Internet Draft RSA Laboratories
Expires 11/5/97
PKCS #1: RSA Encryption
Version 1.5
<draft-hoffman-pkcs-rsa-encrypt-00.txt>
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Overview
This standard describes a method for encrypting data using the RSA
public-key cryptosystem.
1. Scope
This standard describes a method for encrypting data using the RSA
public-key cryptosystem. Its intended use is in the construction of
digital signatures and digital envelopes, as described in PKCS #7:
o For digital signatures, the content to be signed
is first reduced to a message digest with a
message-digest algorithm (such as MD5), and then
an octet string containing the message digest is
encrypted with the RSA private key of the signer
of the content. The content and the encrypted
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message digest are represented together according
to the syntax in PKCS #7 to yield a digital
signature. This application is compatible with
Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) methods.
o For digital envelopes, the content to be enveloped
is first encrypted under a content-encryption key
with a content-encryption algorithm (such as DES),
and then the content-encryption key is encrypted
with the RSA public keys of the recipients of the
content. The encrypted content and the encrypted
content-encryption key are represented together
according to the syntax in PKCS #7 to yield a
digital envelope. This application is also
compatible with PEM methods.
The standard also describes a syntax for RSA public keys and private
keys. The public-key syntax would be used in certificates; the
private-key syntax would be used typically in PKCS #8 private-key
information. The public-key syntax is identical to that in both X.509
and Privacy-Enhanced Mail. Thus X.509/PEM RSA keys can be used in
this standard.
The standard also defines three signature algorithms for use in
signing X.509/PEM certificates and certificate-revocation lists, PKCS
#6 extended certificates, and other objects employing digital
signatures such as X.401 message tokens.
Details on message-digest and content-encryption algorithms are
outside the scope of this standard, as are details on sources of the
pseudorandom bits required by certain methods in this standard.
2. References
FIPS PUB 46-1 National Bureau of Standards. FIPS PUB 46-1:
Data Encryption Standard. January 1988.
PKCS #6 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #6: Extended-Certificate
Syntax Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.
PKCS #7 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #7: Cryptographic Message
Syntax Standard. Version 1.5, November 1993.
PKCS #8 RSA Laboratories. PKCS #8: Private-Key Information
Syntax Standard. Version 1.2, November 1993.
RFC 1319 B. Kaliski. RFC 1319: The MD2 Message-Digest
Algorithm. April 1992.
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RFC 1320 R. Rivest. RFC 1320: The MD4 Message-Digest
Algorithm. April 1992.
RFC 1321 R. Rivest. RFC 1321: The MD5 Message-Digest
Algorithm. April 1992.
RFC 1423 D. Balenson. RFC 1423: Privacy Enhancement for
Internet Electronic Mail: Part III: Algorithms,
Modes, and Identifiers. February 1993.
X.208 CCITT. Recommendation X.208: Specification of
Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). 1988.
X.209 CCITT. Recommendation X.209: Specification of
Basic Encoding Rules for Abstract Syntax Notation
One (ASN.1). 1988.
X.411 CCITT. Recommendation X.411: Message Handling
Systems: Message Transfer System: Abstract Service
Definition and Procedures.1988.
X.509 CCITT. Recommendation X.509: The Directory--
Authentication Framework. 1988.
[dBB92] B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers. An attack on the
last two rounds of MD4. In J. Feigenbaum, editor,
Advances in Cryptology---CRYPTO '91 Proceedings,
volume 576 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science,
pages 194-203. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
[dBB93] B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers. Collisions for the
compression function of MD5. Presented at
EUROCRYPT '93 (Lofthus, Norway, May 24-27, 1993).
[DO86] Y. Desmedt and A.M. Odlyzko. A chosen text attack
on the RSA cryptosystem and some discrete
logarithm schemes. In H.C. Williams, editor,
Advances in Cryptology---CRYPTO '85 Proceedings,
volume 218 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science,
pages 516-521. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986.
[Has88] Johan Hastad. Solving simultaneous modular
equations. SIAM Journal on Computing,
17(2):336-341, April 1988.
[IM90] Colin I'Anson and Chris Mitchell. Security defects
in CCITT Recommendation X.509--The directory
authentication framework. Computer Communications
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Review, :30-34, April 1990.
[Mer90] R.C. Merkle. Note on MD4. Unpublished manuscript,
1990.
