PPSP Y. Gu
Internet-Draft N. Zong
Intended status: Standards Track Huawei
Expires: April 28, 2011 Hui. Zhang
NEC Labs America.
Yunfei. Zhang
China Mobile
J. Lei
University of Goettingen
Gonzalo. Camarillo
Ericsson
Yong. Liu
Polytechnic University
October 25, 2010
Survey of P2P Streaming Applications
draft-gu-ppsp-survey-02
Abstract
This document presents a survey of popular Peer-to-Peer streaming
applications on the Internet. We focus on the Architecture and Peer
Protocol/Tracker Signaling Protocol description in the presentation,
and study a selection of well-known P2P streaming systems, including
Joost, PPlive, andother popular existing systems. Through the
survey, we summarize a common P2P streaming process model and the
correspondent signaling process for P2P Streaming Protocol
standardization.
Status of this Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on April 28, 2011.
Copyright Notice
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Internet-Draft Survey of P2P Streaming Applications October 2010
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminologies and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Survey of P2P streaming system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Mesh-based P2P streaming systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1. Joost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.2. Octoshape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.3. PPLive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.4. Zattoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.5. PPStream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.6. SopCast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.7. TVants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2. Tree-based P2P streaming systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.1. PeerCast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.2. Conviva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. A common P2P Streaming Process Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
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1. Introduction
Toward standardizing the signaling protocols used in today's Peer-to-
Peer (P2P) streaming applications, we surveyed several popular P2P
streaming systems regarding their architectures and signaling
protocols between peers, as well as, between peers and trackers. The
studied P2P streaming systems, running worldwide or domestically,
include such as PPLive, Joost, Cybersky-TV, and Octoshape. This
document does not intend to cover all design options of P2P streaming
applications. Instead, we choose a representative set of
applications and focus on the respective signaling characteristics of
each kind. Through the survey, we generalize a common streaming
process model from those P2P streaming systems, and summarize the
companion signaling process as the base for P2P Streaming Protocol
(PPSP) standardization.
2. Terminologies and concepts
Chunk: A chunk is a basic unit of partitioned streaming media, which
is used by a peer for the purpose of storage, advertisement and
exchange among peers [Sigcomm:P2P streaming].
Content Distribution Network (CDN) node: A CDN node refers to a
network entity that usually is deployed at the network edge to store
content provided by the original servers, and serves content to the
clients located nearby topologically.
Live streaming: The scenario where all clients receive streaming
content for the same ongoing event. The lags between the play points
of the clients and that of the streaming source are small..
P2P cache: A P2P cache refers to a network entity that caches P2P
traffic in the network, and either transparently or explicitly
distributes content to other peers.
P2P streaming protocols: P2P streaming protocols refer to multiple
protocols such as streaming control, resource discovery, streaming
data transport, etc. which are needed to build a P2P streaming
system.
Peer/PPSP peer: A peer/PPSP peer refers to a participant in a P2P
streaming system. The participant not only receives streaming
content, but also stores and uploads streaming content to other
participants.
PPSP protocols: PPSP protocols refer to the key signaling protocols
among various P2P streaming system components, including the tracker
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and peers.
Swarm: A swarm refers to a group of clients (i.e. peers) sharing the
same content (e.g. video/audio program, digital file, etc) at a given
time.
Tracker/PPSP tracker: A tracker/PPSP tracker refers to a directory
service which maintains the lists of peers/PPSP peers storing chunks
for a specific channel or streaming file, and answers queries from
peers/PPSP peers.
Video-on-demand (VoD): A kind of application that allows users to
select and watch video content on demand
3. Survey of P2P streaming system
In this section, we summarize some existing P2P streaming systems.
The construction techniques used in these systems can be largely
classified into two categories: tree-based and mesh-based structures.
Tree-based structure: Group members self-organize into a tree
structure, based on which group management and data delivery is
performed. Such structure has small maintenance cost and good
scalability and can be easily implemented. However, it may result in
low bandwidth usage and less reliability.
Mesh-based structure: In contrast to tree-based structure, a mesh
uses multiple links between any two nodes. Thus, the reliability of
data transmission is relatively high. Nevertheless, the cost of
maintaining such mesh is much larger than that of a tree.
