INTERNET DRAFT                                              C. Huitema
<draft-huitema-v6ops-teredo-00.txt>                          Microsoft
Expires December 6, 2003                                  June 6, 2003

Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through NATs

Status of this memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working
   documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas,
   and its working groups.  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
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   reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
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Abstract

   We propose here a service that enables nodes located behind one or
   several IPv4 NATs to obtain IPv6 connectivity by tunneling packets
   over UDP; we call this the Teredo service. Running the service
   requires the help of "Teredo servers" and "Teredo relays"; the
   Teredo servers are stateless, and only have to manage a small
   fraction of the traffic between Teredo clients; the Teredo relays
   act as IPv6 routers between the Teredo service and the "native" IPv6
   Internet.

1       Introduction

   Classic tunneling methods envisaged for IPv6 transition operate by
   sending IPv6 packets as payload of IPv4 packets; the 6to4 proposal
   [RFC3056] proposes automatic discovery in this context. A problem
   with these methods is that they don't work when the IPv6 candidate
   node is isolated behind a Network Address Translator (NAT) device:
   NATs are typically not programmed to allow the transmission of
   arbitrary payload types; even when they are, the local address
   cannot be used in a 6to4 scheme. 6to4 will work with a NAT if the
   NAT and 6to4 router functions are in the same box; we want to cover
   the relatively frequent case when the NAT cannot be readily upgraded
   to provide a 6to4 router function.

   A possible way to solve the problem is to rely on a set of "tunnel
   brokers." There are however limits to any solution that is based on

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   such brokers: the quality of service is not very good, since the
   traffic follows a "dog leg" route from the source to the broker and
   then the destination; the broker has to provide sufficient
   transmission capacity to relay all packets and thus suffers a high
   cost. For these two reasons, we tend to prefer solutions that allow
   for "automatic tunneling", i.e. let the packets follow a direct path
   to the destination.

   The automatic tunneling requirement is indeed at odds with some of
   the specificities of NATs. Establishing a direct path supposes that
   the IPv6 candidate node can retrieve a "globally routable" address
   that results from the translation of its local address by one or
   several NATs; it also supposes that we can find a way to bypass the
   various "per destination protections" that many NATs implement. In
   this memo, we will explain how IPv6 candidates located behind NATs
   can enlist the help of "Teredo servers" and "Teredo relays" to learn
   their "global address" and to obtain connectivity, and how clients,
   servers and relays can be organized in Teredo networks.

   The specification is organized as follow. Section 2 contains the
   definition of the terms used in the memo. Section 3 presents the
   hypotheses on NAT behavior used in the design, as well as the
   operational requirements that the design should meet. Section 4
   presents the models of operation and deployment. Section 5 contains
   the format of the messages and the specification of the protocol.
   Section 6 is a discussion of the key design choices. Section 7
   presents the guideline for some further work that would be
   complementary to the current approach. Section 8 contains a security
   discussion, and section 9 contains IANA considerations.

2       Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

   This specification uses the following definitions:

2.1     Teredo service

   The transmission of IPv6 packets over UDP, as defined in this memo.

2.2     Teredo Client

   A node that has some access to the IPv4 Internet and that wants to
   gain access to the IPv6 Internet.

2.3     Teredo Server

   A node that has access to the IPv4 Internet through a globally
   routable address, and that is used as a helper to provide IPv6
   connectivity to Teredo clients.

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2.4     Teredo Relay

   An IPv6 router that can receive traffic destined to Teredo clients
   and forward it using the Teredo service.

2.5     Teredo IPv6 service prefix

   An IPv6 addressing prefix which is used to construct the IPv6
   address of Teredo clients.

2.5.1   Global Teredo IPv6 service prefix

   An IPv6 addressing prefix whose value is XXXX:XXXX:/32.
   (TBD IANA; experiments use the value 3FFE:831F::/32, taken from a
   range of experimental IPv6 prefixes assigned to Microsoft.)

2.6     Teredo UDP port

   The UDP port number at which Teredo Servers are waiting for packets.
   The value of this port is 3544.

2.7     Teredo bubble

   A Teredo bubble is a minimal IPv6 packet, made of an IPv6 header and
   a null payload - the payload type is set to 59, No Next Header, as
   per [RFC2460]. The Teredo clients and relays may send bubbles in
   order to create a mapping in a NAT.

2.8     Teredo service port

   The port through which the Teredo client sends Teredo packets. This
   port is attached to one of the client's IPv4 interfaces. The IPv4
   address may or may not be globally routable, as the client may be
   located behind one or several NAT.

2.9     Teredo server address

   The IPv4 address of the Teredo server selected by a particular user.

2.10    Teredo mapped address and Teredo mapped port

   A global IPv4 address and a UDP port that results from the
   translation by one or several NATs of the IPv4 address and UDP port
   of a client's Teredo service port. The client learns these values
   through the Teredo protocol described in this memo.

2.11    Teredo IPv6 client prefix

   A global scope IPv6 prefix composed of the Teredo IPv6 service
   prefix and the Teredo server address.


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2.12    Teredo node identifier

   A 64 bit identifier that contains the UDP port and IPv4 address at
   which a client can be joined through the Teredo service, as well as
   a flag indicating the type of NAT through which the client accesses
   the IPv4 Internet.

2.13    Teredo IPv6 address

   A Teredo IPv6 address obtained by combining a Teredo IPv6 client
   prefix and a Teredo node identifier.

2.14    Teredo Refresh Interval

   The interval during which a Teredo IPv6 Address is expected to
   remain valid in the absence of "refresh" traffic. For a client
   located behind a NAT, the interval depends on configuration
   parameters of the local NAT, or the combination of NATs in the path
   to the Teredo server. By default, clients assume an interval value
   of 30 seconds; a longer value may be determined by local tests,
   described in section 5.

2.15    Teredo secondary port

   A UDP port used to determine the appropriate value of the refresh
   interval, but not used to carry any Teredo traffic.

2.16    Teredo IPv4 Discovery Address

   An IPv4 multicast address used to discover other Teredo clients on
   the same IPv4 subnet. The value of this address is X.X.X.X.
   (TBD IANA; experiments use the value 224.0.0.252.)


3       Design goals, requirements, and model of operation

   The proposed solution transports IPv6 packets as the payload of UDP
   packets. This is based on the observation that TCP and UDP are the
   only protocols guaranteed to cross the majority of NAT devices.
   Relaying packets over TCP would be possible, but would result in a
   very poor quality of service; relaying over UDP is a better choice.

   The design of our solution is based on a set of hypotheses and
   observations on the behavior of NATs, our desire to provide an "IPv6
   provider of last resort", and a list of operational requirements. It
   results in a model of operation in which the Teredo service is
   enabled by a set of servers and relays.

3.1     Hypotheses about NAT behavior

   NAT devices typically incorporate some support for UDP, in order to
   enable users in the natted domain to use UDP based applications. The

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   NAT will typically allocate a "mapping" when it sees an UDP packet
   coming through for which there is not yet an existing mapping. The
   handling of UDP "sessions" by NAT devices differs by two important
   parameters, the type and the duration of the mappings.

3.1.1   Types of UDP mappings

   Experience shows that the implementers of NAT devices can adopt
   widely different treatments of UDP mappings:

   1) Some implement the simplest solution, which is to map an internal
   UDP port, defined by an internal address and a port number on the
   corresponding host, to an external port, defined by a global address
   managed by the NAT and a port number valid for that address. In this
   simple case, the mapping is retained as long as the port is active,
   and is removed after an inactivity timer. As long as the mapping is
   retained, any packet received by the NAT for the external port is
   relayed to the internal address and port. These NATs are usually
   called "cone NATs".

   2) Some implement a more complex solution, in which the NAT not only
   establishes a mapping for the UDP port, but also maintains a list of
   external hosts to which traffic has been sent from that port. The
   packets originating from third party hosts to which the local host
   has not yet sent traffic are rejected. These NATs are usually called
   "restricted cone NATs".

   3) Instead of keeping just a list of authorized hosts, some NAT
   implementations keep a list of authorized host and port pairs. UDP
   packets coming from remote addresses are rejected if the internal
   host has not yet sent traffic to the outside host and port pair. The
   NATs are often called "port-restricted cone NATs"

   4) Finally, some NATs map the same internal address and port pair to
   different external address and port pairs, depending on the address
   of the remote host. These NATs are usually called "symmetric NATs".

   Measurement campaigns and studies of documentations have shown that
   most NATs implement either option 1 or option 2, i.e. cone NATs or
   restricted cone NATs. The Teredo solution ensures connectivity for
   clients located behind cone NATs, restricted cone NATs, or port-
   restricted cone NATs; it contains optimizations for clients located
   behind a cone NAT; it does not provide connectivity for clients
   located behind a symmetric NAT.

3.1.2   Lifetime of UDP mappings

   Regardless of their types, UDP mappings are not kept forever. The
   typical algorithm is to remove the mapping if no traffic is observed
   on the specified port for a "lifetime" period. The Teredo client
   that want to maintain a mapping open in the NAT will have to send
   some "keep alive" traffic before the lifetime expires. For that, it

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   needs an estimate of the "lifetime" parameter used in the NAT. We
   observed that the implementation of lifetime control can vary in
   several ways.