[Mil76] G.L. Miller. Riemann's hypothesis and tests for
primality. Journal of Computer and Systems
Sciences, 13(3):300-307, 1976.
[QC82] J.-J. Quisquater and C. Couvreur. Fast
decipherment algorithm for RSA public-key
cryptosystem. Electronics Letters, 18(21):905-907,
October 1982.
[RSA78] R.L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman. A method
for obtaining digital signatures and public-key
cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM,
21(2):120-126, February 1978.
3. Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply.
AlgorithmIdentifier: A type that identifies an algorithm (by object
identifier) and associated parameters. This type is defined in X.509.
ASN.1: Abstract Syntax Notation One, as defined in X.208.
BER: Basic Encoding Rules, as defined in X.209.
DES: Data Encryption Standard, as defined in FIPS PUB 46-1.
MD2: RSA Data Security, Inc.'s MD2 message-digest algorithm, as
defined in RFC 1319.
MD4: RSA Data Security, Inc.'s MD4 message-digest algorithm, as
defined in RFC 1320.
MD5: RSA Data Security, Inc.'s MD5 message-digest algorithm, as
defined in RFC 1321.
modulus: Integer constructed as the product of two primes.
PEM: Internet Privacy-Enhanced Mail, as defined in RFC 1423 and
related documents.
RSA: The RSA public-key cryptosystem, as defined in [RSA78].
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private key: Modulus and private exponent.
public key: Modulus and public exponent.
4. Symbols and abbreviations
Upper-case italic symbols (e.g., BT) denote octet strings and bit
strings (in the case of the signature S); lower-case italic symbols
(e.g., c) denote integers.
ab hexadecimal octet value c exponent
BT block type d private exponent
D data e public exponent
EB encryption block k length of modulus in
octets
ED encrypted data n modulus
M message p, q prime factors of modulus
MD message digest x integer encryption block
MD' comparative message y integer encrypted data
digest
PS padding string mod n modulo n
S signature X || Y concatenation of X, Y
||X|| length in octets of X
5. General overview
The next six sections specify key generation, key syntax, the
encryption process, the decryption process, signature algorithms, and
object identifiers.
Each entity shall generate a pair of keys: a public key and a private
key. The encryption process shall be performed with one of the keys
and the decryption process shall be performed with the other key.
Thus the encryption process can be either a public-key operation or a
private-key operation, and so can the decryption process. Both
processes transform an octet string to another octet string. The
processes are inverses of each other if one process uses an entity's
public key and the other process uses the same entity's private key.
The encryption and decryption processes can implement either the
classic RSA transformations, or variations with padding.
6. Key generation
This section describes RSA key generation.
Each entity shall select a positive integer e as its public exponent.
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Each entity shall privately and randomly select two distinct odd
primes p and q such that (p-1) and e have no common divisors, and
(q-1) and e have no common divisors.
The public modulus n shall be the product of the private prime
factors p and q:
n = pq .
The private exponent shall be a positive integer d such that de-1 is
divisible by both p-1 and q-1.
The length of the modulus n in octets is the integer k satisfying
2^(8(k-1)) <= n < 2^(8k) .
The length k of the modulus must be at least 12 octets to accommodate
the block formats in this standard (see Section 8).
Notes.
1. The public exponent may be standardized in
specific applications. The values 3 and F4 (65537)
may have some practical advantages, as noted in
X.509 Annex C.
2. Some additional conditions on the choice of primes
may well be taken into account in order to deter
factorization of the modulus. These security
conditions fall outside the scope of this
standard. The lower bound on the length k is to
accommodate the block formats, not for security.
7. Key syntax
This section gives the syntax for RSA public and private keys.
7.1 Public-key syntax
An RSA public key shall have ASN.1 type RSAPublicKey:
RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
modulus INTEGER, -- n
publicExponent INTEGER -- e }
(This type is specified in X.509 and is retained here for
compatibility.)
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The fields of type RSAPublicKey have the following meanings:
o modulus is the modulus n.
o publicExponent is the public exponent e.