3.1. Mesh-based P2P streaming systems
3.1.1. Joost
Joost announced to give up P2P technology on its desktop version last
year, though it introduced a flash version for browsers and iPhone
application. The key reason why Joost shut down its desktop version
is probably the legal issues of provided media content. However, as
one of the most popular P2P VoD application in the past years, it's
worthwhile to understand how Joost works. The peer management and
data transmission in Joost mainly relies on mesh-based structure.
The three key components of Joost are servers, super nodes and peers.
There are five types of servers: Tracker server, Version server,
Backend server, Content server and Graphics server. The architecture
of Joost system is shown in Figure 1.
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First, we introduce the functionalities of Joost's key components
through three basic phases. Then we will discuss the Peer protocol
and Tracker protocol of Joost.
Installation: Backend server is involved in the installation phase.
Backend server provides peer with an initial channel list in a SQLite
file. No other parameters, such as local cache, node ID, or
listening port, are configured in this file.
Bootstrapping: In case of a newcomer, Tracker server provides several
super node addresses and possibly some content server addresses.
Then the peer connects Version server for the latest software
version. Later, the peer starts to connect some super nodes to
obtain the list of other available peers and begins streaming video
contents. Different from Skype [skype], super nodes in Joost only
deal with control and peer management traffic. They do not relay/
forward any media data.
Channel switching: Super nodes are responsible for redirecting
clients to content server or peers.
Peers communicate with servers over HTTP/HTTPs and with super nodes/
other peers over UDP.
Tracker Protocol: Because super nodes here are responsible for
providing the peerlist/content servers to peers, protocol used
between tracker server and peers is rather simple. Peers get the
addresses of super nodes and content servers from Tracker Server over
HTTP. After that, Tracker sever will not appear in any stage, e.g.
channel switching, VoD interaction. In fact, the protocol spoken
between peers and super nodes is more like what we normally called
"Tracker Protocol". It enables super nodes to check peer status,
maintain peer lists for several, if not all, channels. It provides
peer list/content servers to peers. Thus, in the rest of this
section, when we mention Tracker Protocol, we mean the one used
between peers and super nodes.
Peers will communicate with super nodes in some scenarios using
Tracker Protocol.
1. When a peer starts Joost software, after the installation and
bootstrapping, the peer will communicate with one or several super
nodes to get a list of available peers/content servers.
2. For on-demand video functions, super nodes periodically exchange
small UDP packets for peer management purpose.
3. When switching between channels, peers contact super nodes and
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the latter help the peers find available peers to fetch the requested
media data.
Peer Protocol: The following investigations are mainly motivated from
[Joost- experiment ], in which a data-driven reverse-engineer
experiments are performed. We omitted the analysis process and
directly show the conclusion. Media data in Joost is split into
chunks and then encrypted. Each chunk is packetized with about 5-10
seconds of video data. After receiving peer list from super nodes, a
peer negotiates with some or, if necessary, all of the peers in the
list to find out what chunks they have. Then the peer makes decision
about from which peers to get the chunks. No peer capability
information is exchanged in the Peer Protocol.
+---------------+ +-------------------+
| Version Server| | Tracker Server |
+---------------+ +-------------------+
\ |
\ |
\ | +---------------+
\ | |Graphics Server|
\ | +---------------+
\ | |
+--------------+ +-------------+ +--------------+
|Content Server|--------| Peer1 |--------|Backend Server|
+--------------+ +-------------+ +--------------+
|
|
|
|
+------------+ +---------+
| Super Node |-------| Peer2 |
+------------+ +---------+
Figure 1, Architecture of Joost system
3.1.2. Octoshape
CNN has been working with a P2P Plug-in, from a Denmark-based company
Octoshape, to broadcast its living streaming. Octoshape helps CNN
serve a peak of more than a million simultaneous viewers. It has
also provided several innovative delivery technologies such as loss
resilient transport, adaptive bit rate, adaptive path optimization
and adaptive proximity delivery. Figure 2 depicts the architecture
of the Octoshape system.
Octoshape maintains a mesh overlay topology. Its overlay topology
maintenance scheme is similar to that of P2P file-sharing
applications, such as BitTorrent. There is no Tracker server in
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Octoshape, thus no Tracker Protocol is required. Peers obtain live
streaming from content servers and peers over Octoshape Protocol.