   Most NATs implement a "minimum lifetime" which is set as a parameter
   of the implementation. Our observations of various boxes showed that
   this parameter can vary between about 45 seconds and several
   minutes.

   In many NATs, mappings can be kept for a duration that exceeds this
   minimum, even in the absence of traffic. We suspect that many
   implementation perform "garbage collection" of unused mappings on
   special events, e.g. when the overall number of mappings exceeds
   some limit.

   In some cases, e.g. NATs that manage ISDN or dial-up connections,
   the mappings will be released when the connection is released, i.e.
   when no traffic is observed is observed on the connection for a
   period of a few minutes.

   Any algorithm used to estimate the lifetime of mapping will have to
   be robust against these variations.


3.2     IPv6 provider of last resort

   Teredo is designed to provide an "IPv6 access of last resort" to
   nodes that need IPv6 connectivity but cannot use any of the other
   transition schemes designed by the NGTRANS working group. This
   design objective has several consequences on when to use Teredo, how
   to program clients, and what to expect of servers. Another
   consequence is that we expect to see a point in time at which the
   Teredo technology ceases to be used.

3.2.1   When to use Teredo?

   Teredo is designed to robustly enable IPv6 traffic through NATs, and
   the price of robustness is a reasonable amount of overhead, due to
   UDP encapsulation and transmission of bubbles. Nodes that want to
   connect to the IPv6 Internet SHOULD only use the Teredo service as a
   "last resort" option: they SHOULD prefer using direct IPv6
   connectivity if it is locally available or if it is provided by a
   6to4 router co-located with the local NAT, and they SHOULD prefer
   using the less onerous "6to4" encapsulation if they can use a global
   IPv4 address.

3.2.2   Autonomous deployment

   In an IPv6-enabled network, the IPv6 service is configured
   automatically, by using mechanisms such as IPv6 Stateless Address
   Autoconfiguration [RFC2462] and Neighbor Discovery [RFC2461]. A
   design objective is to configure the Teredo service as automatically

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   as possible. In practice, it is however required that the client
   learn the IPv4 address of a server that is willing to serve them;
   some servers may also require some form of access control.

3.2.3   Minimal load on servers

   During the peak of the transition, there will be a requirement to
   deploy a large number of servers throughout the Internet. Minimizing
   the load on the server is a good way to facilitate this deployment.
   To achieve this goal, servers should be as stateless as possible,
   and they should also not be required to carry any more traffic than
   necessary. To achieve this objective, we require only that servers
   enable the packet exchange between clients, but we don't require
   servers to carry the actual data packets: these packets will have to
   be exchanged directly between the Teredo clients, or through a
   destination-selected relay for exchanges between Teredo clients and
   other IPv6 clients.

3.2.4   Automatic sunset

   Teredo is meant as a short-term solution to the specific problem of
   providing IPv6 service to nodes located behind a NAT. The problem is
   expected to be resolved over time by transforming the "IPv4 NAT"
   into an "IPv6 router". This can be done in one of two ways:
   upgrading the NAT to provide 6to4 functions, or upgrading the
   Internet connection used by the NAT to a native IPv6 service, and
   then adding IPv6 router functionality in the NAT. In either case,
   the former NAT can present itself as an IPv6 router to the systems
   behind it. These systems will start receiving the "router
   advertisements"; they will notice that they have IPv6 connectivity,
   and will stop using Teredo.

3.3     Operational Requirements

3.3.1   Robustness requirement

   The Teredo service is designed primarily for robustness: packets are
   carried over UDP in order to cross as many NAT implementations as
   possible. The servers are designed to be stateless, which means that
   they can easily be replicated. We expect indeed to find many such
   servers replicated at multiple Internet locations.

3.3.2   Minimal support cost

   The service requires the support of servers and relays. In order to
   facilitate the deployment of these servers, the Teredo procedures
   are designed to minimize the fraction of traffic that has to be
   routed through the servers.

   Meeting this objective implies that the Teredo addresses will
   incorporate the IPv4 address and UDP port through which a Teredo
   client can be reached. This creates an implicit limit on the

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   stability of the Teredo addresses, which can only remain valid as
   long as the underlying IPv4 address and UDP port remains valid.

3.3.3   Protection against denial of service attacks

   The Teredo clients obtain mapped addresses and ports from the Teredo
   servers. The service must be protected against denial of service
   attacks in which a third party spoofs a Teredo server and sends
   improper information to the client.

3.3.4   Protection against distributed denial of service attacks

   Teredo servers will act as a relay for IPv6 packets. Improperly
   designed packet relays can be used by denial of service attackers to
   hide their address, making the attack untraceable. The Teredo
   service must include adequate protection against such misuse.

3.3.5   Compatibility with ingress filtering

   Routers may perform ingress filtering by checking that the source
   address of the packets received on a given interface is
   "legitimate", i.e. belongs to network prefixes from which traffic is
   expected at a network interface. Ingress filtering is a recommended
   practice, as it thwarts the use of forged source IP addresses by
   malfeasant hackers, notably to cover their tracks during denial of
   service attacks. The Teredo specification must not force networks to
   disable ingress filtering.

4       Model of operation and deployment

   A Teredo Network is composed of a set of clients, servers and
   relays. In this section, we present the model of operation of a
   given network, and then we present the deployment model.

4.1     Model of operation

   The Teredo service requires the cooperation of three kinds of
   actors: Teredo clients, who want to use IPv6 despite being located
   behind a NAT, Teredo servers who will facilitate the service, and
   Teredo relays that provide for the interconnection between the
   Teredo service and the "native IPv6 Internet."

   In order to enable the service, the Teredo servers must have IPv6
   connectivity and an unencumbered IPv4 connection: they must have a
   global IPv4 address; and they must have global IPv6 connectivity
   independently of the Teredo service.

   The Teredo relays must be connected to the IPv6 Internet and must
   participate in IPv6 routing; they must be able to announce
   reachability of the "Teredo service IPv6 prefix" over IPv6. They
   must then be able to relay packets over IPv4 UDP towards Teredo
   clients.

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   The primary role of the servers is to enable NAT traversal. The
   service is designed in such a way that, when NAT traversal is
   guaranteed, packets can flow on a direct path between source and
   destination, bypassing the Teredo server.

4.1.1   Encoding of Teredo addresses

   The Teredo addresses are composed of 5 components:

  +-------------+-------------+-------+------+-------------+
  | Prefix      | Server IPv4 | Flags | Port | Client IPv4 |
  +-------------+-------------+-------+------+-------------+

   - Prefix: the 32 bit Teredo service prefix.
   - Server IPv4: the IPv4 address of a Teredo server.
   - Flags: a set of 16 bits that document type of address and NAT.
   - Port: the obfuscated "mapped UDP port" of the Teredo service at
   the client
   - Client IPv4: the obfuscated "mapped IPv4 address" of a client

   In this format, both the "mapped UDP port" and "mapped IPv4 address"
   of the client are obfuscated. Each bit in the address and port
   number is reversed; this can be done by an exclusive OR of the 16-
   bit port number with the hexadecimal value 0xFFFF, and an exclusive
   OR of the 32-bit address with the hexadecimal value 0xFFFFFFFF.

   The IPv6 addressing rules specify that "for all unicast addresses,
   except those that start with binary value 000, Interface IDs are
   required to be 64 bits long and to be constructed in Modified EUI-64
   format." This dictates the encoding of the flags, 16 intermediate
   bits which should correspond to valid values of the most significant
   16 bits of a Modified EUI-64 ID:


          0       0 0       1
         |0       7 8       5
         +----+----+----+----+
         |Czzz|zzUG|zzzz|zzzz|
         +----+----+----+----+

   In this format:

   -    The bits "UG" should be set to the value "00", indicating a non-
   global unicast identifier;
   -    The bit "C" (cone) should be set to 1 if the client believes it is
   behind a cone NAT, to 0 otherwise; these values determine
   different server behavior during the qualification procedure, as
   specified in section 5.2.1, as well as different bubble processing
   by clients and relays.
   -    The bits indicated with "z" must be set to zero.


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   There are thus two valid values of the Flags field: "0x0000" (all
   null) if the cone bit is set to 0, and "0x8000" if the cone bit is
   set to 1.

   A third party sends IPv6 packets to a Teredo client by sending these
   packets over UDP to the mapped IPv4 address and port of the client
   if the cone bit is set, or if the third party has recently received
   direct traffic from the client. In the other cases, the third party
   will have to first synchronize with the client, by sending an
   initial bubble through the server.

   In some cases, Teredo nodes use link-local addresses. These
   addresses contain a link local prefix (FE80::/64) and a 64 bit
   identifier, constructed using the same format as presented above. A
   difference between link-local addresses and global addresses is that
   the identifiers used in global addresses MUST include a global scope
   unicast IPv4 address, while the identifiers used in link-local
   addresses MAY include a private IPv4 address.

