Internet Engineering Task Force                        Yaron Y. Goland
INTERNET DRAFT                                   Microsoft Corporation
                                                      November 9, 1999
                                                    Expires April 2000



                Multicast and Unicast UDP HTTP Messages
                     <draft-goland-http-udp-01.txt>



Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
   months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
   at any time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as
   reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   Please send comments to the SSDP mailing list. Subscription
   information for the SSDP mailing list is available at
   http://www.upnp.org/resources/ssdpmail.htm.

Abstract

   This document provides rules for encapsulating HTTP messages in
   Multicast and Unicast UDP packets to be sent within a single
   administrative scope. No provisions are made for guaranteeing
   delivery beyond re-broadcasting.

1.   Introduction

   This document provides rules for encapsulating HTTP messages in
   multicast and unicast UDP messages. No provisions are made for
   guaranteeing delivery beyond re-broadcasting.

   This technology is motivated by applications such as SSDP where it
   is expected that messages which are primarily transmitted over TCP
   HTTP need to be transmitted over Multicast or Unicast UDP in extreme
   circumstances.



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   This document will not specify a mechanism suitable for replacing
   HTTP over TCP. Rather this document will define a limited mechanism
   only suitable for extreme circumstances where the use of TCP is
   impossible. Thus this mechanism will not have the robustness of
   functionality and congestion control provided by TCP. It is expected
   that in practice the mechanisms specified here in will only be used
   as a means to get to TCP based HTTP communications.

2.   Changes
2.1. Since 00
   Divided each section of the spec into three parts, problem
   definition, proposed solution and design rationale. When the spec is
   ready for standardization the problem definition and design
   rationale sections will be removed. Design rationale is presented in
   question/answer form because I have found that to be very effective
   in addressing design issues.

   Clarified that a HTTPU/HTTPMU URI without an abs_path translates to
   "*" in the request-URI.

   Added the "S" header to allow request and responses to be
   associated. Note that while clients aren't require to send out "S"
   headers servers are required to return them.

   Got rid of MM. The lower bound is always 0.

   The introduction of the "S" makes proxying and caching possible so
   the sections on those topics have been expanded, but they should be
   considered experimental at best.

3.   Terminology

   Since this document describes a set of extensions to the HTTP/1.1
   protocol, the augmented BNF used herein to describe protocol
   elements is exactly the same as described in section 2.1 of
   [RFC2616].  Since this augmented BNF uses the basic production rules
   provided in section 2.2 of [RFC2616], these rules apply to this
   document as well.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

4.   HTTPU URL

4.1. Problem Definition

   A mechanism is needed to allow for communications that are to be
   sent over Unicast UDP HTTP to be identified in the URI namespace.

4.2. Proposed Solution



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   The HTTPU URL specifies that the HTTP request is to be sent over
   unicast UDP according to the rules laid out in this document.

   HTTPU_URL = "HTTPU:" "//" host [ ":" port ] [ abs_path [ "?" query]]

   The BNF productions host, port and abs_path are defined in
   [RFC2616].

   The syntax of the HTTPU URL is to be processed identically to the
   HTTP URL with the exception of the transport.

   One MUST NOT assume that if a HTTP, HTTPU or HTTPMU URL are
   identical in all ways save the protocol that they necessarily point
   to the same resource.

4.3. Design Rationale

4.3.1.    Why would we ever need a HTTPU/HTTPMU URL?

   Imagine one wants to tell a system to send responses over HTTPU. How
   would one express this? If one uses a HTTP URL there is no way for
   the system to understand that you really meant HTTPU.

5.   HTTPMU URL

5.1. Problem Definition

   A mechanism is needed to allow for communications that are to be
   sent over Multicast UDP HTTP to be identified in the URI namespace.

5.2. Proposed Solution

   The HTTPMU URL specifies that the HTTP request that HTTP request is
   to be sent over multicast UDP according to the rules laid out in
   this document.