Several data streams are constructed from live stream. No data
streams are identical and any number K of data streams can
reconstruct the original live stream. The number K is based on the
original media playback rate and the playback rate of each data
stream. For example, a 400Kbit/s media is split into four 100Kbit/s
data streams, and then k = 4. Data streams are constructed in peers,
instead of Broadcast server, which release server from large burden.
The number of data streams constructed in a particular peer equals
the number of peers downloading data from the particular peer, which
is constrained by the upload capacity of the particular peer. To get
the best performance, the upload capacity of a peer should be larger
than the playback rate of the live stream. If not, an artificial
peer may be added to deliver extra bandwidth.
Each single peer has an address book of other peers who is watching
the same channel. A Standby list is set up based on the address
book. The peer periodically probes/asks the peers in the standby
list to be sure that they are ready to take over if one of the
current senders stops or gets congested. [Octoshape]
Peer Protocol: The live stream is firstly sent to a few peers in the
network and then be spread to the rest. When a peer joins a channel,
it notifies all the other peers about its presence over Peer
Protocol, which will drive the others to add it into their address
books. Although [Octoshape] declares that each peer records all the
peers joining the channel, we suspect that not all the peers are
recorded, considering the notification traffic will be large and
peers will be busy with recording when a popular program starts in a
channel and lots of peers switch to this channel. Maybe some
geographic or topological neighbors are notified and the peer gets
its address book from these neighbors.
Peer Protocol: The live stream is firstly sent to a few peers in the
network and then spread to the rest of the network. When a peer
joins a channel, it notifies all the other peers about its presence
using Peer Protocol, which will drive the others to add it into their
address books. Although [Octoshape] declares that each peer records
all the peers joining the channel, we suspect that not all the peers
are recorded, considering the notification traffic will be large and
peers will be busy with recording when a popular program starts in a
channel and lots of peers switch to this channel. Maybe some
geographic or topological neighbors are notified and the peer gets
its address book from these nearby neighbors.
The peer sends requests to some selected peers for the live stream
and the receivers answers OK or not according to their upload
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capacity. The peer continues sending requests to peers until it
finds enough peers to provide the needed data streams to redisplay
the original live stream. The details of Octoshape are (not?)
disclosed yet, we hope someone else can provide much specific
information.
+------------+ +--------+
| Peer 1 |---| Peer 2 |
+------------+ +--------+
| \ / |
| \ / |
| \ |
| / \ |
| / \ |
| / \ |
+--------------+ +-------------+
| Peer 4 |----| Peer3 |
+--------------+ +-------------+
*****************************************
|
|
+---------------+
| Content Server|
+---------------+
Figure 2, Architecture of Octoshape system
3.1.3. PPLive
PPLive is one of the most popular P2P streaming software in China.
It has two major communication protocols. One is Registration and
peer discovery protocol, i.e. Tracker Protocol, and the other is P2P
chunk distribution protocol, i.e. Peer Protocol. Figure 3 shows the
architecture of PPLive.
Tracker Protocol: First, a peer gets the channel list from the
Channel server, in a way similar to that of Joost. Then the peer
chooses a channel and asks the Tracker server for the peerlist of
this channel.
Peer Protocol: The peer contacts the peers in its peerlist to get
additional peerlists, which are aggregated with its existing list.
Through this list, peers can maintain a mesh for peer management and
data delivery.
For the video-on-demand (VoD) operation, because different peers
watch different parts of the channel, a peer buffers up to a few
minutes worth of chunks within a sliding window to share with each
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others. Some of these chunks may be chunks that have been recently
played; the remaining chunks are chunks scheduled to be played in the
next few minutes. Peers upload chunks to each other. To this end,
peers send to each other "buffer-map" messages; a buffer-map message
indicates which chunks a peer currently has buffered and can share.
The buffer-map message includes the offset (the ID of the first
chunk), the length of the buffer map, and a string of zeroes and ones
indicating which chunks are available (starting with the chunk
designated by the offset). PPlive transfer Data over UDP.