4.1.2   Obtaining an address

   The first phase of Teredo operation is the acquisition of a Teredo
   address prefix by the client. To do this, the client selects a
   Teredo server, and sends it a Router Solicitation message. The
   server replies with a router advertisement containing a Teredo
   prefix, composed of the Teredo service prefix and the IPv4 address
   of the server; the message also contains an "origin" indication that
   specifies the IPv4 address and port number from which the server
   received the router solicitation.

   In order to explain how this works, we will use an hypothetical
   example: a Teredo client is located at the private IP address
   10.0.0.2 in a private network; the NAT connecting this network to
   the public Internet responds to the local address 10.0.0.1 and is
   visible as the public address 9.0.0.1. We present here a simplified
   version of the procedure, in which we are only concerned with
   determining the "mapping" of the client's address; in the next
   section, we will explain how this procedure is in fact combined with
   "cone NAT determination".














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                                          .-----------------------
                                          |  Private network
                .--.      _             .-----.     .----------.
               (IPv4)  src=9.0.0.1:4096 | NAT |     | Teredo   |
             (Internet)<--------------  | BOX | <-- |  Client  |
               (    )   (UDPv4 tunneled |     |     '----------'
                '--'         IPv6)      '-----'       10.0.0.2:1234
                 |                9.0.0.1 | 10.0.0.1
                 |                        |
                 |                        |
                 V                        |
          .--------------.                '-----------------------
          |   Teredo     |
          |   Server     |
          '--------------'
            [1.2.3.4]

   When the Teredo client is turned on, it sends an IPv6 router
   solicitation over UDP to the Teredo server, using the source address
   and ports 10.0.0.2:1234. The NAT intercepts the packet, establishes
   a mapping, and changes the source address and port to 9.0.0.1:4096.
   (These values are indeed just examples.)

   The Teredo server receives the packet and notes the source address.
   It sends back a router advertisement that contains the server's
   prefix (e.g. PREF:0102:0304::/64); the advertisement also contains
   an origin indication that specifies the IPv4 address and UDP port
   from which the router advertisement was received, in this case
   9.0.0.1:4096. The router sends the router advertisement back over
   UDP to the mapped IPv4 address 9.0.0.1:4096. The packet will have
   the following format:

  +------+-----+-------------------+-------------+
  | IPv4 | UDP | Origin indication | IPv6 RA     |
  +------+-----+-------------------+-------------+

   The "origin indication" field specifies the "mapped IPv4 address"
   and "mapped port" of the client; the IPv6 router advertisement
   specifies the prefix announced by the server.

   The IPv4 packet is received by the NAT, which has remembered the
   mapping between this external address and port pair and the private
   address and port pair, 10.0.0.2:1234; the NAT forwards the packet to
   the Teredo client.

   Upon reception of this prefix, the client composes a Teredo address,
   which in our example will be:

        PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE

   In this address, "PREF" is the Teredo IPv6 service prefix of length

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   32; "102:304" is the hexadecimal notation of the address of the
   Teredo server, in this example 1.2.3.4 (expressed with leading zeros
   as 0102:0304); "EFFF" is equal to the XOR of "FFFF" with "1000",
   which is the hexadecimal notation of the mapped port "4096"; and
   "F6FF:FFFE" is equal to the XOR of "FFFF:FFFF" with "0900:0001",
   which is the hexadecimal notation of the IPv4 mapped address
   "9.0.0.1".

   In some environments, it is necessary to secure this exchange, to
   avoid the risk of an attacker "spoofing" the server's return. In
   these environments, the client will be provisioned with a secret key
   and a key identifier; the key is shared with the server. Both the
   client's solicitation and the server's response will be protected by
   an authentication token, carried in the UDP message:

  +------+-----+----------------+-------------+
  | IPv4 | UDP | Authentication | IPv6 RS     |
  +------+-----+----------------+-------------+

  +------+-----+----------------+-------------------+-------------+
  | IPv4 | UDP | Authentication | Origin indication | IPv6 RA     |
  +------+-----+----------------+-------------------+-------------+

   The authentication token uses the secret key and the key identifier
   to guarantee the integrity and the authenticity of the packets.

4.1.3   Determining the type of NAT

   The previous section presented a simplified version of the prefix
   assessment procedure. For better efficiency, the client needs to
   determine the type of NAT behind which it is located: clients
   located behind a "cone" NAT can receive traffic directly, and we
   want to take advantage of this optimization: if the client is
   located behind a cone NAT, it should use Teredo addresses in which
   the "cone" bit is set to 1.

   To achieve this result, the client first sends a router solicitation
   message from a link-local address in which the "cone" bit is set to
   1; when the server observes that the cone bit is set, it sends the
   router advertisement in a UDP packet from a "secondary" IPv4
   address, i.e., a different IPv4 address than the "server address" to
   which the solicitation was sent. Only nodes located behind a cone
   NAT will be able to receive this reply; in consequence, if the
   client receives this reply, from an IPv4 address different than the
   server address, it determines that it is located behind a cone NAT.

   If the client does not receive a response to the first solicitation,
   it repeats the procedure and sends a solicitation message from a
   link-local address in which the "cone" bit is set to 0; the server
   will send the reply from its "nominal" IPv4 address, so the answer
   can be received by a non-cone NAT. The client will assume that it is
   not behind a cone NAT.

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   The Teredo service does not work if the client is located behind a
   symmetric NAT. The client must thus do an extra step, after
   receiving the router advertisement from the server nominal address:
   it should repeat the procedure by sending a solicitation to a
   secondary server IPv4 address, and compare the mapped addresses and
   mapped port in the two replies. If they are not the same, the client
   detects that it is behind a symmetric NAT and cannot use the Teredo
   service.

4.1.4   First packet from an IPv6 node to a Teredo node

   The transmission of packets between a regular IPv6 node and a Teredo
   node is presented in the following diagram, in which "A" is a Teredo
   client located behind the NAT "N", "S" the Teredo server chosen by
   "A", "B" a regular IPv6 node, and "R" a Teredo Relay close to "B" in
   the IPv6 Internet Topology.

              .----------------------------------
              | IPv6 Internet
              |                          +---+
              |                          | B |
              |                          +---+
              |                            !
              |   +-----+                +-!-+
              `---| S   |----------------|R! |----
  .---------------|     |----------------| ! |---
  |IPv4 Internet  |   ..|<.................* |
  |               +---#-+                +---+
  |                   #                   ^!
  |                   #                   :!
  |                   #...................:!
  | bubble+origin --> #:.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
  |                   #:!
  |                   v:v
  |               +----:--+
  `---------------| N #:! |--------------------------
               .--|   #:! |--------------------
               |  +---#-!-+ Natted domain
               |      #^!
               |      #:!
               |      v:v
               |  +-----+
               |  | A   |
               |  +-----+

   We assume that A has already established its Teredo address through
   an RA/RS exchange with S, as explained in section 4.1.2; in this
   example, we will assume that the cone NAT determination failed. We
   will assume that the results of these exchanges are the following:

   - A's private address and port are: 10.0.0.2:1234.

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   - A's mapped address and port are: 9.0.0.1:4096.
   - A's IPv6 address has been set to PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE
   - The server's IPv4 address and port are: 1.2.3.4:3544
   - The relay's IPv4 address and port are: 5.6.7.8:3544
   - B's IPv6 address is: 2000::B

   When B sends a packet to A, B simply follows IPv6 rules. The packet
   is forwarded to the nearest relay, R, over IPv6. R examines the
   destination address, and observes that the cone bit is not set
   (i.e., the C bit has the value 0). Since R has not yet received any
   direct traffic from A, and since A is not located behind a cone NAT,
   R cannot send the packet directly to A: it would probably be
   rejected by the NAT N. Instead, R queues the packet, and formats a
   bubble that it forwards towards A over UDP, to the address of S:
   1.2.3.4:3544.

   When S receives the bubble, it notices that the source is not a
   Teredo client, but instead a regular IPv6 address. S forwards the
   packet to A using a special envelope. The packet will have the
   following format:

  +------+-----+-------------------+-------------+
  | IPv4 | UDP | Origin indication | IPv6 bubble |
  +------+-----+-------------------+-------------+

   In the IPv4 and UDP header, the source will be set to the server's
   address and port, 1.2.3.4:3544, and the destination to A's mapped
   address, as indicated in the IPv6 destination address: 9.0.0.1:4096.
   The origin indication element will carry the IPv4 address and UDP
   port of R: 5.6.7.8:3544.

   The NAT N will receive this message. It will use the existing
   mapping to rewrite 9.0.0.1:4096 to 10.0.0.2:1234, and forward the
   packet to A. When A receives the packet, it will immediately send a
   bubble back to the origin of the bubble, i.e. towards R, at the
   address 5.6.7.8:3544.

   When R receives the bubble from A, it notes that direct transmission
   towards A is now possible. It forwards the queued packet to the
   mapped address of A, 9.0.0.1:4096. The packet is received by the
   NAT; since A has recently sent a packet to R, a mapping exists and
   the packet is forwarded to A.

   If the cone NAT validation had been successful, A would have used
   the IPv6 address PREF:102:304:8000:EFFF:F6FF:FFFE, and R would have
   sent B's packet directly to A.

