Internet Engineering Task Force                               I. Hajjeh
INTERNET DRAFT                                                ESRGroups
                                                               M. Badra
                                                       LIMOS Laboratory

Expires: November 2007                                        June 2007

                                  TLS Sign
                       <draft-hajjeh-tls-sign-03.txt>


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   This Internet-Draft will expire on November 2007.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

Abstract

   TLS protocol provides authentication and data protection for
   communication between two entities. However, missing from the
   protocol is a way to perform non-repudiation service.

   This document defines extensions to the TLS protocol to allow it to
   perform non-repudiation service. It is based on [TLSSign] and it
   provides the client and the server the ability to sign by TLS,
   handshake and applications data using certificates such as X.509.



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1 Introduction

   Actually, TLS is the most deployed security protocol for securing
   exchanges. It provides end-to-end secure communications between two
   entities with authentication and data protection. However, what is
   missing from the protocol is a way to provide the non-repudiation
   service.

   This document describes how the non-repudiation service may be
   integrated as an optional module in TLS. This is in order to provide
   both parties with evidence that the transaction has taken place and
   to offer a clear separation with application design and development.

   TLS-Sign's design motivations included:

   o   TLS is application protocol-independent. Higher-level protocol
       can operate on top of the TLS protocol transparently.

   o   TLS is a modular nature protocol. Since TLS is developed in four
       independent protocols, the approach defined in this document can
       be added by extending the TLS protocol and with a total
       reuse of pre-existing TLS infrastructures and implementations.

   o   Several applications like E-Business require non-repudiation
       proof of transactions. It is critical in these applications to
       have the non-repudiation service that generates, distributes,
       validates and maintains the evidence of an electronic
       transaction. Since TLS is widely used to secure these
       applications exchanges, the non-repudiation should be offered by
       TLS.

   o   Generic non-repudiation with TLS. TLS Sign provides a generic
       non-repudiation service that can be easily used with protocols.
       TLS Sign minimizes both design and implementation of the
       signature service and that of the designers and implementators
       who wish to use this module.

1.2 Requirements language

   The key words "MUST", "SHALL", "SHOULD", and "MAY", in this document
   are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119.

2 TLS Sign overview

   TLS Sign is integrated as a higher-level module of the TLS Record
   protocol. It is optionally used if the two entities agree. This is
   negotiated by extending Client and Server Hello messages in the same
   way defined in [TLSExt].

   In order to allow a TLS client to negotiate the TLS Sign, a new
   extension type should be added to the Extended Client and Server


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   Hellos messages. TLS clients and servers MAY include an extension of
   type 'signature' in the Extended Client and Server Hellos messages.
   The 'extension_data' field of this extension contains a
   'signature_request' where:

    enum {
          pkcs7(0), smime(1), xmldsig(2), (255);
       } ContentFormat;

    struct {
            ContentFormat content_format;
            SignMethod sign_meth;
            SignType sign_type<2..2^16-1>;
         } SignatureRequest;

    enum {
          ssl_client_auth_cert(0), ssl_client_auth_cert_url(1), (255);
       } SignMethod;

    uint8 SignType[2];

   The client initiates the TLS Sign module by sending the
   ExtendedClientHello including the 'signature' extension. This
   extension contains:

   - the SignType carrying the type of the non repudiation proof. It
   can have one of these two values:

   SignType non_repudiation_with_proof_of_origin      = { 0x00, 0x01 };
   SignType non_repudiation_without_proof_of_origin   = { 0x00, 0x02 };

   - the ContentFormat carrying the format of signed data. It can be
   PKCS7 [PKCS7], S/MIME [S/MIME] or XMLDSIG [XMLDSIG]

             ContentFormat PKCS7   = { 0x00, 0xA1 };
             ContentFormat SMIME   = { 0x00, 0xA2 };
             ContentFormat XMLDSIG = { 0x00, 0xA3 };

         o if the value of the ContentFormat is PKCS7, then the PKCS7
           Content_type is of type signed-data.

         o if the value of the ContentFormat is S/MIME, then S/MIME
           Content_type is of type SignedData

         o if the value of the ContentFormat is XMLDSIG, then XMLDSIG
           signatureMethod algorithms.

   - the SignMethod carrying the signature method that is used to sign
   the application data (e.g. X509  authentication certificate).

               SignMethod X509 = { 0x00, 0xB1 };


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   Actually, this document uses the same certificate used in client
   authentication. Any new signature method MAY be added in future
   versions (e.g. delegated attributes certificates).

   The server MAY reject the connection by sending the error alert
   "unsupported_extension" [TLSExt] and closing the connection.

   The client and the server MAY or MAY NOT use the same certificates
   used by the Handshake protocol. Several cases are possible:

   - If the server has an interest in getting non-repudiation data from
   the client and that the cipher_suites list sent by the client does
   not include any cipher_suite with signature ability, the server MUST
   (upon reception of tls_sign_on_off protocol message not followed by
   a certificate with a type equals to ExtendedServerHello.sign_method)
   close the connection by sending a fatal error.

