Network Working Group J. Herzog Internet-Draft R. Khazan Intended status: Informational MIT Lincoln Laboratory Expires: September 23, 2010 March 22, 2010 Use of static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement in Cryptographic Message Syntax draft-herzog-static-ecdh-00 Abstract This document describes how to use 'static-static' Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key-agreement with the Cryptographic Message Syntax. In this form of key-agreement, the Diffie-Hellman values of both sender and receiver are long-term values contained in certificates. Thus, this form of key-agreement provides authentication of sender as well as receiver. Disclaimer This work is sponsored by the United States Air Force under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on September 23, 2010. Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Requirements Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. EnvelopedData using static-static ECDH . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2. Actions of the sending agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3. Actions of the receiving agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. AuthenticatedData using static-static ECDH . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2. Actions of the sending agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.3. Actions of the receiving agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. AuthEnvelopedData using static-static ECDH . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.2. Actions of the sending agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.3. Actions of the receiving agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Comparison to [CMS-ECC] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Requirements and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 1. Introduction This document describes how to use the static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement scheme [SEC1] in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [CMS]. The CMS is a standard notation and representation for cryptographic messages. CMS uses ASN.1 notation [X.680] [X.681] [X.682] [X.683] to define a number of structures that carry both cryptographically-protected information and key-management information regarding the keys used. Of particular interest here are three structures: o EnvelopedData, which holds encrypted (but not necessarily authenticated) information [CMS], o AuthenticatedData, which holds authenticated (MACed) information [CMS], and o AuthEnvelopedData, which holds information protected by authenticated encryption: a cryptographic scheme that combines encryption and authentication [CMS-AUTHENV]. All three of these types share the same basic structure. First, a fresh symmetric key is generated. This symmetric key has a different name that reflects its usage in each of the three structures. EnvelopedData uses a content-encryption key (CEK); AuthenticatedData uses an authentication key; AuthEnvelopedData uses a content- authenticated-encryption key. The originator uses the symmetric key to cryptographically protect the content. The symmetric key is then used wrapped for each recipient; only the intended recipient has access to the private keying material necessary to unwrap the symmetric key. Once unwrapped, the recipient uses the symmetric key to decrypt the content, check the integrity of the content, or both. The CMS supports several different approaches to symmetric key wrapping, including: o key transport: the symmetric key is encrypted using the public encryption key of some recipient, o key-encryption key: the symmetric key is encrypted using a previously-distributed symmetric key, and o key agreement: the symmetric key is encrypted using a key- encryption key (KEK) created using a key-agreement scheme and a key-derivation function (KDF). One such key-agreement scheme is the Diffie-Hellman algorithm [DH] which uses group-theory to produce a value known only to its two participants. In this case, the participants are the originator and Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 one of the recipients. Each participant produces a private value and a public value, and each participant can produce the shared secret value from their own private value and their counterpart's public value. There are some variations on the basic algorithm: o The basic algorithm typically uses the group 'Z mod p', meaning the set of integers modulo some prime p. One can also use an elliptic-curve group, which allows for shorter messages. o Over elliptic-curve groups, the standard algorithm can be extended to incorporate the 'cofactor' of the group (see [SEC1] for more details). This method, called 'cofactor Elliptic Curve Diffie- Hellman', can prevent certain attacks possible in the elliptic- curve group. o The participants can generate fresh new public/private values (called ephemeral values) for each run of the algorithm, or they can re-use long-term values (called static values). Ephemeral values add randomness to the resulting private value, while static values can be embedded in certificates. The two participants do not need to use the same kind of value: either participant can use either type. In 'ephemeral-static' Diffie-Hellman, for example, the sender uses an ephemeral public/private pair value while the receiver uses a static pair. In 'static-static' Diffie-Hellman, on the other hand, both participants use static pairs. (Receivers cannot use ephemeral values in this setting, and so we ignore ephemeral-ephemeral and static-ephemeral Diffie-Hellman in this document.) Several of these variations are already described in existing CMS standards. [CMS-ALG] contains the conventions for using for ephemeral-static and static-static Diffie-Hellman over the 'basic' (Z mod p) group. [CMS-ECC] contains the conventions