   HTTPMU_URL = "HTTPMU:" "//" host [ ":" port ] [ abs_path [ "?"
   query]]

   The BNF productions host, port and abs_path are defined in
   [RFC2616].

   The syntax of the HTTPMU URL is to be processed identically to the
   HTTP URL with the exception of the transport.

   One MUST NOT assume that if a HTTP, HTTPU or HTTPMU URL are
   identical in all ways save the protocol that they necessarily point
   to the same resource.

   If a HTTPMU URL does not have an abs_path element then when the HTTP
   UDP multicast request is made the request-URI MUST be "*".



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   For example, HTTPU://www.foo.com would translate into a request-URI
   of "*". Note, however, that HTTPU://www.foo.com/ would translate
   into a request-URI of "/".

5.3. Design Rationale

5.3.1.    In the HTTPMU URL a request such as http://www.foo.com is
translated to a "*" in the request-URI rather than a "/", why isn't the
same the case for HTTPU?

   A HTTPU request is a point-to-point request. There is one sender and
   one receiver. Thus the semantics of the URL are identical to HTTP
   with the exception of the transport.

   In HTTPMU a request, generally, is going to many receivers. The way
   to indicate this on a HTTPMU request is by using the URI "*". Since
   using "*" is probably the single most common way to send a HTTPMU
   request there needed to be a way to indicate that the request-URI
   should be "*". There is no way to do that today with a HTTP URL.
   Therefore a mechanism had to be added.

   As a side note, one could send a point-to-point request of HTTPMU.
   One need only put a particular request-URI in the request. Only the
   resource matching that request-URI will respond.

6.   Unicast UDP HTTP Messages

6.1. Problem Definition

   A mechanism is needed to send HTTP messages over the unicast UDP
   transport.

6.2. Proposed Solution

   HTTP messages sent over unicast UDP function identically to HTTP
   messages sent over TCP as defined in [RFC2616] except as specified
   below.

   For brevity's sake HTTP messages sent over unicast UDP will be
   referred to as HTTPU messages.

   HTTPU messages MUST fit entirely in a single UDP message. If a HTTPU
   message can not be fit into a single UDP message then it MUST NOT be
   sent using unicast UDP. Incomplete HTTPU messages SHOULD be ignored.

   The request-URI of a HTTPU message MUST always be fully qualified.

   A single unicast UDP message MUST only contain a single HTTPU
   message.

   A HTTPU request without a "S" header MUST NOT be responded to. When
   responding to a HTTPU request with a "S" header the rules for the


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   proper handling of "S" headers, as specified in section 11.3 MUST be
   followed.

6.3. Design Rationale

   See section 11.3.3 for the design rationale of the "S" header.

6.3.1.    Why can't a single HTTP message be sent over multiple UDP
messages?

   The ability to send unlimited size messages across the Internet is
   one of the key features of TCP. The goal of this paper is not to re-
   invent TCP but rather to provide a very simple emergency back up
   HTTP system that can leverage UDP where TCP can not be used. As such
   features to allow a single HTTP message to span multiple UDP
   messages is not provided.

6.3.2.    Why are request-URIs sent over HTTPU required to be fully
qualified?

   A relative URI in a HTTP message is assumed to be relative to a HTTP
   URL. However this would clearly be inappropriate for a HTTPU or
   HTTPMU message. The easiest solution would be to simply state that a
   relative URI is relative to the type of message it was sent in. But
   one of the unstated (but now stated) goals of this draft is to allow
   current HTTP message processors to be able to happily munch on
   HTTPU/HTTPMU messages and this would cause a change to those
   processors. Besides, relative URIs were always wacky, a left over
   from the early days of HTTP.
   The cost of this simplification is that you repeat the host
   information, once in the URI and once in the host header.
   Eventually the host header will go away and we will all use fully
   qualified URIs. But again, taking out the host header would make a
   lot of existing HTTP message munchers very unhappy.

