6lo Working Group                                               C. Gomez
Internet-Draft                                                       UPC
Intended status: Standards Track                             A. Minaburo
Expires: January 11, 2023                                         Acklio
                                                           July 10, 2022


  Transmission of SCHC-compressed packets over IEEE 802.15.4 networks
                     draft-gomez-6lo-schc-15dot4-03

Abstract

   A framework called Static Context Header Compression and
   fragmentation (SCHC) has been designed with the primary goal of
   supporting IPv6 over Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies
   [RFC8724].  One of the SCHC components is a header compression
   mechanism.  If used properly, SCHC header compression allows a
   greater compression ratio than that achievable with traditional
   6LoWPAN header compression [RFC6282].  For this reason, it may make
   sense to use SCHC header compression in some 6LoWPAN environments,
   including IEEE 802.15.4 networks.  This document specifies how a
   SCHC-compressed packet can be carried over IEEE 802.15.4 networks.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of



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   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  Requirements language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.2.  Background on SCHC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.1.  Network topologies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Protocol stack  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Frame Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  SCHC Dispatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.2.  SCHC Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.3.  Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   5.  SCHC compression for IPv6, UDP, and CoAP headers  . . . . . .   7
     5.1.  SCHC compression for IPv6 and UDP headers . . . . . . . .   7
       5.1.1.  Compression of IPv6 addresses . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     5.2.  SCHC compression for CoAP headers . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.3.  Header compression examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Multihop communication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     6.1.  Route-Over  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     6.2.  Mesh-Under  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   7.  Fragmentation and reassembly  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

1.  Introduction

   RFC 6282 is the main specification for IPv6 over Low power Wireless
   Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) IPv6 header compression [RFC6282].
   This RFC was designed assuming IEEE 802.15.4 as the layer below the
   6LoWPAN adaptation layer, and it has also been reused (with proper
   adaptations) for IPv6 header compression over many other technologies
   relatively similar to IEEE 802.15.4 in terms of characteristics such
   as physical layer bit rate, layer 2 maximum payload size, etc.
   Examples of such technologies comprise BLE, DECT-ULE, ITU G.9959, MS/




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   TP, NFC, and PLC.  RFC 6282 provides additional functionality, such
   as a mechanism for UDP header compression.

   In the best cases, RFC 6282 allows to compress a 40-byte IPv6 header
   down to a 2-byte compressed header (for link-local interactions) or a
   3-byte compressed header (when global IPv6 addresses are used).  On
   the other hand, an RFC 6282 compressed UDP header has a typical size
   of 4 bytes.  Therefore, in advantageous conditions, a 48-byte
   uncompressed IPv6/UDP header may be compressed down to a 6-byte
   format (when using link-local addresses) or a 7-byte format (for
   global interactions) by using RFC 6282.

   Recently, a framework called Static Context Header Compression (SCHC)
   has been designed with the primary goal of supporting IPv6 over Low
   Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies [RFC8724].  SCHC
   comprises header compression and fragmentation functionality tailored
   to the extraordinary constraints of LPWAN technologies, which are
   more severe than those exhibited by IEEE 802.15.4 or other relatively
   similar technologies.  SCHC header compression allows a greater
   compression ratio than that of RFC 6282.  If used properly, SCHC
   allows to compress an IPv6/UDP header down to e.g. a single byte.  In
   addition, SCHC can be used to compress Constrained Application
   Protocol (CoAP) headers as well [RFC7252][RFC8824], which further
   increases the achievable performance improvement of using SCHC header
   compression, since there is no 6LoWPAN header compression mechanism
   defined for CoAP.  Therefore, it may make sense to use SCHC header
   compression in some 6LoWPAN environments [I-D.toutain-6lo-6lo-and-
   schc], including IEEE 802.15.4 networks, considering its greater
   efficiency.

   If SCHC header compression is added to the panoply of header
   compression mechanisms used in 6LoWPAN environments, then there is a
   need to signal when a packet header has been compressed by using
   SCHC.  To this end, the present document specifies a 6LoWPAN Dispatch
   Type for SCHC header compression [RFC4944].

   This document specifies how a SCHC-compressed packet can be carried
   over IEEE 802.15.4 networks.  Note that, as per this document, and
   while SCHC defines fragmentation mechanisms as well, 6LoWPAN/6Lo
   fragmentation is used when necessary to transport SCHC-compressed
   packets over IEEE 802.15.4 networks [RFC4944][RFC8930][RFC8931].

   TO-DO: indicate here any specific updates of RFC 8724 for use over
   IEEE 802.15.4.







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2.  Terminology

2.1.  Requirements language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP14 [RFC2119], [RFC8174], when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.2.  Background on SCHC

   The reader is expected to be familiar with the terms and concepts
   defined in the specification of SCHC (RFC 8724).