for using ephemeral-static Diffie-Hellman over elliptic curves (both standard and cofactor methods). It does not, however, contain conventions for using either method of static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman, preferring to discuss the ECMQV algorithm instead. In this document, we specify the conventions for using static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) for both standard and cofactor methods. Our motivations are three-fold: 1. Intellectual-property concerns have hindered market adoptation of the ECMQV algorithm, 2. ECMQV has been removed from the National Security Agency's Suite B of cryptographic algorithms, and Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 3. ECMQV requires the sender to create a fresh random value for each recipient. While the incorporation of per-session randomness is good cryptographic practice, ECMQV fixes the size of this randomness: that of one elliptic-curve point. For low-bandwidth networks, it may be necessary to use smaller amounts of per- recipient randomness. We note that like ephemeral-static ECDH, static-static ECDH creates a secret key shared by sender and receiver. Unlike ephemeral-static ECDH, however, static-static ECDH uses a static key pair for the sender and therefore allows for the verification of the sender's identity. Each of the three CMS structures discussed in this document (EnvelopedData, AuthenticatedData, and AuthEnvelopedData) use these properties of static-static ECDH to achieve different goals: o EnvelopedData uses static-static ECDH to provide data confidentiality. It will not necessarily, however, provide either sender-authentication or data integrity. o AuthenticatedData uses static-static ECDH to provide sender- authentication and data-integrity. It will not necessarily, however, provide confidentiality for the data. o AuthEnvelopedData uses static-static ECDH to provide all of confidentiality, sender-authentication, and data-integrity. 1.1. Requirements Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [MUST]. 2. EnvelopedData using static-static ECDH If an implementation uses static-static ECDH with CMS EnvelopedData then the following techniques and formats MUST be used. The fields of EnvelopedData are as in [CMS]; as static-static ECDH is a key agreement algorithm, the RecipientInfo kari choice is used. When using static-static ECDH, the EnvelopedData originatorInfo field MAY include the certificate(s) for the EC public key(s) used in the formation of the pairwise key. 2.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo When using static-static ECDH with EnvelopedData, the fields of KeyAgreeRecipientInfo [CMS] are: Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 o version MUST be 3. o originator identifies the static EC public key of the sender. It MUST be either issuerAndSerialNumber or subjectKeyIdentifier, and point to one of the sending agent's certificates. o ukm MAY be present or absent. However, message originators SHOULD include the ukm. As specified in [CMS], implementations MUST support ukm message recipient processing, so interoperability is not a concern if the ukm is present or absent. The use of a fresh value for ukm will ensure that a different key is generated for each message between the same sender and receiver. ukm, if present, is placed in the entityUInfo field of the ECC-CMS- SharedInfo structure [CMS-ECC] and therefore used as an input to the key derivation function. o keyEncryptionAlgorithm MUST contain the object identifier of the key encryption algorithm, which in this case is a key agreement algorithm (see Section 5). The parameters field contains KeyWrapAlgorithm. The KeyWrapAlgorithm is the algorithm identifier that indicates the symmetric encryption algorithm used to encrypt the content-encryption key (CEK) with the key- encryption key (KEK) and any associated parameters (see Section 5). o recipientEncryptedKeys contains an identifier and an encrypted CEK for each recipient. The RecipientEncryptedKey KeyAgreeRecipientIdentifier MUST contain either the issuerAndSerialNumber identifying the recipient's certificate or the RecipientKeyIdentifier containing the subject key identifier from the recipient's certificate. In both cases, the recipient's certificate contains the recipient's static ECDH public key. RecipientEncryptedKey EncryptedKey MUST contain the content- encryption key encrypted with the static-static ECDH-generated pairwise key-encryption key using the algorithm specified by the KeyWrapAlgorithm. 2.2. Actions of the sending agent When using static-static ECDH with EnvelopedData, the sending agent first obtains the recipient's EC public key and domain parameters (e.g. from the recipient's certificate). It confirms that both certificates contain public-key values with the same curve parameters, and that both of these public-key values are marked as appropriate for ECDH (that is, marked with algorithm-identifiers id- ecPublicKey or id-ecDH [PKI-ECC]). The sender then determines: Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 o whether to use standard or cofactor Diffie-Hellman, and o which hash algorithms to use for the key-derivation function. The sender then chooses keyEncryptionAlgorithm that reflects these choices. It then determines: o an integer "keydatalen", the value of ukm (if used) and which is the KeyWrapAlgorithm symmetric key-size in bits, and o the value of ukm, if used. The sender then determines a bit string "SharedInfo", which is the DER encoding of ECC-CMS-SharedInfo (see Section 8 of [CMS-ECC]). The sending agent then performs the key agreement operation of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Scheme specified in [SEC1] and the KDF defined in Section 3.6.1 of [SEC1] with the hash algorithm identified in the key agreement algorithm. As a result the sending agent obtains a shared secret bit string "K", which is used as the pairwise key-encryption key (KEK) to wrap the CEK for that recipient, as specified in [CMS]. 