6.3.3.    Why is the requirement for ignoring incomplete HTTPU messages
a SHOULD instead of a MUST?

   Some systems use a lot of redundant data or have good mechanisms for
   handling partial data. As such they could actually do something
   intelligent with a partial message. A SHOULD allows them to do this
   while still making it clear that in the majority case partial
   HTTPU/HTTPMU messages are going to get thrown out.

6.3.4.    Why aren't multiple HTTP messages allowed into a single UDP
message if they will fit?

   It was easier to ban it and it didn't seem to buy us much. It was
   especially worrying because it would start to convince people that
   they could actually order their UDP requests in a pipelinesque
   manner. It was easier to just keep things simple and ban it.



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6.3.5.    Why aren't we allowed to leave off content-lengths if only a
single HTTPU message is allowed in a UDP message?

   In general we try to only change from RFC 2616 when we are forced
   to. Although including a content-length is annoying it makes it easy
   to use HTTP/1.1 message parsing/generating systems with this spec.

6.3.6.    Why might a HTTPU message choose to not have a "S" header
thus making it impossible to respond to it?

   Leaving off the "S" header would be useful for throw away events. In
   systems with a high event rate it is usually easier to just throw
   away an event rather than re-sending it. As such there is no real
   benefit to confirming that the event was received since it won't be
   resent if it wasn't received.

6.3.7.    Why isn't the mx header used on HTTPU messages?

   As HTTPU messages are point-to-point there will be exactly one
   response. Mx is only useful in cases, such as HTTPMU requests, where
   there can be many potential responses from numerous different
   clients. Mx helps to prevent the client from getting creamed with
   responses.

6.3.8.    Can I send 1xx responses over HTTPU?

   Yes. Error handling is identical to RFC 2616.

7.   Multicast UDP HTTP Requests

7.1. Problem Definition

   A mechanism is needed to send HTTP messages over the multicast UDP
   transport.

7.2. Proposed Solution

   HTTP messages sent over multicast UDP MUST obey all the requirements
   for HTTPU messages in addition to the requirements provided below.

   For brevity's sake HTTP messages sent over multicast UDP will be
   referred to as HTTPMU messages.

   Resources that support receiving multicast UDP HTTP requests MUST
   honor the mx header if included in the request.

   Resources are required to generate a random number between 0 and mx
   that represents the number of seconds the resource must wait before
   sending a response. This prevents all responses from being sent at
   once. HTTP clients SHOULD keep listening for responses for a
   reasonable delta of time after mx. That delta will be based on the
   type of network the request is being sent over. This means that if a


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   server cannot respond to a request before mx then there is little
   point in sending the response as the client will most likely not be
   listening for it.

   When used with a multicast UDP HTTP request the "*" request-URI
   means "to everyone who is listening to this IP address and port."

   A HTTPMU request without a mx header MUST NOT be responded to.

7.3. Design Rationale

7.3.1.    Why is there a "delta" after the mx time when the client
should still be listening?

   So let's say the mx value is 5 seconds. The HTTP resource generates
   a number between 0 and 5 and gets 5. After 5 seconds of waiting the
   HTTP resource will send its response.

   Now for some math:
   0.5 seconds - Time it took the client's request to reach the HTTP
   resource.
   5 seconds - Time the HTTP resource waited after receiving the
   message to respond, based on the mx value.
   0.5 seconds - Time for the response to get back to the client.
   Total time elapsed - 6 seconds

   If the client only waits 5 seconds, the mx value, then they would
   have stopped listening for this response by the time it arrived.
   Hence the need for the delta.

7.3.2.    What should the "delta" after mx expires be?

   Unfortunately this is an impossible question to answer. How fast is
   your network? How far is the message going? Is there any congestion?
   In general delta values will be set based on a combination of
   heuristics and application necessity. That is, if you are displaying
   information to a user any data that comes in after 20 or 30 seconds
   is probably too late.