3.  Architecture

3.1.  Network topologies

   IEEE 802.15.4 supports two main network topologies: the star
   topology, and the peer-to-peer (i.e., mesh) topology.

   SCHC has been designed for LPWAN technologies, which are typically
   based on a star topology where constrained devices (e.g., sensors)
   communicate with a less constrained, central network gateway [RFC
   8376].  However, as stated in [draft-ietf-lpwan-architecture], SCHC
   is generic and it can also be used in networking environments beyond
   the ones originally considered for SCHC.

   SCHC compression is applicable to both star topology and mesh
   topology IEEE 802.15.4 networks.

3.2.  Protocol stack

   The traditional 6LoWPAN-based protocol stack for constrained devices
   (Figure 1, left) places the 6LoWPAN adaptation layer between IPv6 and
   an underlying technology such as IEEE 802.15.4.  Suitable upper layer
   protocols include CoAP [RFC7252] and UDP.  (Note that, while CoAP has
   also been specified over TCP, and TCP may play a significant role in
   IoT environments [RFC9006], 6LoWPAN header compression has not been
   defined for TCP.)

   6LoWPAN can be envisioned as a set of two main sublayers, where the
   upper one provides header compression, while the lower one offers
   fragmentation.

   This document defines an alternative approach for packet header
   compression over IEEE 802.15.4, which leads to a modified protocol



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   stack (Figure 1, right).  Fragmentation functionality remains the one
   defined by 6LoWPAN [RFC4944] and 6Lo [RFC8930][RFC8931].


        +------------+          +------------+
        | CoAP, other|          | CoAP, other|
        +------------+          +------------+
        | UDP, other |          | UDP, other |
        +------------+          +------------+
        |    IPv6    |          |    IPv6    |
        +------------+          +------------+
        | 6LoWPAN HC |          |  SCHC HC   |  <-- NEW
        +------------+          +------------+
        |6LoWPAN Frag|          |6LoWPAN Frag|
        +------------+          +------------+
        |  802.15.4  |          |  802.15.4  |
        +------------+          +------------+


   Figure 1: Traditional 6LoWPAN-based protocol stack over IEEE 802.15.4
        (left) and alternative protocol stack using SCHC for header
    compression (right).  HC and Frag stand for Header Compression and
                       Fragmentation, respectively.

   SCHC header compression may be applied to the headers of different
   protocols or sets of protocols.  Some examples include: i) IPv6
   packet headers, ii) joint IPv6 and UDP packet headers, iii) joint
   IPv6, UDP and CoAP packet headers, etc.

4.  Frame Format

   This document defines the frame format to be used when a SCHC-
   compressed packet is carried over IEEE 802.15.4.  Such format is
   carried as IEEE 802.15.4 frame payload.  The format comprises a SCHC
   Dispatch Type, a SCHC Packet (i.e. a SCHC-compressed packet (RFC
   8724), and Padding bits, if any).  Figure 2 illustrates the described
   frame format.














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               <---------- IEEE 802.15.4 frame payload ---------->

                               <----- SCHC Packet ----->
               +---------------+-------------+---------+ - - - - +
               | SCHC Dispatch | SCHC Header | Payload | Padding |
               +---------------+-------------+---------+ - - - - +


     Figure 2: Encapsulated, SCHC-compressed packet.  Padding bits are
                             added if needed.

4.1.  SCHC Dispatch

   Adding SCHC header compression to the panoply of header compression
   mechanisms used in 6LoWPAN/6Lo environments creates the need to
   signal when a packet header has been compressed by using SCHC.  To
   this end, the present document specifies the SCHC Dispatch.  The SCHC
   Dispatch indicates that the next field in the frame format is a SCHC-
   compressed header (SCHC Header in Figure 2, see 4.2)).

   This document defines the SCHC Dispatch as a 6LoWPAN Dispatch Type
   for SCHC header compression [RFC4944].  With the aim to minimize
   overhead, the present document allocates a 1-byte pattern in Page 0
   [RFC8025] for the SCHC Dispatch Type:

   SCHC Dispatch Type bit pattern: 01000100 (Page 0) (Note: to be
   confirmed by IANA))

4.2.  SCHC Header

   SCHC Header (Figure 2) corresponds to a packet header that has been
   compressed by using SCHC.  As defined in [RFC8724], the SCHC Header
   comprises a RuleID, and a compression residue.  As per the present
   specification, a RuleID size between 1 and 16 bits is RECOMMENDED.
   In order to decide the RuleID size to be used in a network, the
   trade-off between (compressed) header overhead and the number of
   Rules needs to be carefully assessed.