2.3. Actions of the receiving agent When using static-static ECDH with EnvelopedData, the receiving agent retrieves keyEncryptionAlgorithm to determine the key-agreement algorithm chosen by the sender, which will identify: o the domain-parameters of the curve used, o whether standard or cofactor Diffie-Hellman was used, and o which hash-function was used for the KDF. The receiver then retrieves the static EC public key identified in the rid field. It confirms that both certificates contain public-key values associated with the curve identified by the keyEncryptionAlgorithm, and that both of these public-key values are marked as appropriate for ECDH (that is, marked with algorithm- identifiers id-ecPublicKey or id-ecDH [PKI-ECC]). The receiver then determines a bit string "SharedInfo", which is the DER encoding of ECC-CMS-SharedInfo (see Section 8 of [CMS-ECC]) and performs the key agreement operation of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Scheme specified in [SEC1]; in either case, use the KDF defined in Section 3.6.1 of [SEC1]. As a result, the receiving agent obtains a shared secret bit string "K", which it uses as the pairwise key-encryption key to unwrap the CEK. Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 3. AuthenticatedData using static-static ECDH This section describes how to use the static-static ECDH key agreement algorithm with AuthenticatedData. When using static-static ECDH with AuthenticatedData, the fields of AuthenticatedData are as in [CMS], but with the following restrictions: o macAlgorithm MUST contain the algorithm identifier of the message authentication code (MAC) algorithm which MUST be one of the following: hmac-SHA1, id-hmacWITHSHA224, id- hmacWITHSHA256, id- hmacWITHSHA384, or id-hmacWITHSHA512. (See Section 5.) o digestAlgorithm MUST contain the algorithm identifier of the hash algorithm which MUST be one of the following: id-sha1, id-sha224, id-sha256, id-sha384, and id-sha512. (See Section 5.) As static-static ECDH is a key agreement algorithm, the RecipientInfo kari choice is used in the AuthenticatedData. When using static- static ECDH, the AuthenticatedData originatorInfo field MAY include the certificate(s) for the EC public key(s) used in the formation of the pairwise key. 3.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo The AuthenticatedData KeyAgreeRecipientInfo fields are used in the same manner as the fields for the corresponding EnvelopedData KeyAgreeRecipientInfo fields of Section 2.1 of this document. The authentication key is wrapped in the same manner as is described there for the content-encryption key. 3.2. Actions of the sending agent The sending agent uses the same actions as for EnvelopedData with static-static ECDH, as specified in Section 2.2 of this document. 3.3. Actions of the receiving agent The receiving agent uses the same actions as for EnvelopedData with static-static ECDH, as specified in Section 2.3 of this document. 4. AuthEnvelopedData using static-static ECDH When using static-static ECDH with AuthEnvelopedData, the fields of AuthEnvelopedData are as in [CMS-AUTHENV]. As static-static ECDH is a key agreement algorithm, the RecipientInfo kari choice is used. When using static-static ECDH, the AuthEnvelopedData originatorInfo field MAY include the certificate(s) for the EC public key used in Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 the formation of the pairwise key. 4.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo The AuthEnvelopedData KeyAgreeRecipientInfo fields are used in the same manner as the fields for the corresponding EnvelopedData KeyAgreeRecipientInfo fields of Section 2.1 of this document. The content-authenticated-encryption key is wrapped in the same manner as is described there for the content-encryption key. 4.2. Actions of the sending agent The sending agent uses the same actions as for EnvelopedData with static-static ECDH, as specified in Section 2.2 of this document. 4.3. Actions of the receiving agent The receiving agent uses the same actions as for EnvelopedData with static-static ECDH, as specified in Section 2.3 of this document. 5. Comparison to [CMS-ECC] This document defines the use of static-static ECDH for EnvelopedData, AuthenticatedData, and AuthEnvelopedData. The standard [CMS-ECC] defines ephemeral-static ECDH for EnvelopedData only. (We note a revised version of this standard, draft-ietf-smime-3278bis-09.txt, is currently a work-in-progress. However, the above statement still applies to it at this time.) With regard to EnvelopedData, this document and [CMS-ECC] greatly parallel each other. Both specify how to apply Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman, and differ only on how the sender's public value is to be communicated to the recipient. In [CMS-ECC], the sender provides the public value explicitly by including an OriginatorPublicKey value in the originator field of KeyAgreeRecipientInfo. In this document, the sender include a reference to a (certified) public value by including either an IssuerAndSerialNumber or SubjectKeyIdentifier value in the same field. Put another way, [CMS-ECC] provides an interpretation of a KeyAgreeRecipientInfo structure where: o the keyEncryptionAlgorithm value indicates Elliptic-Curve Diffie- Hellman, and o the originator field contains a OriginatorPublicKey value. This document, on the other hand, provides an interpretation of a Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 KeyAgreeRecipientInfo structure where o the keyEncryptionAlgorithm value indicates Elliptic-Curve Diffie- Hellman, and o the originator field contains either a IssuerAndSerialNumber value or a SubjectKeyIdentifier value. AuthenticatedData or AuthEnvelopedData messages, on the other