7.2 Private-key syntax
An RSA private key shall have ASN.1 type RSAPrivateKey:
RSAPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
modulus INTEGER, -- n
publicExponent INTEGER, -- e
privateExponent INTEGER, -- d
prime1 INTEGER, -- p
prime2 INTEGER, -- q
exponent1 INTEGER, -- d mod (p-1)
exponent2 INTEGER, -- d mod (q-1)
coefficient INTEGER -- (inverse of q) mod p }
Version ::= INTEGER
The fields of type RSAPrivateKey have the following meanings:
o version is the version number, for compatibility
with future revisions of this standard. It shall
be 0 for this version of the standard.
o modulus is the modulus n.
o publicExponent is the public exponent e.
o privateExponent is the private exponent d.
o prime1 is the prime factor p of n.
o prime2 is the prime factor q of n.
o exponent1 is d mod (p-1).
o exponent2 is d mod (q-1).
o coefficient is the Chinese Remainder Theorem
coefficient q-1 mod p.
Notes.
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1. An RSA private key logically consists of only the
modulus n and the private exponent d. The presence
of the values p, q, d mod (p-1), d mod (p-1), and
q-1 mod p is intended for efficiency, as
Quisquater and Couvreur have shown [QC82]. A
private-key syntax that does not include all the
extra values can be converted readily to the
syntax defined here, provided the public key is
known, according to a result by Miller [Mil76].
2. The presence of the public exponent e is intended
to make it straightforward to derive a public key
from the private key.
8. Encryption process
This section describes the RSA encryption process.
The encryption process consists of four steps: encryption- block
formatting, octet-string-to-integer conversion, RSA computation, and
integer-to-octet-string conversion. The input to the encryption
process shall be an octet string D, the data; an integer n, the
modulus; and an integer c, the exponent. For a public-key operation,
the integer c shall be an entity's public exponent e; for a private-
key operation, it shall be an entity's private exponent d. The output
from the encryption process shall be an octet string ED, the
encrypted data.
The length of the data D shall not be more than k-11 octets, which is
positive since the length k of the modulus is at least 12 octets.
This limitation guarantees that the length of the padding string PS
is at least eight octets, which is a security condition.
Notes.
1. In typical applications of this standard to
encrypt content-encryption keys and message
digests, one would have ||D|| <= 30. Thus the
length of the RSA modulus will need to be at least
328 bits (41 octets), which is reasonable and
consistent with security recommendations.
2. The encryption process does not provide an
explicit integrity check to facilitate error
detection should the encrypted data be corrupted
in transmission. However, the structure of the
encryption block guarantees that the probability
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that corruption is undetected is less than 2-16,
which is an upper bound on the probability that a
random encryption block looks like block type 02.
3. Application of private-key operations as defined
here to data other than an octet string containing
a message digest is not recommended and is subject
to further study.
4. This standard may be extended to handle data of
length more than k-11 octets.
8.1 Encryption-block formatting
A block type BT, a padding string PS, and the data D shall be
formatted into an octet string EB, the encryption block.
EB = 00 || BT || PS || 00 || D . (1)
The block type BT shall be a single octet indicating the structure of
the encryption block. For this version of the standard it shall have
value 00, 01, or 02. For a private- key operation, the block type
shall be 00 or 01. For a public-key operation, it shall be 02.
The padding string PS shall consist of k-3-||D|| octets. For block
type 00, the octets shall have value 00; for block type 01, they
shall have value FF; and for block type 02, they shall be
pseudorandomly generated and nonzero. This makes the length of the
encryption block EB equal to k.
Notes.
1. The leading 00 octet ensures that the encryption
block, converted to an integer, is less than the
modulus.
2. For block type 00, the data D must begin with a
nonzero octet or have known length so that the
encryption block can be parsed unambiguously. For
block types 01 and 02, the encryption block can be
parsed unambiguously since the padding string PS
contains no octets with value 00 and the padding
string is separated from the data D by an octet
with value 00.
3. Block type 01 is recommended for private-key
operations. Block type 01 has the property that
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the encryption block, converted to an integer, is
guaranteed to be large, which prevents certain
attacks of the kind proposed by Desmedt and
Odlyzko [DO86].
4. Block types 01 and 02 are compatible with PEM RSA
encryption of content-encryption keys and message
digests as described in RFC 1423.
5. For block type 02, it is recommended that the
pseudorandom octets be generated independently for
each encryption process, especially if the same
data is input to more than one encryption process.
Hastad's results [Has88] motivate this
recommendation.