4.1.5   First packet from a Teredo node to a regular IPv6 node

   The exchange of packets between a Teredo Node and a regular IPv6
   node is presented in the following diagram, in which "A" is a Teredo
   client located behind the NAT "N", "S" the Teredo server chosen by

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   "A", "B" a regular IPv6 node, and "R" a Teredo Relay close to "B" in
   the IPv6 Internet Topology.

              .----------------------------------
              | IPv6 Internet
              |                          +----+
              |       ..................>| B  |
              |       :                  +----+
              |       :                    : ^
              |       :     Echo Reply --> : !
              |   +---:--+               +-:-!+
              `---| S :  |---------------|R: !|----
  .---------------|   :  |---------------| v !|---
  |IPv4 Internet  |   :..|<................* !|
  |               +----#-+               +----+
  |                   ^# <- Bubble+Origin ^: ^
  |                   :#         Bubble ->:: !
  |                   :#...................: !
  |  Echo Request --> :#::-----------------: !
  |                   :#::.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
  |                   :#::!
  |                   :v:v! <- Data Packet
  |               +---:-:-!-+
  `---------------| N :#::! |--------------------
               .--|   :#::! |--------------------
               |  +---:#::--+ Natted domain
               |      ^#::^
               |      :#::!
               |      :v:v!
               |  +---------+
               |  |   A     |
               |  +---------+

   We assume that A has already established its Teredo address through
   an RA/RS exchange with S, as explained in section 4.1.2; in this
   example, we will assume that the client is not located behind a cone
   NAT. We will assume that the results of these exchanges are the
   following:

   - A's private address and port are: 10.0.0.2:1234.
   - A's mapped address and port are: 9.0.0.1:4096.
   - A's IPv6 address has been set to PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE
   - The server's IPv4 address and port are: 1.2.3.4:3544
   - The relay's IPv4 address and port are: 5.6.7.8:3544
   - B's IPv6 address is: 2000::B

   A has to transmit an IPv6 packet to B. A's first action is to learn
   the address of the relay R closest to B. To do so, A sends an ICMPv6
   "echo request" toward B. This request carries the source address
   PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE (A's address), and the destination
   address 2000::B (B's address); the Data field of the echo request
   carries a nonce value, chosen by A. The request is encapsulated by A

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   in a UDP datagram, from source address and port 10.0.0.2:1234, to
   destination address and port 1.2.3.4:3544.

   The packet is received by the NAT N. N uses the existing mapping for
   10.0.0.2:1234, and replaces the UDP source address and port by the
   mapped values 9.0.0.1:4096, before forwarding the packet.

   The packet is received over IPv4 by the server. S discards the IPv4
   and UDP header, and forwards the content of the packet over IPv6,
   which will be received by B, and which will appear to come from A's
   address, PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE.

   When the request is received, B sends the echo reply to A; B simply
   follows IPv6 routing rules. The packet is forwarded to the nearest
   relay, R, over IPv6. R examines the destination address, and
   observes that the the cone bit is not set in the destination
   address. Since R has not received any direct traffic from A, R first
   sends a bubble towards A through the server S, as specified in the
   previous section; A will reply by its own bubble. Upon reception of
   this bubble, R forwards the packet over UDP to the mapped address of
   A: 9.0.0.1:4096.

   The NAT N will receive this message. It will use the existing
   mapping to rewrite 9.0.0.1:4096 to 10.0.0.2:1234, and forward the
   packet to A. When A receives the packet, it learns that B can
   possibly be reached through the relay address 5.6.7.8:3544. A can
   also note that the Data field of the ICMPv6 echo reply matches the
   nonce that was previously sent, which provides a reasonable
   assurance that the packet does in fact come from B. At that point, A
   can send the original data packet to B, by encapsulating it in a UDP
   datagram bound to the IPv4 address and UDP port of R: 5.6.7.8:3544;
   R will then normally relay the packet to B. Once the knowledge of
   R's address has been acquired, A will send all further packets
   directly through R, without having to repeat the ICMP exchange.

   If the cone NAT validation had been successful, A would have used
   the IPv6 address PREF:102:304:8000:EFFF:F6FF:FFFE, and R would have
   sent B's reply directly to A. In that case, A would have learned R's
   address from the IPv4 source address and UDP source port of the
   incoming packet.

4.1.6   Exchanges between two Teredo nodes

   The following diagram shows two Teredo clients, A and B, connected
   through the NATs N1 and N2. The exchanges will use the Teredo server
   S2, chosen by B. We will assume that the NAT N2 is a "restricted
   cone" or "port-restricted cone" NAT; in this example, we will also
   assume that A is behind a restricted cone or port-restricted cone
   NAT.




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     .-------------------------------------------------------
     | IPv4 Internet
     |
     |           4-Data packet
     |      .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.
     |      !                               +----+    !
     |      !     2-bubble                  | S2 |    !
     |      !..............................>|.........!
     |      !:                              +----+   :!
     |      !:     3-Bubble                          :!
     |      !:  ...................................  :!
     |      !:  :.................................:  :!
     |      !:  v:     1-Bubble                  v:  vv
     |     +!----:+                             +-:----+
     `-----|!:N1::|-----------------------------| :N2:!|-----
        .--|!:  ::|----.                   .----| :  :!|--.
        |  +-:--:-+    |                   |    +----:!+  |
        |   ^^  :^     |                   |      ^  :!   |
        |   !:  ::     |                   |      :  :!   |
        |   !:  v:     |                   |      :  vv   |
        |  +------+    |                   |     +-----+  |
        |  |  A   |    |                   |     | B   |  |
        |  +------+    |                   |     +-----+  |
        `--------------/                   `--------------/

   We will assume that A and B have already obtained Teredo addresses
   by RS/RA exchanges with they respective servers S1 and S2, and they
   have made sure that they can receive packets from these respective
   servers, for example by sending a keepalive packet every minute. In
   the example, we will assume the following values:

   - A's private address and port are: 10.0.0.2:1234.
   - A's mapped address and port are: 9.0.0.1:4096.
   - A is served by S1, whose address is: 1.2.3.4
   - A's IPv6 address has been set to PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE
   - B's private address and port are: 10.0.0.3:3456.
   - B's mapped address and port are: 8.0.0.1:1024.
   - B is served by S2, whose address is: 9.10.11.12
   - B's IPv6 address has been set to PREF:90A:B0C::FBFF:F7FF:FFFE

   A has learned B's address, for example from the DNS, and starts UDP
   or TCP communication with B. The first data packet will be sent from
   A's IPv6 address (PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE) to B's IPv6 address
   (PREF:90A:B0C::FBFF:F7FF:FFFE). Since A has no prior knowledge of B,
   and since B is not located behind a cone NAT, A cannot send the
   packet directly to B; the packet is queued. Instead, A prepares two
   bubbles, from IPv6 source address PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE to
   IPv6 destination address PREF:90A:B0C::FBFF:F7FF:FFFE.

   The first bubble is sent from A to the mapped IPv4 address of B,
   8.0.0.1:1024. It will probably not be received by B, since there is

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   no establish mapping at the NAT N2. The purpose of this bubble is
   only to establish a mapping in the NAT N1.

   The second bubble is sent from A to S2's address, 9.10.11.12:3544.
   The bubble passes through N1. S2 receives it and transmits it to B.
   Since there is an established mapping in N2 for transmission between
   B and S2, the bubble is forwarded to B.

   B responds to this bubble with its own bubble, from IPv6 source
   address PREF:90A:B0C::FBFF:F7FF:FFFE to IPv6 destination address
   PREF:102:304::EFFF:F6FF:FFFE. This response bubble is sent directly
   to the mapped address of A, 9.0.0.1:4096. Since a mapping was
   established by the first bubble, this third bubble is received by A.

   When A receives the third bubble, it knows that direct communication
   with B is now possible. The queued packet can now be directly
   transmitted.

4.1.7   Exchanges between two Teredo nodes on the same link

   The following diagram shows two Teredo clients, A and B, connected
   to the same link, which is connected to the Internet through the NAT
   N1. The exchanges will use the Teredo server S1. We are not making
   any assumption about the NAT N1. This scenario explains how the
   exchanges between clients on the same link can be optimized to avoid
   routing all packets through the server S1.



























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     .------------------------------------------
     | IPv4 Internet
     |     +------+
     |     |  S1  |
     |     +------+
     |      ^!  ^!
     |      !!  !!
     |      !!  !!
     |      !!  !! Router Solicit,
     |      !!  !! Router Advertisement
     |      !!  !!
     |      !v  !v
     |     +!---!-+
     `-----|!!N1! |----------------------------
        .--|!!  !!|-------------------------.
        |  +-!--!!+                         |
        |   ^!  !!                          |
        |   !!  !`-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.    |
        |   !!  `-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.!    |
        |   !!      .->___   <-.      !!    |
        |   !v     / multicast  \     !v    |
        |  +------+  bubbles     +------+   |
        |  |  A   |              |  B   |   |
        |  +------+ <===========>+------+   |
        |         direct transmissions      |
        `-----------------------------------/

   Both A and B discover their Teredo prefix by interacting with the
   server S1, as explained in 4.1.2. Both A and B can discover that
   they are possibly located behind the same NAT, by observing that
   they are both using the same mapped IPv4 address.