Video Download Policy of PPLive
1 Top ten peers contribute to a major part of the download
traffic. Meanwhile, the top peer session is quite short compared
with the video session duration. This would suggest that PPLive
gets video from only a few peers at any given time, and switches
periodically from one peer to another;
2 PPLive can send multiple chunk requests for different chunks to
one peer at one time;
PPLive maintains a constant peer list with relatively small number of
peers. [P2PIPTV-measuring]
+------------+ +--------+
| Peer 2 |----| Peer 3 |
+------------+ +--------+
| |
| |
+--------------+
| Peer 1 |
+--------------+
|
|
|
+---------------+
| Tracker Server|
+---------------+
Figure 3, Architecture of PPlive system
3.1.4. Zattoo
Zattoo is P2P live streaming system which serves over 3 million
registered users over European countries [Zattoo].The system delivers
live streaming using a receiver-based, peer-division multiplexing
scheme. Zattoo reliabily streams media among peers using the mesh
structure.
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Figure 4 depcits a typical procedure of single TV channel carried
over Zattoo network. First, Zattoo system broadcasts live TV,
captured from satellites, onto the Internet. Each TV channel is
delivered through a separate P2P network.
-------------------------------
| ------------------ | --------
| | Broadcast | |---------|Peer1 |-----------
| | Servers | | -------- |
| Administrative Servers | -------------
| ------------------------ | | Super Node|
| | Authentication Server | | -------------
| | Rendezvous Server | | |
| | Feedback Server | | -------- |
| | Other Servers | |---------|Peer2 |----------|
| ------------------------| | --------
------------------------------|
Figure 4, Basic architecture of Zattoo system
Tracker(Rendezvous Server) Protocol: In order to receive the signal
the requested channel, registered users are required to be
authenticated through Zattoo Authentication Server. Upon
authentication, users obtain a ticket with specific lifetime. Then,
users contact Rendezvous Server with the ticket and identify of
interested TV channel. In return, the Rendezvous Server sends back a
list joined peers carrying the channel.
Peer Protocol: Similar to aforementioned procedures in Joost, PPLive,
a new Zattoo peer requests to join an existing peer among the peer
list. Upon the availability of bandwidth, requested peer decides how
to multiplex a stream onto its set of neighboring peers. When
packets arrive at the peer, sub-streams are stored for reassembly
constructing the full stream.
Note Zattoo relies on Bandwdith Estimation Server to initially
estimate the amount of available uplink bandwith at a peer. Once a
peer starts to forward substream to other peers, it receives QoS
feedback from other receivers if the quality of sub-stream drops
below a threshold.
3.1.5. PPStream
The system architecture and working flows of PPStream is similar to
PPLive. PPStream transfers data using mostly TCP, only occasionally
UDP.
Video Download Policy of PPStream
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1 Top ten peers do not contribute to a large part of the download
traffic. This would suggest that PPStream gets the video from
many peers simultaneously, and its peers have long session
duration;
2 PPStream does not send multiple chunk requests for different
chunks to one peer at one time;
PPStream maintains a constant peer list with relatively large number
of peers. [P2PIPTV-measuring]
3.1.6. SopCast
The system architecture and working flows of SopCast is similar to
PPLive. SOPCast transfer data mainly using UDP, occasionally TCP;
Top ten peers contribute to about half of the total download traffic.
SOPCast's download policy is similar to PPLive's policy in that it
switches periodically between provider peers. However, SOPCast seems
to always need more than one peer to get the video, while in PPLive a
single peer could be the only video provider;
SOPCast's peer list can be as large as PPStream's peer list. But
SOPCast's peer list varies over time. [P2PIPTV-measuring]
3.1.7. TVants
The system architecture and working flows of TVants is similar to
PPLive. TVAnts is more balanced between TCP and UDP in data
transmission;
The system architecture and working flows of TVants is similar to
PPLive. TVAnts is more balanced between TCP and UDP in data
transmission;
TVAnts' peer list is also large and varies over time. [P2PIPTV-
measuring]
We extract the common Main components and steps of PPLive, PPStream,
SopCast and TVants, which is shown in Figure 5.