6. For block type 02, the padding string is at least
eight octets long, which is a security condition
for public-key operations that prevents an
attacker from recoving data by trying all possible
encryption blocks. For simplicity, the minimum
length is the same for block type 01.
7. This standard may be extended in the future to
include other block types.
8.2 Octet-string-to-integer conversion
The encryption block EB shall be converted to an integer x, the
integer encryption block. Let EB1, ..., EBk be the octets of EB from
first to last. Then the integer x shall satisfy
k
x = SUM 2^(8(k-i)) EBi . (2)
i = 1
In other words, the first octet of EB has the most significance in
the integer and the last octet of EB has the least significance.
Note. The integer encryption block x satisfies 0 <= x < n since EB1
= 00 and 2^(8(k-1)) <= n.
8.3 RSA computation
The integer encryption block x shall be raised to the power c modulo
n to give an integer y, the integer encrypted data.
y = x^c mod n, 0 <= y < n .
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This is the classic RSA computation.
8.4 Integer-to-octet-string conversion
The integer encrypted data y shall be converted to an octet string ED
of length k, the encrypted data. The encrypted data ED shall satisfy
k
y = SUM 2^(8(k-i)) EDi . (3)
i = 1
where ED1, ..., EDk are the octets of ED from first to last.
In other words, the first octet of ED has the most significance in
the integer and the last octet of ED has the least significance.
9. Decryption process
This section describes the RSA decryption process.
The decryption process consists of four steps: octet-string- to-
integer conversion, RSA computation, integer-to-octet- string
conversion, and encryption-block parsing. The input to the decryption
process shall be an octet string ED, the encrypted data; an integer
n, the modulus; and an integer c, the exponent. For a public-key
operation, the integer c shall be an entity's public exponent e; for
a private-key operation, it shall be an entity's private exponent d.
The output from the decryption process shall be an octet string D,
the data.
It is an error if the length of the encrypted data ED is not k.
For brevity, the decryption process is described in terms of the
encryption process.
9.1 Octet-string-to-integer conversion
The encrypted data ED shall be converted to an integer y, the integer
encrypted data, according to Equation (3).
It is an error if the integer encrypted data y does not satisfy 0 <=
y < n.
9.2 RSA computation
The integer encrypted data y shall be raised to the power c modulo n
to give an integer x, the integer encryption block.
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x = y^c mod n, 0 <= x < n .
This is the classic RSA computation.
9.3 Integer-to-octet-string conversion
The integer encryption block x shall be converted to an octet string
EB of length k, the encryption block, according to Equation (2).
9.4 Encryption-block parsing
The encryption block EB shall be parsed into a block type BT, a
padding string PS, and the data D according to Equation (1).
It is an error if any of the following conditions occurs:
o The encryption block EB cannot be parsed
unambiguously (see notes to Section 8.1).
o The padding string PS consists of fewer than eight
octets, or is inconsistent with the block type BT.
o The decryption process is a public-key operation
and the block type BT is not 00 or 01, or the
decryption process is a private-key operation and
the block type is not 02.
10. Signature algorithms
This section defines three signature algorithms based on the RSA
encryption process described in Sections 8 and 9. The intended use of
the signature algorithms is in signing X.509/PEM certificates and
certificate-revocation lists, PKCS #6 extended certificates, and
other objects employing digital signatures such as X.401 message
tokens. The algorithms are not intended for use in constructing
digital signatures in PKCS #7. The first signature algorithm
(informally, "MD2 with RSA") combines the MD2 message-digest
algorithm with RSA, the second (informally, "MD4 with RSA") combines
the MD4 message-digest algorithm with RSA, and the third (informally,
"MD5 with RSA") combines the MD5 message- digest algorithm with RSA.
This section describes the signature process and the verification
process for the two algorithms. The "selected" message-digest
algorithm shall be either MD2 or MD5, depending on the signature
algorithm. The signature process shall be performed with an entity's
private key and the verification process shall be performed with an
entity's public key. The signature process transforms an octet string
(the message) to a bit string (the signature); the verification
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process determines whether a bit string (the signature) is the
signature of an octet string (the message).
Note. The only difference between the signature algorithms defined
here and one of the the methods by which signatures (encrypted
message digests) are constructed in PKCS #7 is that signatures here
are represented here as bit strings, for consistency with the X.509
SIGNED macro. In PKCS #7 encrypted message digests are octet strings.