7.3.3.    When would a HTTPMU request not be responded to?

   When a HTTP resource is making a general announcement, such as "I am
   here", it generally isn't useful to have everyone respond confirming
   they received the message. This is especially the case given that
   the HTTP resource probably doesn't know who should have received the
   announcement so the absence of a HTTP client in the responses
   wouldn't be meaningful.

7.3.4.    Why do we require the mx header on HTTPMU requests that are
to be responded to?




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   This is to prevent overloading the HTTP resource. If all the HTTP
   clients responded simultaneously the resource would probably loose
   most of the responses as its UDP buffer overflowed.

8.   Retrying Requests

8.1. Problem Definition

   UDP is an unreliable transport with no failure indicators, as such
   some mechanism is needed to reasonably increase the chance that a
   HTTPU/HTTPMU message will be delivered.

8.2. Proposed Solution

   UDP is an inherently unreliable transport and subject to routers
   dropping packets without notice. Applications requiring delivery
   guarantees SHOULD NOT use HTTPU or HTTPMU.

   In order to increase the probability that a HTTPU or HTTPMU message
   is delivered the message MAY be repeated several times.

   In order to prevent the network from being flooded a message SHOULD
   NOT be repeated more than MAX_RETRIES time. A random period of time
   between 0 and MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL SHOULD be selected between each
   retry to determine how long to wait before issuing the retry.

8.3. Design Rationale

8.3.1.    Why is the requirement "applications requiring delivery
guarantees should not use HTTPU or HTTPMU" only a SHOULD and not a
MUST?

   Because there might come a day when it makes sense to use HTTPU or
   HTTPMU for guaranteed delivery and there is no reason to completely
   ban the possibility.

8.3.2.    Why is the requirement that a request not be repeated more
than MAX_RETRIES times a SHOULD and not a MUST?

   Local knowledge may make the limit unnecessary. For example, if one
   knew that the message was being delivered using a super reliable
   network then repeats are not necessary. Similarly if one knew that
   the network the requests were going through were particularly
   unreliable and assuming one had properly accounted for the effects
   of additional messages on that congestion, one might have a good
   reason to send more than MAX_RETRIES.

9.   Caching UDP HTTP Requests

9.1. Problem Definition




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   Caching is a feature that has demonstrated its usefulness in HTTP,
   provisions need to be made so as to ensure that HTTPU/HTTPMU
   messages can be cached using a consistent algorithm.

9.2. Proposed Solution

   [Ed. Note: Never having tried to actually build a HTTPU/HTTPMU
   generic cache we suspect there are some very serious gotchas here
   that we just haven't found yet. This section should definitely be
   treated as "under development."]

   Caching rules for HTTPU/HTTPMU responses are no different than
   normal HTTP responses. HTTPU/HTTPMU responses are matched to their
   requests through the "S" header value.

9.3. Design Rationale

9.3.1.    Wouldn't it be useful to be able to cache HTTPU/HTTPMU
requests if they don't have responses?

   Yes, it probably would. Especially if we are talking about a client
   side cache. It is probably worth investigating the use of cache
   control headers on requests for this very purpose.

10.  Proxying UDP HTTP Requests

10.1.     Problem Definition

   For security or caching reasons it is sometimes necessary to place a
   proxy in a message path. Provisions need to be made so as to ensure
   that HTTPU/HTTPMU messages can be proxied.

10.2.     Proposed Solution

   [Ed. Note: This section should be considered experimental. No one
   has really had to design much less implement a HTTPU/HTTPMU proxy
   yet.]

   All transport independent rules for proxying, such as length of time
   to cache a response, hop-by-hop header rules, etc. are the same for
   HTTPU/HTTPMU as they are for HTTP messages.

   [Ed. Note: I'm not sure how far to go into the "transport
   independent rules". The RFC 2616 doesn't really call them out very
   well but I also don't want to have to re-write RFC 2616 spec inside
   this spec.]

   The transport dependent rules, however, are different. For example,
   using TCP any pipelined messages are guaranteed to be delivered in
   order. There are no ordering guarantees of any form for HTTPU/HTTPMU
   proxies.



