transport of a TESLA policy and additionally the initial TESLA
key.
4.1 Security Policy payload (SP)
The Security Policy payload defines a set of policies that apply to a
specific security protocol. The definition here relies on the
security policy payload definition in [RFC3830].
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
! Next payload ! Policy no ! Prot type ! Policy param ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ length (cont) ! Policy param ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
* Next payload (8 bits):
Identifies the payload that is added after
this payload. See Section 6.1 of [RFC3830] for
more details.
* Policy no (8 bits):
Each security policy payload must be given a
distinct number for the current MIKEY session by the
local peer. This number is used to map a cryptographic session
to a specific policy (see also Section 6.1.1 of [RFC3830]).
* Prot type (8 bits):
This value defines the security protocol.
A second value needs to be defined as shown below:
Prot type | Value |
---------------------------
SRTP | 0 |
TESLA | 1 |
* Policy param length (16 bits):
This field defines the total length of the
policy parameters for the selected security protocol.
* Policy param (variable length):
This field defines the policy for the specific
security protocol.
The Policy param part is built up by a set of Type/Length/Value (TLV)
payloads. For each security protocol, a set of possible type/value
pairs can be negotiated as defined.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
! Type ! Length ! Value ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
* Type (8 bits):
Specifies the type of the parameter.
* Length (8 bits):
Specifies the length of the Value field (in bytes).
* Value (variable length):
Specifies the value of the parameter.
4.2 TESLA policy
This policy specifies the parameters for TESLA. The types/values
that can be negotiated are defined by the following table. The
concrete default values are taken from [I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla],
but other values may also be used:
Type | Meaning | Possible values
---------------------------------------------------------------
1 | PRF identifier for f, realising F(x) | see below
2 | Length of PRF f output | 160
3 | PRF identifier for f', realising F'(x) | see below
4 | Length of PRF f' output | 160
5 | Identifier for the TESLA MAC | see below
6 | Length of TESLA MAC output | 80 (trunkened)
7 | Start of session | in bytes
8 | Interval duration T_int (in msec) | in bytes
9 | Key disclosure delay d | in bytes
10| Key chain length (numer of intervals) | in bytes
For the PRF realising F(x), a one byte length is sufficient.
The currently defined possible values are:
TESLA PRF F(x) | Value
-----------------------
NULL | 0
HMAC-SHA1 | 1
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For the PRF realising F'(x), a one byte length is enough.
The currently defined possible values are:
TESLA PRF F'(x) | Value
-----------------------
NULL | 0
HMAC-SHA1 | 1
For the TESLA MAC, a one byte length is enough.
The currently defined possible values are:
TESLA MAC | Value
-----------------------
NULL | 0
HMAC-SHA1 | 1
4.3 Key data transport within MIKEY's General Extension Payload
The General Extensions Payload was defined to allow possible
extensions to MIKEY without the need for defining a completely new
payload each time. This payload can be used in any MIKEY message and
is part of the authenticated/signed data part.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
! Next payload ! Type ! Length !
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
! Data ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
* Next payload (8 bits):
Identifies the payload following this payload.
* Type (8 bits):
Identifies the type of general payload. MIKEY
already defines the Values 0 and 1.
This document introduces a new value (2).
Type | Value | Comments
----------------------------------------------------
Vendor ID | 0 | Vendor specific byte string
SDP IDs | 1 | List of SDP key mgmt IDs
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TESLA I-Key | 2 | TESLA initial key
* Length (16 bits):
The length in bytes of the Data field.
* Data (variable length):
The general payload data.
5. Security Considerations
The security properties of multi-media data in a multicast
environment depends on a number of building blocks.
SRTP-TESLA [I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla] describes extensions for SRTP
[RFC3711] in order to support TESLA [I-D.ietf-msec-tesla-intro] for
source authentication in multicast scenarios. As such, security
considerations described with TESLA (see [PCST] and
[I-D.ietf-msec-tesla-intro]), the TESLA SRTP mapping
[I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla] and SRTP [RFC3711] itself are relevant in
this context.
Furthermore, since this document details bootstrapping of TESLA using
the Multimedia Internet Keying (MIKEY) [RFC3830] protocol the
security considerations of MIKEY are immediately applicable to this
document.
As mentioned in Section 1 the TESLA parameters described in Section 3
MUST be integrity protected and MAY be confidentiality protected.
Integrity protection is necessary to avoid a man-in-the-middle
adversary to modify parameters to mount a number of attacks.
Confidentity protection, if desired, can be provided by a subset of
the available MIKEY authentication and key exchange protocols, namely
those providing public key encryption and symmetric key encryption.
Without confidentiality protection an adversary might be able to
learn the parameters later used to secure the end-to-end multi-media
communication (if the adversary is located along the signaling path).
This might be undesirable in high-security environments. Please note
that the initial hash key, which is also one of the TESLA
bootstrapping parameters, does not require confidentiality protection
due to the properties of a hash chain. This aspect is described in
great detail in the respective TESLA documents since hash chains
represent a core concept of TESLA.
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6. References
6.1 Normative References
[I-D.ietf-msec-srtp-tesla]
Baugher, M., "The Use of TESLA in SRTP",
draft-ietf-msec-srtp-tesla-01 (work in progress), July
2004.
[I-D.ietf-msec-tesla-intro]
Perrig, A., Canetti, R., Song, D., Tygar, D. and B.
Briscoe, "TESLA: Multicast Source Authentication Transform
Introduction", draft-ietf-msec-tesla-intro-03 (work in
progress), August 2004.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3830] Arkko, J., Carrara, E., Lindholm, F., Naslund, M. and K.
Norrman, "MIKEY: Multimedia Internet KEYing", RFC 3830,
August 2004.
6.2 Informative References
[I-D.ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac]
Euchner, M., "HMAC-authenticated Diffie-Hellman for
MIKEY", draft-ietf-msec-mikey-dhhmac-06 (work in
progress), May 2004.
[PCST] Perrig, A., Canetti, R., Song, D. and D. Tygar,
""Efficient and Secure Source Authentication for
Multicast", in Proc. of Network and Distributed System
Security Symposium NDSS 2001, pp. 35-46", 2001.
[RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E. and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
RFC 3711, March 2004.
Authors' Addresses
Steffen Fries
Siemens
Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
Munich, Bayern 81739
Germany
EMail: steffen.fries@siemens.com
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Hannes Tschofenig
Siemens
Otto-Hahn-Ring 6
Munich, Bayern 81739
Germany
EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com
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