   When A wants to send a packet to B, A will send a multicast Teredo
   bubble to the Teredo IPv4 Discovery Address, an IPv4 multicast
   address whose scope is limited to the local link. If B is in fact on
   the same link, B will reply with a unicast Teredo bubble sent
   directly to the source address of the multicast bubble; B will also
   send a multicast Teredo bubble. Upon reception of this direct
   bubble, A will get confirmation that B is directly reachable; upon
   reception of the multicast bubble, A will send a unicast bubble to
   B. Once direct reachability has been confirmed by the reception of
   unicast bubbles, the packets will be sent directly on the local
   link, avoiding the unreliable loop through the NAT N1.

4.2     Deployment model

   The deployment model makes three assumptions:

   - That all clients, servers and relays will be cognizant of the
   Teredo service prefix and the Teredo port, and of the Teredo IPv4
   Discovery Address,

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   - That the clients will be configured with the IPv4 address of a
   server,

   - That there will be an adequate deployment of Teredo relays.

4.2.1   Server deployment

   Servers may be deployed either as part of an ISP offer to its
   subscribers, or as an enabler for an application that requires
   direct IPv6 communication between client hosts. Servers are expected
   to perform some amount of access control; for example, an ISP server
   may refuse to serve requests that don't originate from an address
   within this ISP's network; a server set up by an application
   provider may require that clients provide some form of proof that
   they are actually using the application.

   Servers will originate IPv6 packets whose source address will be the
   Teredo IPv6 address of one of their clients. In order to abide with
   IPv6 ingress filtering rules, servers should only do so if, as an
   IPv6 router, they advertise reachability of the Teredo service
   prefix.

4.2.2   Relay deployment

   The ingress filtering rule implies that all Teredo servers should be
   able to act as Teredo relays; however, there is no requirement that
   all Teredo relays act as Teredo servers. The only deployment
   requirement for Teredo relays is IPv4 connectivity, and the capacity
   to advertise a route to the Teredo service. There can be three kinds
   of Teredo relays:

   - Globally accessible Teredo relays announce reachability of the
   Teredo service to the whole Internet, e.g. by means of BGP.

   - Domain-specific Teredo relays announce reachability of the Teredo
   service to a specific domain, e.g. by means of IGP.

   - Host-specific Teredo relays announce reachability of the Teredo
   service within a single host.

   In the initial deployment of the Teredo service, we expect to find a
   small number of globally accessible relays. We also expect that, if
   the service is deployed to enable a specific application, all the
   hosts that participate in the application and have adequate IPv4
   access will implement a host-based Teredo relay.

5       Specification of clients, servers and relays

   The Teredo service is realized by having clients interact with
   Teredo servers through the Teredo service protocol. The clients will
   also receive IPv6 packets through Teredo relays.

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   The Teredo server is designed to be stateless. It waits for Teredo
   requests and for IPv6 packets on the Teredo UDP port; it processes
   the requests by sending a response to the appropriate address and
   port; it forwards Teredo IPv6 packets to the appropriate IPv4
   address and UDP port.

   The Teredo relay advertises reachability of the Teredo service
   prefix over IPv6. It forwards Teredo IPv6 packets to the appropriate
   IPv4 address and UDP port.

   Teredo clients, servers and relays must implement the sunset
   procedure defined in section 5.5.

5.1     Message formats

5.1.1   Teredo IPv6 packets encapsulation

   Teredo IPv6 packets are transmitted as UDP packets [RFC768] within
   IPv4 [RFC791].  The source and destination IP addresses and UDP
   ports take values that are specified in this section. Packets can
   come in one of two formats, simple encapsulation and encapsulation
   with origin indication.

   When simple encapsulation is used, the packet will have a simple
   format, in which the IPv6 packet is carried as the payload of a UDP
   datagram:

  +------+-----+-------------+
  | IPv4 | UDP | IPv6 packet |
  +------+-----+-------------+

   When relaying packets received from third parties, the server may
   insert an origin indication in the first bytes of the UDP payload:

  +------+-----+-------------------+-------------+
  | IPv4 | UDP | Origin indication | IPv6 packet |
  +------+-----+-------------------+-------------+

   The origin indication encapsulation is an 8-octet element, with the
   following content:

  +--------+--------+-----------------+
  |  0x00  | 0x00   | Origin port #   |
  +--------+--------+-----------------+
  |  Origin IPv4 address              |
  +-----------------------------------+

   The first two octets of the origin indication are set to a null
   value; this is used to discriminate between the simple
   encapsulation, in which the first 4 bits of the packet contain the
   indication of the IPv6 protocol, and the origin indication.

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   The following 16 bits contain the obfuscated value of the port
   number from which the packet was received, in network byte order.
   The next 32 bits contain the obfuscated IPv4 address from which the
   packet was received, in network byte order. In this format, both the
   original "IPv4 address" and "UDP port" of the client are obfuscated.
   Each bit in the address and port number is reversed; this can be
   done by an exclusive OR of the 16-bit port number with the
   hexadecimal value 0xFFFF, and an exclusive OR of the 32-bit address
   with the hexadecimal value 0xFFFFFFFF.

   For example, if the original UDP port number was 337 (hexadecimal
   0151) and original IPv4 address was 1.2.3.4 (hexadecimal: 01020304),
   the origin indication would contain the value "0000FEAEFEFDFCFB".

   When exchanging Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement
   messages between a client and its server, the packets may include an
   authentication parameter:

  +------+-----+----------------+-------------+
  | IPv4 | UDP | Authentication | IPv6 packet |
  +------+-----+----------------+-------------+

   The authentication encapsulation is a variable length-element,
   containing a client identifier, an authentication value, a nonce
   value, and a confirmation byte.

  +--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  0x00  | 0x01   | ID-len | AU-len |
  +--------+--------+--------+--------+
  |  Client identifier (ID-len        |
  +-----------------+-----------------+
  |  octets)        |  Authentication |
  +-----------------+--------+--------+
  | value (AU-len octets)    | Nonce  |
  +--------------------------+--------+
  | value (8 octets                   |
  +--------------------------+--------+
  |                          | Conf.  |
  +--------------------------+--------+

   The first octet of the authentication encapsulation is set to a null
   value, and the second octet is set to the value 1; this enables
   differentiation from IPv6 packets and from origin information
   indication encapsulation. The third octet indicates the length of
   the client identifier; the fourth octet indicates the length of the
   authentication value. The computation of the authentication value is
   specified in section 5.2.2. The authentication value is followed by
   an 8-octet nonce, and by a confirmation byte.

   Authentication and origin indication encapsulations may sometimes be
   combined, for example in the RA responses sent by the server. In

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   this case, the authentication encapsulation MUST be the first
   element in the UDP payload:

  +------+-----+----------------+--------+-------------+
  | IPv4 | UDP | Authentication | Origin | IPv6 packet |
  +------+-----+----------------+--------+-------------+


5.1.2   Maximum Transmission Unit

   Since Teredo uses UDP as an underlying transport, a Teredo
   Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) could potentially be as large as the
   payload of the largest valid UDP datagram (65507 bytes).  However,
   since Teredo packets can travel on unpredictable paths over the
   Internet, it is best to contain this MTU to a small size, in order
   to minimize the effect of IPv4 packet fragmentation and reassembly.
   The default link MTU assumed by a host, and the link MTU supplied by
   a Teredo server during router advertisement SHOULD normally be set
   to the minimum IPv6 MTU size of 1280 bytes [RFC2460].

   Teredo implementations SHOULD NOT set the Don't Fragment (DF) bit of
   the encapsulating IPv4 header.

5.2     Teredo Client specification

   Before using the Teredo service, the client must be configured with:

   -    the IPv4 address of a server.

   If secure discovery is required, the client must also be configured
   with:

   - a client identifier,
   - a secret value, shared with the server.

   A Teredo client expects to exchange IPv6 packets through an UDP
   port, the Teredo service port. The client will maintain the
   following variables that reflect the state of the Teredo service:

   - Teredo connectivity status,
   - Mapped address and port number associated with the Teredo service
   port,
   - Teredo IPv6 prefix associated with the Teredo service port,
   - Teredo IPv6 address or addresses derived from the prefix,
   - Link local address,
   - Date and time of the last interaction with the Teredo server,
   - Teredo Refresh Interval,
   - Randomized Refresh Interval,
   - List of recent Teredo peers.

   Before sending any packets, the client must perform the Teredo
   qualification procedure, which determines the Teredo connectivity

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   status, the mapped address and port number, and the Teredo IPv6
   prefix; it should then perform the cone NAT determination procedure,
   which determines the cone NAT status and may alter the value of the
   prefix. If the qualification is successful, the client may use the
   Teredo service port to transmit and receive IPv6 packets, according
   to the transmission and reception procedures; these procedures use
   the "list of recent peers". For each peer, the list contains:

   - The IPv6 address of the peer,
   - The mapped IPv4 address and mapped UDP port of the peer,
   - The status of the mapped address, i.e. trusted or not,
   - The value of the last "nonce" sent to the peer,
   - The date and time of the last reception from the peer,
   - The date and time of the last transmission to the peer,
   - The number of bubbles transmitted to the peer.