10.1 Signature process
The signature process consists of four steps: message digesting, data
encoding, RSA encryption, and octet-string- to-bit-string conversion.
The input to the signature process shall be an octet string M, the
message; and a signer's private key. The output from the signature
process shall be a bit string S, the signature.
10.1.1 Message digesting
The message M shall be digested with the selected message- digest
algorithm to give an octet string MD, the message digest.
10.1.2 Data encoding
The message digest MD and a message-digest algorithm identifier shall
be combined into an ASN.1 value of type DigestInfo, described below,
which shall be BER-encoded to give an octet string D, the data.
DigestInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
digestAlgorithm DigestAlgorithmIdentifier,
digest Digest }
DigestAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier
Digest ::= OCTET STRING
The fields of type DigestInfo have the following meanings:
o digestAlgorithm identifies the message-digest
algorithm (and any associated parameters). For
this application, it should identify the selected
message-digest algorithm, MD2, MD4 or MD5. For
reference, the relevant object identifiers are the
following:
md2 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{ iso(1) member-body(2) US(840) rsadsi(113549)
digestAlgorithm(2) 2 } md4 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
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{ iso(1) member-body(2) US(840) rsadsi(113549)
digestAlgorithm(2) 4 } md5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{ iso(1) member-body(2) US(840) rsadsi(113549)
digestAlgorithm(2) 5 }
For these object identifiers, the parameters field
of the digestAlgorithm value should be NULL.
o digest is the result of the message-digesting
process, i.e., the message digest MD.
Notes.
1. A message-digest algorithm identifier is included
in the DigestInfo value to limit the damage
resulting from the compromise of one message-
digest algorithm. For instance, suppose an
adversary were able to find messages with a given
MD2 message digest. That adversary might try to
forge a signature on a message by finding an
innocuous-looking message with the same MD2
message digest, and coercing a signer to sign the
innocuous-looking message. This attack would
succeed only if the signer used MD2. If the
DigestInfo value contained only the message
digest, however, an adversary could attack signers
that use any message digest.
2. Although it may be claimed that the use of a
SEQUENCE type violates the literal statement in
the X.509 SIGNED and SIGNATURE macros that a
signature is an ENCRYPTED OCTET STRING (as opposed
to ENCRYPTED SEQUENCE), such a literal
interpretation need not be required, as I'Anson
and Mitchell point out [IM90].
3. No reason is known that MD4 would not be
sufficient for very high security digital
signature schemes, but because MD4 was designed to
be exceptionally fast, it is "at the edge" in
terms of risking successful cryptanalytic attack.
A message-digest algorithm can be considered
"broken" if someone can find a collision: two
messages with the same digest. While collisions
have been found in variants of MD4 with only two
digesting "rounds" [Mer90][dBB92], none have been
found in MD4 itself, which has three rounds. After
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further critical review, it may be appropriate to
consider MD4 for very high security applications.
MD5, which has four rounds and is proportionally
slower than MD4, is recommended until the
completion of MD4's review. The reported
"pseudocollisions" in MD5's internal compression
function [dBB93] do not appear to have any
practical impact on MD5's security.
MD2, the slowest of the three, has the most
conservative design. No attacks on MD2 have been
published.
10.1.3 RSA encryption
The data D shall be encrypted with the signer's RSA private key as
described in Section 7 to give an octet string ED, the encrypted
data. The block type shall be 01. (See Section 8.1.)
10.1.4 Octet-string-to-bit-string conversion
The encrypted data ED shall be converted into a bit string S, the
signature. Specifically, the most significant bit of the first octet
of the encrypted data shall become the first bit of the signature,
and so on through the least significant bit of the last octet of the
encrypted data, which shall become the last bit of the signature.
Note. The length in bits of the signature S is a multiple of eight.
10.2 Verification process
The verification process for both signature algorithms consists of
four steps: bit-string-to-octet-string conversion, RSA decryption,
data decoding, and message digesting and comparison. The input to the
verification process shall be an octet string M, the message; a
signer's public key; and a bit string S, the signature. The output
from the verification process shall be an indication of success or
failure.
10.2.1 Bit-string-to-octet-string conversion
The signature S shall be converted into an octet string ED, the
encrypted data. Specifically, assuming that the length in bits of the
signature S is a multiple of eight, the first bit of the signature
shall become the most significant bit of the first octet of the
encrypted data, and so on through the last bit of the signature,
which shall become the least significant bit of the last octet of the
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encrypted data.