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   In general a proxy is required to forward a HTTPU/HTTPMU message
   exactly once. It SHOULD NOT repeat the message. Rather the client is
   expected to repeat the message and, as the proxy receives the
   repeats, they will be forwarded.

   The proxy is only responsible for forwarding responses to requests
   that include a "S" header. As with HTTPU/HTTPMU requests, responses
   SHOULD NOT be repeated.

   Note that it is acceptable, if not encouraged, for proxies to
   analyze network conditions and determine the likelihood, on both
   incoming and outgoing connections, of UDP messages being dropped. If
   the likelihood is too high then it would be expected for the proxy,
   taking into consideration the possibility of making congestion even
   worse, to repeat requests and responses on its own. In a sense the
   proxy could be thought of as a signal regenerator. This is why the
   prohibition against repeating messages is a SHOULD NOT rather than a
   MUST NOT.

   HTTPMU messages are sent with the assumption that the message will
   only be seen by the multicast address they were sent to. Thus when a
   proxy forwards the request it is expected to only do so to the
   appropriate multicast channel. Note, however, that proxies may act
   as multicast bridges.

   Also note that proxied HTTPMU messages with a HTTPMU URL without an
   absolute path are to be treated as if they were sent to the
   specified multicast address with the request-URI "*".

   If a HTTPMU request is sent with a host that does not resolve to a
   multicast address then the request MUST be rejected with a 400 Bad
   Request error.

   There is no requirement that a HTTPU proxy support HTTPMU or visa
   versa.

10.3.     Design Rationale

10.3.1.   Why would anyone proxy HTTPMU requests?

   Proxying HTTPMU requests can be a neat way to create virtual
   multicast channels. Just hook a bunch of proxies together with
   unicast connections and tell the proxies' users that they are all on
   the same multicast scope.

11.  HTTP Headers

11.1.     AL Header

11.1.1.   Problem Definition




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   There are many instances in which a system needs to provide location
   information using multiple URIs. The Location header only allows a
   single URI. Therefore a mechanism is needed to allow multiple
   location URIs to be returned.

11.1.2.   Proposed Solution

   AL = "AL" ":" 1*("<" AbsoluteURI ">") ; AbsoluteURI is defined in
   section 3.2.1 of [RFC2616]

   The AL header is an extension of the Location header whose semantics
   are the same as the Location header. That is, the AL header allows
   one to return multiple locations where as the Location header allows
   one to return only one. The contents of an AL header are ordered. If
   both a Location header and an AL header are included in the same
   request then the URI in the location header is to be treated as if
   it were the first entry in the AL header. The AL header MAY be used
   by itself but implementers should be aware that existing systems
   will ignore the header.

11.1.3.   Design Rationale

11.1.3.1. Why not just fix the BNF for the location header?

   This is tempting but the goal of maintaining compatibility with RFC
   2616's message format overrides the usefulness of this solution.

11.2.     mx Request Header

11.2.1.   Problem Definition

   A mechanism is needed to ensure that responses to HTTPMU requests do
   not come at a rate greater than the requestor can handle.

11.2.2.   Proposed Solution

   [Ed. Note: We need to put in a max for this, at least a number after
   which the client isnÆt required to respond. 32 bit integer seconds
   sounds like overkill.]

   mx = "mx" ":" Integer
   Integer = First_digit *More_digits
   First_digit = "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
   More_digits = "0" | First_digit

   The value of the mx header indicates the maximum number of seconds
   that a multicast UDP HTTP resource MUST wait before it sends a
   response stimulated by a multicast request.

   HTTP resources MAY treat any mx header value greater than MX_MAX as
   being equal to MX_MAX.



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11.2.3.   Design Rationale

11.2.3.1. Why is mx in seconds?

   In practice wait periods shorter than a second proved useless and
   longer proved too coarse. Of course as faster networks get deployed
   finer grain times would be useful but we need a compromise
   measurement that will meet everyone's needs, seconds seem to do that
   quite well.