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+------------+
| Tracker |
/+------------+
/
/ +------+
1,2/ /|Peer 1|
/ / +------+
/ /3,4,6
+---------+/ +------+
|New Peer |---------------|Peer 2|
+---------+\ 4,6 +------+
|5 | \
|---| \ +------+
3,4,6 \|Peer 3|
+------+
Figure 5, Main components and steps of PPLive, PPStream, SopCast and Tvants
The main steps are:
(1) A new peer registers with tracker / distributed hash table
(DHT) to join the peer group which shares a same channel / media
content;
(2) Tracker / DHT returns an initial peer list to the new peer;
(3) The new peer harvests peer lists by gossiping (i.e. exchange
peer list) with the peers in the initial peer list to aggregate
more peers sharing the channel / media content;
(4) The new peer randomly (or with some guide) selects some peers
from its peer list to connect and exchange peer information (e.g.
buffer map, peer status, etc) with connected peers to know where
to get what data;
(5) The new peer decides what data should be requested in which
order / priority using some scheduling algorithm and the peer
information obtained in Step (4);
(6) The new peer requests the data from some connected peers.
3.2. Tree-based P2P streaming systems
3.2.1. PeerCast
PeerCast adopts a Tree structure. The architecture of PeerCast is
shown in Figure 6.
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Peers in one channel construct the Broadcast Tree and the Broadcast
server is the root of the Tree. A Tracker can be implemented
independently or merged in the Broadcast server. Tracker in Tree
based P2P streaming application selects the parent nodes for those
new peers who join in the Tree. A Transfer node in the Tree receives
and transfers data simultaneously.
Peer Protocol: The peer joins a channel and gets the broadcast server
address. First of all, the peer sends a request to the server, and
the server answers OK or not according to its idle capability. If
the broadcast server has enough idle capability, it will include the
peer in its child-list. Otherwise, the broadcast server will choose
at most eight nodes of its children and answer the peer. The peer
records the nodes and contacts one of them, until it finds a node
that can server it.
In stead of requesting the channel by the peer, a Transfer node
pushes live stream to its children, which can be a transfer node or a
receiver. A node in the tree will notify its status to its parent
periodically, and the latter will update its child-list according to
the received notifications.
------------------------------
| +---------+ |
| | Tracker | |
| +---------+ |
| | |
| | |
| +---------------------+ |
| | Broadcast server | |
| +---------------------+ |
|------------------------------
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
+---------+ +---------+
|Transfer1| |Transfer2|
+---------+ +---------+
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+
|Receiver1| |Receiver2| |Receiver3| |Receiver4|
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+
Figure 6, Architecture of PeerCast system
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3.2.2. Conviva
Conviva[TM][conviva] is a real-time media control platform for
Internet multimedia broadcasting. For its early prototype, End
System Multicast (ESM) [ESM04] is the underlying networking
technology on organizing and maintaining an overlay broadcasting
topology. Next we present the overview of ESM. ESM adopts a Tree
structure. The architecture of ESM is shown in Figure 7.
ESM has two versions of protocols: one for smaller scale conferencing
apps with multiple sources, and the other for larger scale
broadcasting apps with Single source. We focus on the latter version
in this survey.
ESM maintains a single tree for its overlay topology. Its basic
functional components include two parts: a bootstrap protocol, a
parent selection algorithm, and a light-weight probing protocol for
tree topology construction and maintenance; a separate control
structure decoupled from tree, where a gossip-like algorithm is used
for each member to know a small random subset of group members;
members also maintain pathes from source.
Upon joining, a node gets a subset of group membership from the
source (the root node); it then finds parent using a parent selection
algorithm. The node uses light-weight probing heuristics to a subset
of members it knows, and evaluates remote nodes and chooses a
candidate parent. It also uses the parent selection algorithm to
deal with performance degradation due to node and network churns.
ESM Supports for NATs. It allows NATs to be parents of public hosts,
and public hosts can be parents of all hosts including NATs as
children.
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------------------------------
| +---------+ |
| | Tracker | |
| +---------+ |
| | |
| | |
| +---------------------+ |
| | Broadcast server | |
| +---------------------+ |
|------------------------------
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
+---------+ +---------+
| Peer1 | | Peer2 |
+---------+ +---------+
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+
| Peer3 | | Peer4 | | Peer5 | | Peer6 |
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+
Figure 7, Architecture of ESM system
4. A common P2P Streaming Process Model
As shown in Figure 8, a common P2P streaming process can be
summarized based on Section 3:
1) When a peer wants to receive streaming content:
1.1) Peer acquires a list of peers/parent nodes from the
tracker.