hand, are not given any form of ECDH by [CMS-ECC]. This is appropriate: it defines only ephemeral-static Diffie-Hellman, and this form of Diffie-Hellman does not (inherently) provide any form of sender- authentication. This document, on the other hand, requires that the sender use a certified public value. Thus, this form of key- agreement provides implicit key authentication and, therefore, authentication of the sender. This document does not define any new ASN.1 structures or algorithm identifiers. It provides new ways to interpret structures from [CMS] and [CMS-ECC], and allows previously-defined algorithms to be used under these new interpretations. Specifically: o The ECDH key-agreement algorithm-identifiers from [CMS-ECC] define only how Diffie-Hellman values are processed, not where these values are created. Therefore, they can be used for static-static ECDH with no changes. o The key-wrap, MAC, and digest algorithms referenced in [CMS-ECC] describe how the secret key is to be used, not created. Therefore, they can be used with keys from static-static ECDH without modification. 6. Requirements and Recommendations It is RECOMMENDED that implementations of this specification support AuthenticatedData and EnvelopedData. Support for AuthEnvelopedData is OPTIONAL. Implementations that support this specification MUST support standard Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman, and these implementation MAY also support cofactor Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman. In order to encourage interoperability, implementations SHOULD use the elliptic curve domain parameters specified by [PKI-ECC]. Implementations that support standard static-static Elliptic Curve Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 Diffie-Hellman: MUST support the dhSinglePass-stdDH-sha256kdf-scheme key agreement algorithm, the id-aes128-wrap key wrap algorithm, and the id- aes128-cbc content encryption algorithm; and, MAY support the dhSinglePass-stdDH-sha1kdf-scheme, dhSinglePass- stdDH-sha224kdf-scheme, dhSinglePass-stdDH-sha384kdf-scheme and dhSinglePass-stdDH-sha512kdf-scheme key agreement algorithms, the id-alg-CMS3DESwrap, id-aes192-wrap, and id-aes256-wrap key wrap algorithms and the des-ede3-cbc, id-aes192-cbc, and id-aes256-cbc content encryption algorithms; other algorithms MAY also be supported. Implementations that support cofactor static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman: MUST support the dhSinglePass-cofactorDH-sha256kdf-scheme key agreement algorithm, the id-aes128-wrap key wrap algorithm, and the id-aes128-cbc content encryption algorithm; and, MAY support the dhSinglePass-cofactorDH-sha1kdf-scheme, dhSinglePass-cofactorDH-sha224kdf-scheme, dhSinglePass- cofactorDH-sha384kdf-scheme, and dhSinglePass-cofactorDH- sha512kdf-scheme key agreement, the id-alg-CMS3DESwrap, id- aes192-wrap, and id-aes256-wrap key wrap algorithms and the des- ede3-cbc, id-aes192-cbc, and id-aes256-cbc content encryption algorithms; other algorithms MAY also be supported. 7. Security considerations All security considerations in Section 9 of [CMS-ECC] apply. In addition, extreme care must be used when using static-static Diffie-Hellman (either standard or cofactor) without the use of some per-message value in ukm. If no message-specific information is used (such as a counter value, or a fresh random string) then the resulting secret key could be used in more than one message. Under some circumstances, this will open the sender to the 'small subgroup' attack [MenezesUstaoglu] or other, yet-undiscovered attacks on re- used Diffie-Hellman keys. Applications that cannot tolerate the inclusion of per-message information in ukm (due to bandwidth requirements, for example) SHOULD NOT use static-static ECDH for a recipient without ascertaining that the recipient knows the private value associated with their certified Diffie-Hellman value. Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 8. References 8.1. Normative References [CMS] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", Request For Comments 5652, September 2009. [CMS-AUTHENV] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) Authenticated-Enveloped-Data Content Type", Request For Comments 5083, November 2007. [CMS-ECC] Blake-Wilson, S., Brown, D., and P. Lambert, "Use of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Algorithms in Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", Request For Comments 3278, April 2002. [MUST] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", Request For Comments 2119, March 1997. [PKI-ECC] Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key Information", Request For Comments 5480, March 2009. [SEC1] Brown, D., "SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography", Standards for Efficient Cryptography 1, May 2009. 8.2. Informative References [CMS-ALG] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) Algorithms", Request For Comments 3370, August 2002. [DH] Rescorla, E., "Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method", Request For Comments 2631, June 1999. [MenezesUstaoglu] Menezes, A. and B. Ustaoglu, "On Reusing Ephemeral Keys in Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Protocols". International Journal of Applied Cryptography, to appear. [X.680] ITU-T, "Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One", Recommendation X.680, ISO/IEC 8824-1:2002, 2002. [X.681] ITU-T, "Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One: Information Object Specifcation", Recommendation X.681, ISO/IEC 8824-2:2002, 2002. Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 [X.682] ITU-T, "Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One: Constraint Specification", Recommendation X.682, ISO/ IEC 8824-3:2002, 2002. [X.683] ITU-T, "Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One: Parameterization of ASN.1 Specifications", Recommendation X.683, ISO/IEC 8824-4:2002, 2002. Authors' Addresses Jonathan C. Herzog MIT Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood St. Lexington, MA 02144 USA Email: jherzog@ll.mit.edu Roger Khazan MIT Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood St. Lexington, MA 02144 USA Email: rkh@ll.mit.edu Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 13]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Requirements Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. EnvelopedData using static-static ECDH . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2. Actions of the sending agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3. Actions of the receiving agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. AuthenticatedData using static-static ECDH . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2. Actions of the sending agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.3. Actions of the receiving agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. AuthEnvelopedData using static-static ECDH . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.2. Actions of the sending agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.3. Actions of the receiving agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Comparison to [CMS-ECC] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6. Requirements and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 1. Introduction This document describes how to use the static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement scheme [SEC1] in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [CMS]. The CMS is a standard notation and representation for cryptographic messages. CMS uses ASN.1 notation [X.680] [X.681] [X.682] [X.683] to define a number of structures that carry both cryptographically-protected information and key-management information regarding the keys used. Of particular interest here are three structures: o EnvelopedData, which holds encrypted (but not necessarily authenticated) information [CMS], o AuthenticatedData, which holds authenticated (MACed) information [CMS], and o AuthEnvelopedData, which holds information protected by authenticated encryption: a cryptographic scheme that combines encryption and authentication [CMS-AUTHENV]. All three of these types share the same basic structure. First, a fresh symmetric key is generated. This symmetric key has a different name that reflects its usage in each of the three structures. EnvelopedData uses a content-encryption key (CEK); AuthenticatedData uses an authentication key; AuthEnvelopedData uses a content- authenticated-encryption key. The originator uses the symmetric key to cryptographically protect the content. The symmetric key is then used wrapped for each recipient; only the intended recipient has access to the private keying material necessary to unwrap the symmetric key. Once unwrapped, the recipient uses the symmetric key to decrypt the content, check the integrity of the content, or both. The CMS supports several different approaches to symmetric key wrapping, including: o key transport: the symmetric key is encrypted using the public encryption key of some recipient, o key-encryption key: the symmetric key is encrypted using a previously-distributed symmetric key, and o key agreement: the symmetric key is encrypted using a key- encryption key (KEK) created using a key-agreement scheme and a key-derivation function (KDF). One such key-agreement scheme is the Diffie-Hellman algorithm [DH] which uses group-theory to produce a value known only to its two participants. In this case, the participants are the originator and Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 one of the recipients. Each participant produces a private value and a public value, and each participant can produce the shared secret value from their own private value and their counterpart's public value. There are some variations on the basic algorithm: o The basic algorithm typically uses the group 'Z mod p', meaning the set of integers modulo some prime p. One can also use an elliptic-curve group, which allows for shorter messages. o Over elliptic-curve groups, the standard algorithm can be extended to incorporate the 'cofactor' of the group (see [SEC1] for more details). This method, called 'cofactor Elliptic Curve Diffie- Hellman', can prevent certain attacks possible in the elliptic- curve group. o The participants can generate fresh new public/private values (called ephemeral values) for each run of the algorithm, or they can re-use long-term values (called static values). Ephemeral values add randomness to the resulting private value, while static values can be embedded in certificates. The two participants do not need to use the same kind of value: either participant can use either type. In 'ephemeral-static' Diffie-Hellman, for example, the sender uses an ephemeral public/private pair value while the receiver uses a static pair. In 'static-static' Diffie-Hellman, on the other hand, both participants use static pairs. (Receivers cannot use ephemeral values in this setting, and so we ignore ephemeral-ephemeral and static-ephemeral Diffie-Hellman in this document.) Several of these variations are already described in existing CMS standards. [CMS-ALG] contains the conventions for using for ephemeral-static and static-static Diffie-Hellman over the 'basic' (Z mod p) group. [CMS-ECC] contains the conventions for using ephemeral-static Diffie-Hellman over elliptic curves (both standard and cofactor methods). It does not, however, contain conventions for using either method of static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman, preferring to discuss the ECMQV algorithm instead. In this document, we specify the conventions for using static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) for both standard