11.2.3.2. Couldn't mx still overload the requestor if there are too
many responders?

   Absolutely. If there are a 100,000 clients that want to respond even
   pushing them over 30 seconds on a 10 Mbps link is still going to
   blow both the client and the network away. However the only way to
   prevent these sorts of situations is to know the current available
   network bandwidth and the total number of likely responders ahead of
   time. Both generally prove between difficult to impossible to figure
   out. So we are left with heuristics and the mx header.

11.3.     S General Header

11.3.1.   Problem Definition

   A mechanism is needed to associated HTTPU/HTTPMU requests with
   responses as UDP does not have any connection semantics.

11.3.2.   Proposed Solution

   S = "S" ":" AbsoluteURI

   The S header is a URI that is unique across the entire URI namespace
   for all time. When a "S" header is sent on a HTTPU/HTTPMU request it
   MUST be returned, with the same value, on the response.

   If a client receives multiple responses with the same "S" header
   then the client MAY assume that all the responses are from the same
   source and in response to the same request. If the messages differ
   from each other then the client MAY either throw all the responses
   away or randomly choose one to honor.

   [Ed. Note: Ipv4 guarantees that the minimum MTU is 512 bytes or so
   long. The UUID URI takes 41 bytes if you don't add an extension
   element plus 5 extra characters for header over giving 46
   characters. Assuming that the UUID is the minimum practical
   mechanism to guarantee globally unique messages this means that
   about 9% of every message is eaten up just by the S header. This is
   a lot. On the other hand most systems do much better than 512 bytes
   and Ipv6 requires (if memory serves) 4k that reduces the overhead to
   1%. Note that UDP messages are still 64k long but I know lots of
   folks will want to optimize for a single UDP packet.


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   On the other hand, having a universally unique S header means that
   the algorithm for handling headers is very easy - if you see the
   same S value it is the same message. No worrying about rap arounds,
   time windows, or anything else. This is very appealing.]

11.3.3.   Design Rationale

11.3.3.1. Why do we need the "S" header?

   Without a "S" header the only way to match requests with responses
   is to ensure that there is enough information on the response to
   know what request it was intended to answer. Even in that case it is
   still possible to confuse which request a response goes to if it
   does not have the equivalent of a "S" header.

11.3.3.2. Couldn't the "S" header be used as a cookie?

   No, "S" headers are sent out by clients and returned by servers.
   Cookies are sent out by servers and returned by clients.

11.3.3.3. Why aren't "S" headers mandatory on all requests with a
response?

   Some systems don't need them.

11.3.3.4. Why aren't "S" headers guaranteed to be sequential so you
could do ordering?

   Because HTTPU/HTTPMU is not interested in ordering. If one wants
   ordering one should use TCP.

12.  Security Considerations

   [Ed. Note: Besides putting in a note that all the normal HTTP
   security considerations apply we need to put in a discussion of the
   problems associated with requests getting lost as well as over sized
   request problem. We also need to talk about the fact that requests
   can get randomly lost. We also need to discuss how one uses
   authentication over UDP. Specifically, that one needs to assume the
   challenge and send the response as part of the request.]

   [Ed. Note: Talk about the danger of abusing S headers.]

13.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to John Stracke for his excellent comments.

14.  Constants

   MAX_RETRIES - 3

   MAX_RETRY_INTERVAL - 10 seconds


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   MAX_MX - 120 seconds

15.  References

   [RFC2119] S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
   Requirement Levels.  RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2616] R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. C. Mogul, H. Frystyk, L.
   Masinter, P. Leach and T. Berners-Lee. Hypertext Transfer Protocol -
   HTTP/1.1. RFC 2616, November 1998.

16.  Author's Address

   Yaron Y. Goland
   Microsoft Corporation
   One Microsoft Way
   Redmond, WA 98052

   Email: yarong@microsoft.com

   This document will expire in April 2000.
































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