1.2) Peer exchanges its content availability with the peers on
the obtained peer list, or requests to be adopted by the parent
nodes.
1.3) Peer identifies the peers with desired content, or the
available parent node.
1.4) Peer requests for the content from the identified peers,
or receives the content from its parent node.
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2) When a peer wants to share streaming content with others:
2.1) Peer sends information to the tracker about the swarms it
belongs to, plus streaming status and/or content availability.
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| +--------------------------------+ |
| | Tracker | |
| +--------------------------------+ |
| ^ | ^ |
| | | | |
| query | | peer list/ |streaming Status/ |
| | | Parent nodes |Content availability/ |
| | | |node capability |
| | | | |
| | V | |
| +-------------+ +------------+ |
| | Peer1 |<------->| Peer 2 | |
| +-------------+ content/+------------+ |
| join requests |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 8, A common P2P streaming process model
The functionality of Tracker and data transfer in Mesh-based
application and Tree-based is a little different. In the Mesh-based
applications, such as Joost and PPLive, Tracker maintains the lists
of peers storing chunks for a specific channel or streaming file. It
provides peer list for peers to download from, as well as upload to,
each other. In the Tree-based applications, such as PeerCast and
Canviva, Tracker directs new peers to find parent nodes and the data
flows from parent to child only.
5. Security Considerations
This document does not consider security issues. It follows the
security consideration in [draft-zhang-ppsp-problem-statement].
6. Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge Jiang xingfeng for providing good ideas
for this document.
7. Informative References
[PPLive] "www.pplive.com".
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[PPStream]
"www.ppstream.com".
[CNN] "www.cnn.com".
[OctoshapeWeb]
"www.octoshape.com".
[Joost-Experiment]
Lei, Jun, et al., "An Experimental Analysis of Joost Peer-
to-Peer VoD Service".
[Sigcomm_P2P_Streaming]
Huang, Yan, et al., "Challenges, Design and Analysis of a
Large-scale P2P-VoD System", 2008.
[Octoshape]
Alstrup, Stephen, et al., "Introducing Octoshape-a new
technology for large-scale streaming over the Internet".
[Zattoo] "http: //zattoo.com/".
[Conviva] "http://www.rinera.com/".
[ESM04] Zhang, Hui., "End System Multicast,
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~hzhang/Talks/ESMPrinceton.pdf",
May .
[Survey] Liu, Yong, et al., "A survey on peer-to-peer video
streaming systems", 2008.
[draft-zhang-alto-traceroute-00]
"www.ietf.org/internet-draft/
draft-zhang-alto-traceroute-00.txt".
[P2PStreamingSurvey]
Zong, Ning, et al., "Survey of P2P Streaming", Nov. 2008.
[P2PIPTV_measuring]
Silverston, Thomas, et al., "Measuring P2P IPTV Systems".
[Challenge]
Li, Bo, et al., "Peer-to-Peer Live Video Streaming on the
Internet: Issues, Existing Approaches, and Challenges",
June 2007.
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Authors' Addresses
Gu Yingjie
Huawei
Baixia Road No. 91
Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210001
P.R.China
Phone: +86-25-84565868
Fax: +86-25-84565888
Email: guyingjie@huawei.com
Zong Ning
Huawei
Baixia Road No. 91
Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210001
P.R.China
Phone: +86-25-84565866
Fax: +86-25-84565888
Email: zongning@huawei.com
Hui Zhang
NEC Labs America.
Email: huizhang@nec-labs.com
Zhang Yunfei
China Mobile
Email: zhangyunfei@chinamobile.com
Lei Jun
University of Goettingen
Phone: +49 (551) 39172032
Email: lei@cs.uni-goettingen.de
Gonzalo Camarillo
Ericsson
Email: Gonzalo.Camarillo@ericsson.com
Gu, et al. Expires April 28, 2011 [Page 18]
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Liu Yong
Polytechnic University
Email: yongliu@poly.edu
Gu, et al. Expires April 28, 2011 [Page 19]