   - If the server has an interest in getting non-repudiation data from
   the client and that the cipher_suites list sent by the client
   includes at least a cipher_suite with signature ability, the server
   SHOULD select a cipher_suite with signature ability and MUST provide
   a certificate (e.g., RSA) that MAY be used for key exchange.
   Further, the server MUST request a certificate from the client using
   the TLS certificate request message (e.g., an RSA or a DSS
   signature-capable certificate). If the client does not send a
   certificate during the TLS Handshake, the server MUST close the TLS
   session by sending a fatal error in the case where the client sends
   a tls_sign_on_off protocol message not followed by a certificate
   with a type equals to ExtendedServerHello.sign_method.

   - The client or the server MAY use a certificate different to these
   being used by TLS Handshake. This MAY happen when the server agrees
   in getting non-repudiation data from the client and that the type of
   the client certificate used by TLS Handshake and the type selected
   by the server from the list in ExtendedClientHello.sign_method are
   different, or when the ExtendedServerHello.cipher_suite does not
   require client and/or server certificates. In these cases, the
   client or the server sends a new message called certificate_sign,
   right after sending the tls_sign_on_off protocol messages. The new
   message contains the sender's certificate in which the type is the
   same type selected by the server from the list in
   ExtendedClientHello.sign_method. The certificate_sign is therefore
   used to generate signed data. It is defined as follows:

       opaque ASN.1Cert<2^24-1>;

       struct {
           ASN.1Cert certificate_list<1..2^24-1>;
       } CertificateSign;



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   The certificate_list, as defined in [TLS], is a sequence (chain) of
   certificates. The sender's certificate MUST come first in the list.

   If the server has no interest in getting non-repudiation data from
   the client, it replays with an ordinary TLS ServerHello or return a
   handshake failure alert and close the connection [TLS].

         Client                                               Server
         ------                                               ------

         ClientHello             -------->
                                                         ServerHello
                                                        Certificate*
                                                  ServerKeyExchange*
                                                 CertificateRequest*
                                 <--------           ServerHelloDone
         Certificate*
         ClientKeyExchange
         CertificateVerify*
         [ChangeCipherSpec]
         Finished                -------->
                                                  [ChangeCipherSpec]
                                 <--------                  Finished

         TLSSignOnOff   <-------------------------->    TLSSignOnOff

         CertificateSign* <-----------------------> CertificateSign*

         (Signed) Application Data <---->  (Signed) Application Data

   * Indicates optional or situation-dependent messages that are not
   always sent.

2.1 tls sign on off protocol

   To manage the generation of evidence, new sub-protocol is added by
   this document, called tls_sign_on_off. This protocol consists of a
   single message that is encrypted and compressed under the
   established connection state. This message can be sent at any time
   after the TLS session has been established. Thus, no man in the
   middle can replay or inject this message. It consists of a single
   byte of value 1 (tls_sign_on) or 0 (tls_sign_off).

       enum {
             change_cipher_spec(20), alert(21), handshake(22),
             application_data(23), tls_sign(TBC), (255)
          } ContentType;

       struct {
               enum { tls_sign_off(0), tls_sign_on(1), (255) } type;
            } TLSSignOnOff;


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   The tls_sign_on_off message is sent by the client and/or server to
   notify the receiving party that subsequent records will carry data
   signed under the negotiated parameters.

   Note: TLSSignOnOff is an independent TLS Protocol content type, and
   is not actually a TLS handshake message.

 2.1.1 TLS sign packet format

   This document defines a new packet format that encapsulates signed
   data, the TLSSigntext. The packet format is shown below. The fields
   are transmitted from left to right.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Content-Type  |     Flag      |     Version                   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |              Length           |  Signed Data ...
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   Content-Type

   Same as TLSPlaintext.type.

   Flag

   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |A R R R R R R R|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   A = acknowledgement of receipt
   R = Reserved

   When the whole signed data is delivered to the receiver, the TLS
   Sign will check the signature. If the signature is valid and that
   the sender requires a proof of receipt, the receiver MUST generate a
   TLSSigntext packet with the bit A set to 1 (acknowledgement of
   receipt). This helps the receiver of the acknowledgment of receipt
   in storing the data-field for later use (see section 2.2). The data-
   field of that message contains the digest of the whole data receiver
   by the generator of the acknowledgement of receipt. The digest is
   signed before sending the result to the other side.

    2.1.3 bad_sign alert

   This alert is returned if a record is received with an incorrect
   signature. This message is always fatal.



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2.2 Storing signed data

   The objective of TLS Sign is to provide both parties with evidence
   that can be stored and later presented to a third party to resolve
   disputes that arise if and when a communication is repudiated by one
   of the entities involved. This document provides the two basic types
   of non-repudiation service:

   o   Non-repudiation with proof of origin: provides the TLS server
       with evidence proving that the TLS client has sent it the signed
       data at a certain time.

   o   Non-repudiation with proof of delivery: provides the TLS client
       with evidence that the server has received the client's signed
       data at a specific time.