and cofactor methods. Our motivations are three-fold: 1. Intellectual-property concerns have hindered market adoptation of the ECMQV algorithm, 2. ECMQV has been removed from the National Security Agency's Suite B of cryptographic algorithms, and Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 3. ECMQV requires the sender to create a fresh random value for each recipient. While the incorporation of per-session randomness is good cryptographic practice, ECMQV fixes the size of this randomness: that of one elliptic-curve point. For low-bandwidth networks, it may be necessary to use smaller amounts of per- recipient randomness. We note that like ephemeral-static ECDH, static-static ECDH creates a secret key shared by sender and receiver. Unlike ephemeral-static ECDH, however, static-static ECDH uses a static key pair for the sender and therefore allows for the verification of the sender's identity. Each of the three CMS structures discussed in this document (EnvelopedData, AuthenticatedData, and AuthEnvelopedData) use these properties of static-static ECDH to achieve different goals: o EnvelopedData uses static-static ECDH to provide data confidentiality. It will not necessarily, however, provide either sender-authentication or data integrity. o AuthenticatedData uses static-static ECDH to provide sender- authentication and data-integrity. It will not necessarily, however, provide confidentiality for the data. o AuthEnvelopedData uses static-static ECDH to provide all of confidentiality, sender-authentication, and data-integrity. 1.1. Requirements Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [MUST]. 2. EnvelopedData using static-static ECDH If an implementation uses static-static ECDH with CMS EnvelopedData then the following techniques and formats MUST be used. The fields of EnvelopedData are as in [CMS]; as static-static ECDH is a key agreement algorithm, the RecipientInfo kari choice is used. When using static-static ECDH, the EnvelopedData originatorInfo field MAY include the certificate(s) for the EC public key(s) used in the formation of the pairwise key. 2.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo When using static-static ECDH with EnvelopedData, the fields of KeyAgreeRecipientInfo [CMS] are: Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 o version MUST be 3. o originator identifies the static EC public key of the sender. It MUST be either issuerAndSerialNumber or subjectKeyIdentifier, and point to one of the sending agent's certificates. o ukm MAY be present or absent. However, message originators SHOULD include the ukm. As specified in [CMS], implementations MUST support ukm message recipient processing, so interoperability is not a concern if the ukm is present or absent. The use of a fresh value for ukm will ensure that a different key is generated for each message between the same sender and receiver. ukm, if present, is placed in the entityUInfo field of the ECC-CMS- SharedInfo structure [CMS-ECC] and therefore used as an input to the key derivation function. o keyEncryptionAlgorithm MUST contain the object identifier of the key encryption algorithm, which in this case is a key agreement algorithm (see Section 5). The parameters field contains KeyWrapAlgorithm. The KeyWrapAlgorithm is the algorithm identifier that indicates the symmetric encryption algorithm used to encrypt the content-encryption key (CEK) with the key- encryption key (KEK) and any associated parameters (see Section 5). o recipientEncryptedKeys contains an identifier and an encrypted CEK for each recipient. The RecipientEncryptedKey KeyAgreeRecipientIdentifier MUST contain either the issuerAndSerialNumber identifying the recipient's certificate or the RecipientKeyIdentifier containing the subject key identifier from the recipient's certificate. In both cases, the recipient's certificate contains the recipient's static ECDH public key. RecipientEncryptedKey EncryptedKey MUST contain the content- encryption key encrypted with the static-static ECDH-generated pairwise key-encryption key using the algorithm specified by the KeyWrapAlgorithm. 2.2. Actions of the sending agent When using static-static ECDH with EnvelopedData, the sending agent first obtains the recipient's EC public key and domain parameters (e.g. from the recipient's certificate). It confirms that both certificates contain public-key values with the same curve parameters, and that both of these public-key values are marked as appropriate for ECDH (that is, marked with algorithm-identifiers id- ecPublicKey or id-ecDH [PKI-ECC]). The sender then determines: Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 o whether to use standard or cofactor Diffie-Hellman, and o which hash algorithms to use for the key-derivation function. The sender then chooses keyEncryptionAlgorithm that reflects these choices. It then determines: o an integer "keydatalen", the value of ukm (if used) and which is the KeyWrapAlgorithm symmetric key-size in bits, and o the value of ukm, if used. The sender then determines a bit string "SharedInfo", which is the DER encoding of ECC-CMS-SharedInfo (see Section 8 of [CMS-ECC]). The sending agent then performs the key agreement operation of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Scheme specified in [SEC1] and the KDF defined in Section 3.6.1 of [SEC1] with the hash algorithm identified in the key agreement algorithm. As a result the sending agent obtains a shared secret bit string "K", which is used as the pairwise key-encryption key (KEK) to wrap the CEK for that recipient, as specified in [CMS]. 