4.3.  Padding

   If SCHC header compression leads to a SCHC Packet size of a non-
   integer number of bytes, padding bits of value equal to zero MUST be
   appended to the SCHC Packet as appropriate to align to an octet
   boundary.







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5.  SCHC compression for IPv6, UDP, and CoAP headers

   SCHC header compression may be applied to the headers of different
   protocols or sets of protocols.  Some examples include: i) IPv6
   packet headers, ii) joint IPv6 and UDP packet headers, iii) joint
   IPv6, UDP and CoAP packet headers, etc.

5.1.  SCHC compression for IPv6 and UDP headers

   IPv6 and UDP header fields MUST be compressed as per Section 10 of
   RFC 8724.

   IPv6 addresses are split into two 64-bit-long fields; one for the
   prefix and one for the Interface Identifier (IID).

   To allow for a single Rule being used for both directions, RFC 8724
   identifies IPv6 addresses and UDP ports by their role (Dev or App)
   and not by their position in the header (source or destination).
   This optimization can be used as is in some IEEE 802.15.4 networks
   (e.g., an IEEE 802.15.4 star topology where the peripheral devices
   (Devs) send/receive packets to/from a network-side entity (App)).

   However, in some types of 6LoWPAN environments (e.g., when a sender
   and its destination are both peer nodes in a mesh topology network),
   additional functionality is needed to allow use of the Dev and App
   roles for C/D.  In this case, each SCHC C/D entity needs to know its
   role (Dev or App) in addition to the Rule(s), and corresponding
   RuleIDs, for each endpoint it communicates with before such
   communication occurs [I-D.ietf-lpwan-architecture].  In such cases,
   the terms Uplink and Downlink that have been defined in RFC 8724 need
   to be understood in the context of each specific pair of endpoints.

5.1.1.  Compression of IPv6 addresses

   Compression of IPv6 source and destination prefixes MUST be performed
   as per Section 10.7.1 of RFC 8724.  Additional guidance is given in
   the present section.

   Compression of IPv6 source and destination IIDs MUST be performed as
   per Section 10.7.2 of RFC 8724.  One particular consideration when
   SCHC C/D is used in IEEE 802.15.4 networks is that, in contrast with
   some LPWAN technologies, IEEE 802.15.4 data frame headers include
   both source and destination fields.  If the Dev or App IID are based
   on an L2 address, in some cases the IID can be reconstructed with
   information coming from the L2 header.  Therefore, in those cases,
   DevIID and AppIID CDAs can be used.





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5.2.  SCHC compression for CoAP headers

   CoAP header fields MUST be compressed as per Sections 4 to 6 of RFC
   8824.  Additional guidance is given in this section.

   For CoAP header compression/decompression, the SCHC Rules description
   uses direction information in order to reduce the number of Rules
   needed to compress headers.

   As stated in 5.1, in some types of 6LoWPAN environments (e.g., when a
   sender and its destination are both peer nodes in a mesh topology
   network), each SCHC C/D entity needs to know its role (Dev or App),
   in addition to the Rule(s), and corresponding RuleIDs, for each
   endpoint it communicates with before such communication occurs
   [I-D.ietf-lpwan-architecture].  Therefore, in such cases, direction
   information will be specific to each pair of endpoints.

5.3.  Header compression examples

   TO-DO: provide examples for IPv6-only, IPv6/UDP and IPv6/UDP/CoAP.

6.  Multihop communication

   6LoWPAN defines two approaches for multihop communication: Route-Over
   and Mesh-Under [RFC6606].  In Route-Over, routing is performed at the
   IP layer.  In Mesh-Under, routing functionality is located at the
   adaptation layer, below IP.

6.1.  Route-Over

   SCHC header compression MAY be used in a Route-Over network in a
   straightforward approach, whereby all network nodes MUST store all
   the Rules in use by any nodes in the network.

   Alternatively, in a Route-Over network that uses the IPv6 Routing
   Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) [RFC6550], the RPL
   non-storing mode and [RFC8138] MAY be exploited in order to transmit
   SCHC-compressed packets.  In this approach, a network node MUST store
   the Rules defined for its communication with other endpoints.

   (Further details TBD.)

6.2.  Mesh-Under

   When SCHC header compression is used in a Mesh-Under network, a
   network node MUST store the Rules defined for its communication with
   other endpoints.  In this case, a RuleID MAY be reused across
   disjoint pairs of endpoints, to identify different Rules used by such



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   disjoint pairs of endpoints, at the expense of increased RuleID
   management and device configuration complexity.

7.  Fragmentation and reassembly

   After applying SCHC header compression to a packet intended for
   transmission, if the size of the resulting SCHC Packet (Section 4)
   exceeds the IEEE 802.15.4 frame payload space available, such SCHC
   Packet MUST be fragmented, carried and reassembled by means of the
   fragmentation and reassembly functionality defined by 6LoWPAN
   [RFC4944] or 6Lo [RFC8930][RFC8931].