   TLS Handshake exchanges the current time and date according to the
   entities internal clock. Thus, the time and date can be stored with
   the signed data as a proof of communication. For B2C or B2B
   transactions, non-repudiation with proof of origin and non-
   repudiation with proof of receipt are both important. If the TLS
   client requests a non-repudiation service with proof of receipt, the
   server SHOULD verify and send back to client a signature on the hash
   of signed data.

   The following figure explains the different events for proving and
   storing signed data [RFC2828]. RFC 2828 uses the term "critical
   action" to refer to the act of communication between the two
   entities. For a complete non-repudiation deployment, 6 phases should
   be respected:

   --------   --------   --------   --------   --------     --------
   Phase 1:   Phase 2:   Phase 3:   Phase 4:   Phase 5:     Phase 6:
   Request    Generate   Transfer   Verify     Retain       Resolve
   Service    Evidence   Evidence   Evidence   Evidence     Dispute
   --------   --------   --------   --------   --------     --------
   Service    Critical   Evidence   Evidence   Archive      Evidence
   Request => Action  => Stored  => Is      => Evidence     Is
   Is Made    Occurs     For Later  Tested     In Case      Verified
              and        Use |          ^      Critical         ^
              Evidence       v          |      Action Is        |
              Is         +-------------------+ Repudiated       |
              Generated  |Verifiable Evidence|------>       ----+
                         +-------------------+

   1- Requesting explicit transaction evidence before sending data.
   Normally, this action is taken by the SSL/TLS client

   2- If the server accepts, the client will generate evidence by
   signing data using his X.509 authentication certificate. Server will
   go through the same process if the evidence of receipt is requested.


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   3 - The signed data is then sent by the initiator (client or server)
   and stored it locally, or by a third party, for a later use if
   needed.

   4 - The entity that receive the evidence process to verify the
   signed data.

   5- The evidence is then stored by the receiver entity for a later
   use if needed.

   6- In this phase, which occurs only if the critical action is
   repudiated, the evidence is retrieved from storage, presented, and
   verified to resolve the dispute.

   With this method, the stored signed data (or evidence) can be
   retrieved by both parties, presented and verified if the critical
   action is repudiated.

Security Considerations

   Security issues are discussed throughout this memo.

IANA Considerations

   This document defines a new TLS extension "signature", assigned the
   value TBD from the TLS ExtensionType registry defined in [TLSEXT].

   This document defines one TLS ContentType: tls_sign(TBD). This
   ContentType value is assigned from the TLS ContentType registry
   defined in [TLS].

   This document defines a new handshake message, certificate_sign,
   whose value is to be allocated from the TLS HandshakeType registry
   defined in [TLS].

   The bad_sign alert that is defined in this document is assigned to
   the TLS Alert registry defined in [TLS].

References

   [TLS]     Dierks, T., et. al., "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
             RFC 2246, January 1999.

   [TLSExt]  Blake-Wilson, S., et. al., "Transport Layer Security TLS)
             Extensions", RFC 3546, June 2003.

   [PKCS7]   RSA Laboratories, "PKCS #7: RSA Cryptographic Message
             Syntax Standard," version 1.5, November 1993.

   [S/MIME]  Ramsdell, B., "S/MIME Version 3 Message Specification",


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             RFC 2633, June 1999.

   [XMLDSIG] Eastlake, D., et. al, "(Extensible Markup Language) XML
             Signature Syntax and Processing", RFC 3275, March 2002.

   [TLSSign] Hajjeh, I., Serhrouchni, A., "Integrating a signature
             module in SSL/TLS, ICETE2004., ACM/IEEE, First
             International Conference on E-Business and
             Telecommunication Networks, Portugal, August 2004.

   [RFC2828] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary", RFC 2828, May
             2000.

Author's Addresses

   Ibrahim Hajjeh
   Engineering and Scientific Research Groups (ESRGroups)
   82 rue Baudricourt
   75013 Paris               Phone: NA
   France                    Email: Ibrahim.Hajjeh@esrgroups.org

   Mohamad Badra
   LIMOS Laboratory - UMR 6158, CNRS
   France                    Email: badra@isima.fr

   Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Eric Rescorla for discussions and
   comments on the design of TLS Sign.

Appendix  Changelog

   Changes from -01 to -02:

   o Add an IANA section.

   o Small clarifications to section 2.

   o Add the bad_sign alert and the certificate_sign message.

   Changes from -00 to -01:

   o Clarifications to the format of the signed data in Section 2.

   o Small clarifications to TLS SIGN negotiation in Section 2.

   o Added Jacques Demerjian and Mohammed Achemlal as
     contributors/authors.

   Full Copyright Statement



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