   The list of peers is used to enable the transmission of IPv6 packets
   by using a "direct path" for the IPv6 packets. The list of peers
   could grow over time. Clients should implement a list management
   strategy, for example deleting the least recently used entries.
   Clients should make sure that the list has a sufficient size, to
   avoid unnecessary exchanges of bubbles.

   The client must regularly perform the maintenance procedure in order
   to guarantee that the Teredo service port remains usable; the need
   to use this procedure or not depends on the delay since the last
   interaction with the Teredo server. The refresh procedure takes as a
   parameter the "Teredo refresh interval". This parameter is initially
   set to 30 seconds; it can be updated as a result of the optional
   "interval determination procedure." The randomized refresh interval
   is set to a value randomly chosen between 75% and 100% of the
   refresh interval.

   In order to avoid triangle routing for stations that are located
   behind the same NAT, the Teredo clients MAY use the optional local
   client discovery procedure defined in section 5.2.8.

5.2.1   Qualification procedure

   The purpose of the qualification procedure is to establish the
   status of the local IPv4 connection, and to determine the Teredo
   IPv6 client prefix of the local Teredo interface. The procedure
   starts when the service is in the "initial" state, and results in a
   "qualified" state if successful, and in an "off-line" state if
   unsuccessful.








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          /---------\
          | Initial |
          \---------/
               |
          +----+----+
          | Set C=1 |
          +----+----+
               |
               +<-----------------------------------------+
               |                                          |
          +----+----+                                     |
          | Start   |<------+                             |
          +----+----+       |                        +----+----+
               |            |                        | Set C=0 |
               v            |                        +----+----+
          /---------\ Timer |                             ^
          |Starting |-------+ N attempts /----------\ Yes |
          \---------/------------------->| C == 1 ? |-----+
               | Response                \----------/
               |                              | No
               V                              V
          /---------\ Yes                 /----------\
          | C == 0? |---------+           | Off line |
          \---------/         |           \----------/
            No |              v
               |         /----------\
               |         | Cone NAT |
         +-----+-----+   \----------/
         | New Server|
         +-----+-----+
               |
          +----+----+
          | Start   |<------+
          +----+----+       |
               |            |
               v            |
          /---------\ Timer |
          |Starting |-------+ N attempts /----------\
          \---------/------------------->| Off line |
               | Response                \----------/
               |
               V
         /------------\ No      /---------------\
         | Same port? |-------->| Symmetric NAT |
         \------------/         \---------------/
               | Yes
               V
          /-----------------\
          | Restricted NAT  |
          \-----------------/


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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   Initially, the Teredo connectivity status is set to "Initial".

   When the interface is initialized, the system first performs the
   "start action" by sending a Router Solicitation message, as defined
   in [RFC2461]. The client picks a link-local address and uses it as
   the IPv6 source of the message; the "cone" bit in the address is set
   to 1; the IPv6 destination of the RS is the all-routers multicast
   address; the packet will be sent over UDP from the service port to
   the Teredo server's IPv4 address and Teredo UDP port. The
   connectivity status moves then to "Starting".

   In the starting state, the client waits for a router advertisement
   from the Teredo server. If no response comes within a time-out T,
   the client should repeat the start action, by resending the Router
   Solicitation message. If no response has arrived after N
   repetitions, the client concludes that it is not behind a cone NAT.
   It sets the "cone" bit to 0, and repeats the procedure. If after N
   other timer expirations and retransmissions there is still no
   response, the client concludes that it cannot use UDP, and that the
   Teredo service is not available; the status is set to "Off-line." In
   accordance with [RFC2461], the default time-out value is set to T=4
   seconds, and the maximum number of repetitions is set to N=3.

   If a response arrives, the client checks that the response contains
   an origin indication and a valid router advertisement as defined in
   [RFC2461], that the IPv6 destination address is equal to the link-
   local address used in the router solicitation, and that the router
   advertisement contains exactly one advertised Prefix Information
   option. This prefix should be a valid Teredo IPv6 server prefix: the
   first 32 bits should contain the global Teredo IPv6 service prefix,
   and the next 32 bits should contain the server's IPv4 address. If
   this is the case, the client learns the Teredo mapped address and
   Teredo mapped port from the origin indication. The source address of
   the Router Advertisement is a link-local server address of the
   Teredo server. (Responses that are not valid advertisements are
   simply discarded.)

   If the client has received an RA with the "Cone" bit set to 1, it is
   behind a cone NAT and is fully qualified. If the RA is received with
   the Cone bit set to 0, the client does not know whether the local
   NAT is restricted or symmetric. The client selects a secondary IPv4
   server address, and repeats the procedure, the cone bit remaining to
   the value zero. If the client does not receive a response, it
   detects that the service is not usable. If the client receives a
   response, it compares the mapped address and mapped port in this
   second response to the first received values. If the values are
   different, the client detects a symmetric NAT: it cannot use the
   Teredo service. If the values are the same, the client is detects a
   restricted cone NAT: the client is qualified to use the service.

   If the client is qualified, it builds a Teredo IPv6 address using

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   the Teredo IPv6 server prefix learned from the RA and the obfuscated
   values of the UDP port and IPv4 address learned from the origin
   indication. The cone bit should be set to the value used to receive
   the RA, i.e. 1 if the client is behind a cone NAT, 0 otherwise. The
   client can start using the Teredo service.

5.2.2   Secure qualification

   The client may be required to perform secured qualification. The
   client will perform exactly the algorithm described in 5.2.1, but it
   will incorporate an authentication encapsulation in the UDP packet
   carrying the router solicitation message, and it will verify the
   presence of a valid authentication parameter in the UDP message that
   carries the router advertisement provided by the sender.

   In these packets, the nonce value is chosen by the client, and is
   repeated in the response from the server; the client identifier is a
   value with which the client was configured. The confirmation byte is
   set to 0 by the client. A null value returned by the server
   indicates that the client's key is still valid; a non-null value
   indicates that the client should obtain a new key.

   The authentication value is computed according to the HMAC
   specification [RFC2104] using the following specifications:

   -    the hash function shall be the MD5 function [RFC1321].
   -    the secret value shall be the shared secret with which the client
   was configured

   The clear text to be protected includes:

   -    the nonce value,
   -    the confirmation byte,
   -    the origin indication encapsulation, if it is present,
   -    the IPv6 packet.

   If the HMAC verification fails, the packet is silently discarded.

5.2.3   Packet reception

   The Teredo client receives packets over the Teredo interface. The
   role of the packet reception procedure, besides receiving packets,
   is to maintain the date and time of the last interaction with the
   Teredo server, and the "list of recent peers."

   When a UDP packet is received over the Teredo service port, the
   Teredo client checks that it is encoded according to the packet
   encoding rules defined in 5.1.1, and that it contains either a valid
   IPv6 packet as specified in [RFC2460], or the combination of a valid
   origin indication encapsulation and a valid IPv6 packet, possibly
   protected by a valid authentication encapsulation. If this is not
   the case, the packet is silently discarded.

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   Then, the Teredo client examines the IPv4 source address and UDP
   port number from which the packet is received. If these values match
   the IPv4 address of the server and the Teredo port, the client
   updates the "date and time of the last interaction with the Teredo
   server" to the current date and time; if an origin indication is
   present, the client should perform the "direct IPv6 connectivity
   test" described in section 5.2.9.

   If the values are different, the client examines the IPv6 source
   address of the packet:

   1) If there is an entry for the source IPv6 address in the list of
   peers whose status is trusted, the client compares the mapped IPv4
   address and mapped port in the entry with the source IPv4 address
   and source port of the packet. If the values match, the packet
   should be accepted; the date and time of the last reception from the
   peer should be updated.

   2) If there is an entry for the source IPv6 address in the list of
   peers whose status is not trusted, the client checks whether the
   packet is an ICMPv6 echo reply. If this is the case, and if the
   content of the reply matches the "nonce" stored in the peer entry,
   the packet should be accepted; the status of the entry should be
   changed to "trusted", the mapped IPv4 and mapped port in the entry
   should be set to the source IPv4 address and source port from which
   the packet was received, and the date and time of the last reception
   from the peer should be updated; any packet queued for this IPv6
   peer should be de-queued and forwarded to the newly learned IPv4
   address and UDP port.

   3) If the source IPv6 address is a Teredo address, the client
   compares the mapped IPv4 address and mapped port in the source
   address with the source IPv4 address and source port of the packet.
   If the values match, the client MUST create a peer entry for the
   IPv6 source address in the list of peers; it should update the entry
   if one already existed; the mapped IPv4 address and mapped port in
   the entry should be set to the value from which the packet was
   received, and the status should be set to "trusted". If a new entry
   is created, the last transmission date is set to 30 seconds before
   the current date, and the number of bubbles to zero. If the packet
   is a bubble, it should be discarded after this processing;
   otherwise, the packet should be accepted. In all cases, the client
   must de-queue and forward any packet queued for that destination.