2.3. Actions of the receiving agent When using static-static ECDH with EnvelopedData, the receiving agent retrieves keyEncryptionAlgorithm to determine the key-agreement algorithm chosen by the sender, which will identify: o the domain-parameters of the curve used, o whether standard or cofactor Diffie-Hellman was used, and o which hash-function was used for the KDF. The receiver then retrieves the static EC public key identified in the rid field. It confirms that both certificates contain public-key values associated with the curve identified by the keyEncryptionAlgorithm, and that both of these public-key values are marked as appropriate for ECDH (that is, marked with algorithm- identifiers id-ecPublicKey or id-ecDH [PKI-ECC]). The receiver then determines a bit string "SharedInfo", which is the DER encoding of ECC-CMS-SharedInfo (see Section 8 of [CMS-ECC]) and performs the key agreement operation of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Scheme specified in [SEC1]; in either case, use the KDF defined in Section 3.6.1 of [SEC1]. As a result, the receiving agent obtains a shared secret bit string "K", which it uses as the pairwise key-encryption key to unwrap the CEK. Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 3. AuthenticatedData using static-static ECDH This section describes how to use the static-static ECDH key agreement algorithm with AuthenticatedData. When using static-static ECDH with AuthenticatedData, the fields of AuthenticatedData are as in [CMS], but with the following restrictions: o macAlgorithm MUST contain the algorithm identifier of the message authentication code (MAC) algorithm which MUST be one of the following: hmac-SHA1, id-hmacWITHSHA224, id- hmacWITHSHA256, id- hmacWITHSHA384, or id-hmacWITHSHA512. (See Section 5.) o digestAlgorithm MUST contain the algorithm identifier of the hash algorithm which MUST be one of the following: id-sha1, id-sha224, id-sha256, id-sha384, and id-sha512. (See Section 5.) As static-static ECDH is a key agreement algorithm, the RecipientInfo kari choice is used in the AuthenticatedData. When using static- static ECDH, the AuthenticatedData originatorInfo field MAY include the certificate(s) for the EC public key(s) used in the formation of the pairwise key. 3.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo The AuthenticatedData KeyAgreeRecipientInfo fields are used in the same manner as the fields for the corresponding EnvelopedData KeyAgreeRecipientInfo fields of Section 2.1 of this document. The authentication key is wrapped in the same manner as is described there for the content-encryption key. 3.2. Actions of the sending agent The sending agent uses the same actions as for EnvelopedData with static-static ECDH, as specified in Section 2.2 of this document. 3.3. Actions of the receiving agent The receiving agent uses the same actions as for EnvelopedData with static-static ECDH, as specified in Section 2.3 of this document. 4. AuthEnvelopedData using static-static ECDH When using static-static ECDH with AuthEnvelopedData, the fields of AuthEnvelopedData are as in [CMS-AUTHENV]. As static-static ECDH is a key agreement algorithm, the RecipientInfo kari choice is used. When using static-static ECDH, the AuthEnvelopedData originatorInfo field MAY include the certificate(s) for the EC public key used in Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 the formation of the pairwise key. 4.1. Fields of the KeyAgreeRecipientInfo The AuthEnvelopedData KeyAgreeRecipientInfo fields are used in the same manner as the fields for the corresponding EnvelopedData KeyAgreeRecipientInfo fields of Section 2.1 of this document. The content-authenticated-encryption key is wrapped in the same manner as is described there for the content-encryption key. 4.2. Actions of the sending agent The sending agent uses the same actions as for EnvelopedData with static-static ECDH, as specified in Section 2.2 of this document. 4.3. Actions of the receiving agent The receiving agent uses the same actions as for EnvelopedData with static-static ECDH, as specified in Section 2.3 of this document. 5. Comparison to [CMS-ECC] This document defines the use of static-static ECDH for EnvelopedData, AuthenticatedData, and AuthEnvelopedData. The standard [CMS-ECC] defines ephemeral-static ECDH for EnvelopedData only. (We note a revised version of this standard, draft-ietf-smime-3278bis-09.txt, is currently a work-in-progress. However, the above statement still applies to it at this time.) With regard to EnvelopedData, this document and [CMS-ECC] greatly parallel each other. Both specify how to apply Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman, and differ only on how the sender's public value is to be communicated to the recipient. In [CMS-ECC], the sender provides the public value explicitly by including an OriginatorPublicKey value in the originator field of KeyAgreeRecipientInfo. In this document, the sender include a reference to a (certified) public value by including either an IssuerAndSerialNumber or SubjectKeyIdentifier value in the same field. Put another way, [CMS-ECC] provides an interpretation of a KeyAgreeRecipientInfo structure where: o the keyEncryptionAlgorithm value indicates Elliptic-Curve Diffie- Hellman, and o the originator field contains a OriginatorPublicKey value. This document, on the other hand, provides an interpretation of a Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 KeyAgreeRecipientInfo structure where o the keyEncryptionAlgorithm value indicates Elliptic-Curve Diffie- Hellman, and o the originator field contains either a IssuerAndSerialNumber value or a SubjectKeyIdentifier value. AuthenticatedData or AuthEnvelopedData messages, on the other hand, are not given any form of ECDH by [CMS-ECC]. This is appropriate: it defines only ephemeral-static Diffie-Hellman, and this form of Diffie-Hellman does not (inherently) provide any form of sender- authentication. This document, on the other hand, requires that the sender use a certified public value. Thus, this form of key- agreement provides implicit key authentication and, therefore, authentication of the sender. This document does not define any new ASN.1 structures or algorithm identifiers. It provides new ways to interpret structures from [CMS] and [CMS-ECC], and allows previously-defined algorithms to be used under these new interpretations. Specifically: o The ECDH key-agreement algorithm-identifiers from [CMS-ECC] define only how Diffie-Hellman values are processed, not where these values are created. Therefore, they can be used for static-static ECDH with no changes. o The key-wrap, MAC, and digest algorithms referenced in [CMS-ECC] describe how the secret key is to be used, not created. Therefore, they can be used with keys from static-static ECDH without modification. 