   In a Route-Over multihop network, the 6LoWPAN fragment forwarding
   technique called Virtual Reassembly Buffer (VRB) [RFC8930] SHOULD be
   used.  However, VRB might not be the best approach for a particular
   network, e.g., if at least one of the caveats described in Section 6
   of RFC 8930 is unacceptable.

8.  IANA Considerations

   This document requests the allocation of the Dispatch Type Field bit
   pattern 01000100 (Page 0) as SCHC Dispatch Type.

9.  Security Considerations

   This document does not define SCHC header compression functionality
   beyond the one defined in RFC 8724.  Therefore, the security
   considerations in section 12.1 of RFC 8724 and in section 9 of RFC
   8824 apply.

   As a safety measure, a SCHC decompressor implementing the present
   specification MUST NOT reconstruct a packet larger than 1500 bytes
   [RFC8724].

   IEEE 802.15.4 networks support link-layer security mechanisms such as
   encryption and authentication.  As in RFC 8824, the use of a
   cryptographic integrity-protection mechanism to protect the SCHC
   headers is REQUIRED.

10.  Acknowledgments

   Ana Minaburo and Laurent Toutain suggested for the first time the use
   of SCHC in environments where 6LoWPAN has traditionally been used.
   Laurent Toutain, Pascal Thubert, Dominique Barthel, Guangpeng Li, and
   Carsten Bormann made comments that helped shape this document.

   Carles Gomez has been funded in part by the Spanish Government
   through project PID2019-106808RA-I00, and by Secretaria



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   d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de
   la Generalitat de Catalunya 2017 through grant SGR 376.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-lpwan-architecture]
              Pelov, A., Thubert, P., and A. Minaburo, "LPWAN Static
              Context Header Compression (SCHC) Architecture", draft-
              ietf-lpwan-architecture-02 (work in progress), June 2022.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4944]  Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
              "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
              Networks", RFC 4944, DOI 10.17487/RFC4944, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4944>.

   [RFC6282]  Hui, J., Ed. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
              Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6282, September 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6282>.

   [RFC6550]  Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J.,
              Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur,
              JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for
              Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6550, March 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6550>.

   [RFC6606]  Kim, E., Kaspar, D., Gomez, C., and C. Bormann, "Problem
              Statement and Requirements for IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Routing",
              RFC 6606, DOI 10.17487/RFC6606, May 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6606>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.







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   [RFC8025]  Thubert, P., Ed. and R. Cragie, "IPv6 over Low-Power
              Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) Paging Dispatch",
              RFC 8025, DOI 10.17487/RFC8025, November 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8025>.

   [RFC8065]  Thaler, D., "Privacy Considerations for IPv6 Adaptation-
              Layer Mechanisms", RFC 8065, DOI 10.17487/RFC8065,
              February 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8065>.

   [RFC8138]  Thubert, P., Ed., Bormann, C., Toutain, L., and R. Cragie,
              "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network
              (6LoWPAN) Routing Header", RFC 8138, DOI 10.17487/RFC8138,
              April 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8138>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8724]  Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., Gomez, C., Barthel, D., and JC.
              Zuniga, "SCHC: Generic Framework for Static Context Header
              Compression and Fragmentation", RFC 8724,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8724, April 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8724>.

   [RFC8824]  Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., and R. Andreasen, "Static
              Context Header Compression (SCHC) for the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 8824,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8824, June 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8824>.

   [RFC8930]  Watteyne, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., and C. Bormann, "On
              Forwarding 6LoWPAN Fragments over a Multi-Hop IPv6
              Network", RFC 8930, DOI 10.17487/RFC8930, November 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8930>.

   [RFC8931]  Thubert, P., Ed., "IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal
              Area Network (6LoWPAN) Selective Fragment Recovery",
              RFC 8931, DOI 10.17487/RFC8931, November 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8931>.

11.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.toutain-6lo-6lo-and-schc]
              Minaburo, A. and L. Toutain, "Comparison of 6lo and SCHC",
              draft-toutain-6lo-6lo-and-schc-00 (work in progress),
              November 2019.





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   [RFC9006]  Gomez, C., Crowcroft, J., and M. Scharf, "TCP Usage
              Guidance in the Internet of Things (IoT)", RFC 9006,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9006, March 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9006>.

Authors' Addresses

   Carles Gomez
   UPC
   C/Esteve Terradas, 7
   Castelldefels  08860
   Spain

   Email: carlesgo@entel.upc.edu


   Ana Minaburo
   Acklio
   1137A avenue des Champs Blancs
   Cesson-Sevigne Cedex  35510
   France

   Email: ana@ackl.io




























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