   4) If the source IPv6 address is a Teredo address, and the mapped
   IPv4 address and mapped port in the source address do not match the
   source IPv4 address and source port of the packet, the client checks
   whether the is an existing "local" entry for that IPv6 address. If
   there is such an entry, and if the local IPv4 address and local port
   indicated in that entry match the source IPv4 address and source
   port of the packet, the client updates the "local" entry, whose

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   status should be set to "trusted". If the packet is a bubble, it
   should be discarded after this processing; otherwise, the packet
   should be accepted. In all cases, the client must de-queue and
   forward any packet queued for that destination.

   5) If the IPv4 destination address through which the packet was
   received is the Teredo IPv4 Discovery Address, the source address is
   a valid Teredo address, and the destination address is the "all
   nodes on link" multicast address, the packet should be treated as a
   local discovery bubble. If no local entry already existed for the
   source address, a new one is created, but its status is set to "not
   trusted". The client SHOULD reply with a unicast Teredo bubble, sent
   to the source IPv4 address and source port of the local discovery
   bubble; the IPv6 source address of the bubble will be set to local
   Teredo IPv6 address; the IPv6 destination address of the bubble
   should be set to the IPv6 source address of the local discovery
   bubble.

   6) In the other cases, the packet may be accepted, but the client
   should be conscious that the source address may be spoofed; before
   processing the packet, the client should perform the "direct IPv6
   connectivity test" described in section 5.2.9.

   Whatever the IPv4 source address and UDP source port, the client
   that receives an IPv6 packet MAY send a Teredo bubble towards that
   target, as specified in section 5.2.6.

5.2.4   Packet transmission

   When a Teredo client has to transmit a packet over a Teredo
   interface, it examines the destination IPv6 address. The client
   checks first if there is an entry for this IPv6 address in the list
   of recent Teredo peers, and if the entry is still valid: an entry
   associated with a local peer is valid if the last reception date and
   time associated with that list entry is less that 30 seconds from
   the current time; an entry associated with a non-local peer is valid
   if the last reception date and time associated with that list entry
   is less that 30 seconds from the current time. (Local peer entries
   can only be present if the client uses the local discovery procedure
   discussed in section 5.2.8.)

   The client then performs the following:

   1) If there is an entry for that IPv6 address in the list of peers,
   and if the status of the entry is set to "trusted", the IPv6 packet
   should be sent over UDP to the IPv4 address and UDP port specified
   in the entry. The client updates the date of last transmission in
   the peer entry.

   2) If the destination is not a Teredo IPv6 address, the packet is
   queued, and the client performs the "direct IPv6 connectivity test"
   described in section 5.2.8. The packet will be de-queued and

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   forwarded if this procedure completes successfully. If the direct
   IPv6 connectivity test fails to complete within a 2 second time-out,
   it should be repeated up to 3 times.

   3) If the destination is the Teredo IPv6 address of a local peer
   (i.e. a Teredo address from which a local discovery bubble has been
   received in the last 600 seconds), the packet is queued. The client
   sends a unicast Teredo bubble to the local IPv4 address and local
   port specified in the entry, and a local Teredo bubble to the Teredo
   IPv4 discovery address.

   4) If the destination is a Teredo IPv6 address in which the cone bit
   is set to 1, the packet is sent over UDP to the mapped IPv4 address
   and mapped UDP port extracted from that IPv6 address.

   5) If the destination is a Teredo IPv6 address in which the cone bit
   is set to 0, the packet is queued. If the client is not located
   behind a cone NAT, it sends a direct bubble to the Teredo
   destination, i.e. to the mapped IP address and mapped port of the
   destination. In all cases, the client sends an indirect bubble to
   the Teredo destination, sending it over UDP to the server address
   and to the Teredo port. The packet will be de-queued and forwarded
   when the client receives a bubble or another packet directly from
   this Teredo peer. If no bubble is received within a 2 second time-
   out, the bubble transmission should be repeated up to 3 times.

   In cases 4 and 5, before sending a packet over UDP, the client MUST
   check that the IPv4 destination address is in the format of a global
   unicast address; if this is not the case, the packet MUST be
   silently discarded. (Note that a packet can legitimately be sent to
   a non-global unicast address in case 1, as a result of the local
   discovery procedure.)

5.2.5   Maintenance

   The Teredo client must ensure that the mappings that it uses remain
   valid. It does so by checking that packets are regularly received
   from the Teredo server.

   At regular intervals, the client MUST check the "date and time of
   the last interaction with the Teredo server", to ensure that at
   least one packet has been received in the last Randomized Teredo
   Refresh Interval. If this is not the case, the client SHOULD send a
   router solicitation message to the server, as specified in 5.2.1;
   the client should use the same value of the "cone" bit that resulted
   in the reception of an RA during the qualification procedure.

   When the router advertisement is received, the client SHOULD check
   its validity as specified in 5.2.1; invalid advertisements are
   silently discarded. If the advertisement is valid, the client MUST
   check that the mapped address and port correspond to the current
   Teredo address. If this is not the case, the mapping has changed;

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   the client must mark the old address as invalid, and start using the
   new address.

5.2.6   Sending Teredo Bubbles

   The Teredo client may have to send a bubble towards another Teredo
   client, either after a packet reception or after a transmission
   attempt, as explained in sections 5.2.3 and 5.2.4.

   When a Teredo client attempts to send a bubble, it extracts the
   mapped IPv4 address and mapped UDP port from the Teredo IPv6 address
   of the target. It then checks whether there is already an entry for
   this IPv6 address in the current list of peers. If there is no
   entry, the client MUST create a new list entry for the address,
   setting the last reception date and the last transmission date to 30
   seconds before the current date, and the number of bubbles to zero.

   Bubbles may be lost in transit, and it is reasonable to enhance the
   reliability of the Teredo service by allowing multiple
   transmissions; however, bubbles will also be lost systematically in
   certain NAT configurations. In order to strike a balance between
   reliability and unnecessary retransmissions, we specify the
   following:

   - The client MUST NOT send a bubble if the last transmission date
   and time is less than 2 seconds before the current date and time;

   - The client MUST NOT send a bubble if it has already sent 4 bubbles
   to the peer in the last 300 seconds without receiving a direct
   response.

   In the other cases, the client MAY proceed with the transmission of
   the bubble. When transmitting the bubble, the client MUST update the
   last transmission date and time to that peer, and must also
   increment the number of transmitted bubbles.

5.2.7   Optional Refresh Interval Determination Procedure

   In addition to the regular client resources described in the
   beginning of this section, the refresh interval determination
   procedure uses an additional UDP port, the Teredo secondary port,
   and the following variables:

   - Teredo secondary connectivity status,
   - Mapped address and port number of the Teredo secondary port,
   - Teredo secondary IPv6 prefix associated with the secondary port,
   - Teredo secondary IPv6 address derived from this prefix,
   - Date and time of the last interaction on the secondary port,
   - Maximum Teredo Refresh Interval.
   - Candidate Teredo Refresh Interval.

   The secondary connectivity status, mapped address and prefix are

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   determined by running the qualification procedure on the secondary
   port. When the client uses the interval determination procedure, the
   qualification procedure MUST be run for the secondary port
   immediately after running it on the service port. If the secondary
   qualification fails, the interval determination procedure will not be
   used, and the interval value will remain to the default value, 30
   seconds. If the secondary qualification succeeds, the maximum refresh
   interval is set to 120 seconds, and the candidate Teredo refresh
   interval is set to 60 seconds, i.e. twice the Teredo refresh
   interval. The procedure is then performed at regular intervals, until
   it concludes:

   1) wait until the candidate refresh interval is elapsed after the
   last interaction on the secondary port;

   2) send a Teredo bubble to the Teredo secondary IPv6 address, through
   the service port.

   3) wait for reception of the bubble on the secondary port. If a timer
   of 2 seconds elapses without reception, repeat step 2 at most three
   times. If there is still no reception, the candidate has failed; if
   there is a reception, the candidate has succeeded.

   4) if the candidate has succeeded, set the Teredo refresh interval to
   the candidate value, and set a new candidate value to the minimum of
   twice the new refresh interval, or the average of the refresh
   interval and the maximum refresh interval.

   5) if the candidate has failed, set the maximum refresh interval to
   the candidate value. If the current refresh interval is larger than
   or equal to 75% of the maximum, the determination procedure has
   concluded; otherwise, set a new candidate value to the average of the
   refresh interval and the maximum refresh interval.

   6) if the procedure has not concluded, perform the maintenance
   procedure on the secondary port, which will reset the date and time
   of the last interaction on the secondary port, and may result in the
   allocation of a new Teredo secondary IPv6 address; this would not
   affect the values of the refresh interval, candidate interval or
   maximum refresh interval.

   The secondary port MUST NOT be used for any other purpose than the
   interval determination procedure. If a spurious packet is received on
   the secondary port, the client SHOULD repeat the maintenance
   procedure on this port and reset the date and time of the last
   interaction on the secondary port.