6. Requirements and Recommendations It is RECOMMENDED that implementations of this specification support AuthenticatedData and EnvelopedData. Support for AuthEnvelopedData is OPTIONAL. Implementations that support this specification MUST support standard Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman, and these implementation MAY also support cofactor Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman. In order to encourage interoperability, implementations SHOULD use the elliptic curve domain parameters specified by [PKI-ECC]. Implementations that support standard static-static Elliptic Curve Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 Diffie-Hellman: MUST support the dhSinglePass-stdDH-sha256kdf-scheme key agreement algorithm, the id-aes128-wrap key wrap algorithm, and the id- aes128-cbc content encryption algorithm; and, MAY support the dhSinglePass-stdDH-sha1kdf-scheme, dhSinglePass- stdDH-sha224kdf-scheme, dhSinglePass-stdDH-sha384kdf-scheme and dhSinglePass-stdDH-sha512kdf-scheme key agreement algorithms, the id-alg-CMS3DESwrap, id-aes192-wrap, and id-aes256-wrap key wrap algorithms and the des-ede3-cbc, id-aes192-cbc, and id-aes256-cbc content encryption algorithms; other algorithms MAY also be supported. Implementations that support cofactor static-static Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman: MUST support the dhSinglePass-cofactorDH-sha256kdf-scheme key agreement algorithm, the id-aes128-wrap key wrap algorithm, and the id-aes128-cbc content encryption algorithm; and, MAY support the dhSinglePass-cofactorDH-sha1kdf-scheme, dhSinglePass-cofactorDH-sha224kdf-scheme, dhSinglePass- cofactorDH-sha384kdf-scheme, and dhSinglePass-cofactorDH- sha512kdf-scheme key agreement, the id-alg-CMS3DESwrap, id- aes192-wrap, and id-aes256-wrap key wrap algorithms and the des- ede3-cbc, id-aes192-cbc, and id-aes256-cbc content encryption algorithms; other algorithms MAY also be supported. 7. Security considerations All security considerations in Section 9 of [CMS-ECC] apply. In addition, extreme care must be used when using static-static Diffie-Hellman (either standard or cofactor) without the use of some per-message value in ukm. If no message-specific information is used (such as a counter value, or a fresh random string) then the resulting secret key could be used in more than one message. Under some circumstances, this will open the sender to the 'small subgroup' attack [MenezesUstaoglu] or other, yet-undiscovered attacks on re- used Diffie-Hellman keys. Applications that cannot tolerate the inclusion of per-message information in ukm (due to bandwidth requirements, for example) SHOULD NOT use static-static ECDH for a recipient without ascertaining that the recipient knows the private value associated with their certified Diffie-Hellman value. Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 8. References 8.1. Normative References [CMS] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", Request For Comments 5652, September 2009. [CMS-AUTHENV] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) Authenticated-Enveloped-Data Content Type", Request For Comments 5083, November 2007. [CMS-ECC] Blake-Wilson, S., Brown, D., and P. Lambert, "Use of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Algorithms in Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", Request For Comments 3278, April 2002. [MUST] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", Request For Comments 2119, March 1997. [PKI-ECC] Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key Information", Request For Comments 5480, March 2009. [SEC1] Brown, D., "SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography", Standards for Efficient Cryptography 1, May 2009. 8.2. Informative References [CMS-ALG] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) Algorithms", Request For Comments 3370, August 2002. [DH] Rescorla, E., "Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method", Request For Comments 2631, June 1999. [MenezesUstaoglu] Menezes, A. and B. Ustaoglu, "On Reusing Ephemeral Keys in Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Protocols". International Journal of Applied Cryptography, to appear. [X.680] ITU-T, "Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One", Recommendation X.680, ISO/IEC 8824-1:2002, 2002. [X.681] ITU-T, "Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One: Information Object Specifcation", Recommendation X.681, ISO/IEC 8824-2:2002, 2002. Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Static-static ECDH in CMS March 2010 [X.682] ITU-T, "Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One: Constraint Specification", Recommendation X.682, ISO/ IEC 8824-3:2002, 2002. [X.683] ITU-T, "Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One: Parameterization of ASN.1 Specifications", Recommendation X.683, ISO/IEC 8824-4:2002, 2002. Authors' Addresses Jonathan C. Herzog MIT Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood St. Lexington, MA 02144 USA Email: jherzog@ll.mit.edu Roger Khazan MIT Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood St. Lexington, MA 02144 USA Email: rkh@ll.mit.edu Herzog & Khazan Expires September 23, 2010 [Page 13]