It is an error if the length in bits of the signature S is not a
multiple of eight.
10.2.2 RSA decryption
The encrypted data ED shall be decrypted with the signer's RSA public
key as described in Section 8 to give an octet string D, the data.
It is an error if the block type recovered in the decryption process
is not 01. (See Section 9.4.)
10.2.3 Data decoding
The data D shall be BER-decoded to give an ASN.1 value of type
DigestInfo, which shall be separated into a message digest MD and a
message-digest algorithm identifier. The message-digest algorithm
identifier shall determine the "selected" message-digest algorithm
for the next step.
It is an error if the message-digest algorithm identifier does not
identify the MD2, MD4 or MD5 message-digest algorithm.
10.2.4 Message digesting and comparison
The message M shall be digested with the selected message- digest
algorithm to give an octet string MD', the comparative message
digest. The verification process shall succeed if the comparative
message digest MD' is the same as the message digest MD, and the
verification process shall fail otherwise.
11. Object identifiers
This standard defines five object identifiers: pkcs-1, rsaEncryption,
md2WithRSAEncryption, md4WithRSAEncryption, and md5WithRSAEncryption.
The object identifier pkcs-1 identifies this standard.
pkcs-1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
{ iso(1) member-body(2) US(840) rsadsi(113549)
pkcs(1) 1 }
The object identifier rsaEncryption identifies RSA public and private
keys as defined in Section 7 and the RSA encryption and decryption
processes defined in Sections 8 and 9.
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rsaEncryption OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-1 1 }
The rsaEncryption object identifier is intended to be used in the
algorithm field of a value of type AlgorithmIdentifier. The
parameters field of that type, which has the algorithm-specific
syntax ANY DEFINED BY algorithm, would have ASN.1 type NULL for this
algorithm.
The object identifiers md2WithRSAEncryption, md4WithRSAEncryption,
md5WithRSAEncryption, identify, respectively, the "MD2 with RSA,"
"MD4 with RSA," and "MD5 with RSA" signature and verification
processes defined in Section 10.
md2WithRSAEncryption OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-1 2 }
md4WithRSAEncryption OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-1 3 }
md5WithRSAEncryption OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { pkcs-1 4 }
These object identifiers are intended to be used in the algorithm
field of a value of type AlgorithmIdentifier. The parameters field of
that type, which has the algorithm- specific syntax ANY DEFINED BY
algorithm, would have ASN.1 type NULL for these algorithms.
Note. X.509's object identifier rsa also identifies RSA public keys
as defined in Section 7, but does not identify private keys, and
identifies different encryption and decryption processes. It is
expected that some applications will identify public keys by rsa.
Such public keys are compatible with this standard; an rsaEncryption
process under an rsa public key is the same as the rsaEncryption
process under an rsaEncryption public key.
Revision history
Versions 1.0-1.3
Versions 1.0-1.3 were distributed to participants in RSA Data
Security, Inc.'s Public-Key Cryptography Standards meetings in
February and March 1991.
Version 1.4
Version 1.4 is part of the June 3, 1991 initial public release of
PKCS. Version 1.4 was published as NIST/OSI Implementors' Workshop
document SEC-SIG-91-18.
Version 1.5
RSA Laboratories [Page 17]
PKCS #1: RSA Encryption
Version 1.5 incorporates several editorial changes, including updates
to the references and the addition of a revision history. The
following substantive changes were made:
o Section 10: "MD4 with RSA" signature and
verification processes are added.
o Section 11: md4WithRSAEncryption object identifier
is added.
Supersedes June 3, 1991 version, which was also published as NIST/OSI
Implementors' Workshop document SEC-SIG-91-18.
Copyright
Copyright (C) 1991-1993 RSA Laboratories, a division of RSA Data
Security, Inc. License to copy this document is granted provided that
it is identified as "RSA Data Security, Inc. Public-Key Cryptography
Standards (PKCS)" in all material mentioning or referencing this
document.
Author's Address
RSA Laboratories
100 Marine Parkway
Redwood City, CA 94065 USA
Tel: (415) 595-7703
Fax: (415) 595-4126
pkcs-editor@rsa.com
RSA Laboratories [Page 18]