5.2.8   Optional local client discovery procedure

   It is desirable to enable direct communication between Teredo
   clients that are located behind the same NAT, without forcing a
   systematic relay through a Teredo server. It is hard to design a

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   general solution to this problem, but we can design a partial
   solution when the Teredo clients are connected through IPv4 to the
   same link.

   A Teredo client who wishes to enable local discovery SHOULD wait for
   discovery bubbles to be received on the Teredo IPv4 Discovery
   Address, and should send local discovery bubbles to the Teredo IPv4
   Discovery Address at random intervals, uniformly distributed between
   200 and 300 seconds. A local Teredo bubble has the following
   characteristics:

   - IPv4 source address: the IPv4 address of the sender

   - IPv4 destination address: the Teredo IPv4 Discovery Address

   - IPv4 ttl: 1

   - UDP source port: the Teredo service port of the sender

   - UDP destination port: the Teredo UDP port

   - UDP payload: a minimal IPv6 packet, as follows

   - IPv6 source: the Teredo IPv6 address of the sender

   - IPv6 destination: the all-nodes on-link multicast address

   - IPv6 payload type: 59 (No Next Header, as per [RFC2460])

   - IPv6 payload length: 0

   - IPv6 hop limit: 1

   The local discovery procedure carries a denial of service risk, as
   malevolent nodes could send fake bubbles to unsuspecting parties,
   and thus capture the traffic originating from these parties. The
   risk is mitigated by the filtering rules described in section 5.2.5,
   and also by "link only" multicast scope of the Teredo IPv4 Discovery
   Address, which implies that packets sent to this address will not be
   forwarded across routers.

   To benefit from the "link only multicast" protection, the clients
   should silently discard all local discovery bubbles that are
   received over a unicast address. To further mitigate the denial of
   service risk, the client MUST silently discard all local discovery
   bubbles whose IPv6 source address is not a well-formed Teredo IPv6
   address, or whose IPv4 source address does not belong to the local
   IPv4 subnet; the client MAY decide to silently discard all local
   discovery bubbles whose Teredo IPv6 address do not include the same
   mapped IPv4 address as its own.

   If the bubble is accepted, the client checks whether there is an

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   entry in the list of recent peers that correspond to the mapped IPv4
   address and mapped UDP port associated with the source IPv6 address
   of the bubble. If there is such an entry, the client MUST update the
   local peer address and local peer port parameters to reflect the
   IPv4 source address and UDP source port of the bubble. If there is
   no entry, the client MUST create one, setting the local peer address
   and local peer port parameters to reflect the IPv4 source address
   and UDP source port of the bubble the last reception date to the
   current date and time, the last transmission date to 30 seconds
   before the current date, and the number of bubbles to zero; the
   state of the entry is set to "not trusted".

   Upon reception of a discovery bubble, clients reply with a unicast
   bubble as specified in section 5.2.3.

5.2.9   Direct IPv6 connectivity test

   The Teredo procedures are designed to enable direct connections
   between a Teredo host and a Teredo relay. Teredo hosts located
   behind a cone NAT will receive packets directly from relays; other
   Teredo hosts will learn the original addresses and UDP ports of
   third parties through the local Teredo server. In all of these
   cases, there is a risk that the IPv6 address of the source be
   spoofed by a malevolent party. Teredo hosts must make two decisions,
   whether to accept the packet for local processing, and whether to
   transmit further packets to the IPv6 address through the newly
   learned IPv4 address and UDP port. The basic rule is that the hosts
   should be generous in what they accept, and careful in what they
   send. Refusing to accept packets due to spoofing concerns would
   compromise connectivity, and should only be done when there is a
   near certainty that the source address is spoofed; on the other
   hand, sending packets to the wrong address should be avoided.

   When it wants to send a packet to an IPv6 node on the IPv6 Internet,
   the client should check whether a valid peer entry already exists
   for the IPv6 address of the destination. If this is not the case,
   the client will pick a random number (a nonce) and format an ICMPv6
   Echo Request message whose source is the local Teredo address, whose
   destination is the address of the IPv6 node, and whose Data field is
   set to the nonce. The nonce value and the date at which the packet
   was sent will be documented in a provisional peer entry for the IPV6
   destination. The ICMPv6 packet will then be sent encapsulated in a
   UDP packet bound to the local server IPv4 address, and to the Teredo
   port. The rules of section 5.2.3 specify how the reception of this
   packet will be processed.


5.3     Teredo Server specification

   The Teredo server is designed to be stateless. The Teredo server
   waits for incoming UDP packets at the Teredo Port, using the IPv4
   address that has been selected for the service.

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   The Teredo server acts as an IPv6 router. As such, it will receive
   Router Solicitation messages, to which it will respond with Router
   Advertisement messages as explained in section 5.3.2; it may also
   receive other packets, for example ICMPv6 messages, which are
   processed according to the IPv6 specification.

5.3.1   Processing of Teredo IPv6 packets

   Upon reception of a packet on the Teredo port, the Teredo server
   will first check that the UDP payload contains a valid IPv6 packet;
   if this is not the case, the packet will be silently discarded.

   Before processing the packet, the Teredo server MUST check the
   validity of the encapsulated IPv6 source address, the IPv4 source
   address and the UDP source port:

   1)   If the UDP content is not a well formed IPv6 packet, the packet
   MUST be silently discarded.

   2)   If the UDP packet is not a bubble or an ICMPv6 message, it should
   be discarded.

   3)   If the IPv4 source address is not in the format of a global
   unicast address, the packet MUST be silently discarded.

   4)   If the IPv6 source address is an IPv6 link-local address, the
   IPv6 destination address is the link-local scope all routers
   multicast address (FF02::2), and the packet contains an ICMPv6
   Router Solicitation message, the packet SHOULD be accepted; it
   MUST be discarded if the server requires secure qualification and
   the authentication encapsulation is absent or cannot be verified.

   5)   If the IPv6 source address is a Teredo IPv6 address, and if the
   IPv4 address and UDP port embedded in that address match the IPv4
   source address and UDP source port, the packet SHOULD be
   accepted.

   6)   If the IPv6 source address is not a Teredo IPv6 address, and if
   the IPv6 destination address is a Teredo address allocated
   through this server, the packet SHOULD be accepted.

   7)   In all other cases, the packet MUST be silently discarded.

   The Teredo server will then check the IPv6 destination address of
   the encapsulated IPv6 packet.

   If the IPv6 destination address is the link-local scope all routers
   multicast address (FF02::2), or the link-local address of the
   server, the Teredo server processes the packet; it may have to
   process Router Solicitation messages and ICMPv6 Echo Request
   messages. If the destination IPv6 address is not a global scope IPv6

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INTERNET DRAFT               Teredo                      June 6, 2003

   address, the packet MUST NOT be forwarded.

   If the destination address is not a Teredo IPv6 address, the packet
   should be relayed to the IPv6 Internet using regular IPv6 routing.

   If the IPv6 destination address is a valid Teredo IPv6 address, the
   Teredo Server MUST check that the IPv4 address derived from this
   IPv6 address is in the format of a global unicast address; if this
   is not the case, the packet MUST be silently discarded.

   If the address is valid, the Teredo server encapsulates the IPv6
   packet in a new UDP datagram, in which the following parameters are
   set:

   - The destination IPv4 address is derived from the IPv6 destination.

   - The source IPv4 address is the server's IPv4 address.

   - The destination UDP port is derived from the IPv6 destination.

   -    The source UDP port is set to the Teredo UDP Port.

   If the destination IPv6 address is a Teredo client whose address is
   serviced by this specific server, the server should insert an origin
   indication in the first bytes of the UDP payload, as specified in
   section 5.1.1.

5.3.2   Processing of router solicitations

   When the Teredo server receives a Router Solicitation message (RS,
   [RFC2641]), it retains the IPv4 address and UDP port from which the
   solicitation was received; these become the Teredo mapped address
   and Teredo mapped port of the client. The router uses these values
   to compose the origin indication encapsulation that will be sent
   with the response to the solicitation.

   The Teredo server responds to the router solicitation by sending a
   Router Advertisement message [RFC2641]. The router advertisement
   MUST advertise the Teredo IPv6 prefix composed from the service
   prefix and the server's IPv4 address. The IPv6 source address should
   be set to a Teredo link-local server address associated to the local
   interface. The IPv6 destination address is set to the IPv6 source
   address of the RS. The Router Advertisement message must be sent
   over UDP to the Teredo mapped address and Teredo mapped port of the
   client; the IPv4 source address and UDP source port should be set to
   the server's IPv4 address and Teredo Port. If the cone bit of the
   client's IPv6 address is set to 1, the RA must be sent from a
   different IPv4 source address than the server address over which the
   RS was received; if the cone bit is set to zero, the response must
   be sent back from the same address.

   Before sending the packet, the Teredo server MUST check that the

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   IPv4 destination address is in the format of a global unicast
   address; if this is not the case, the packet MUST be silently
   discarded.

   If secure qualification is required, the server must insert a valid
   authentication parameter in the UDP packet carrying the router
   advertisement. The client identifier and the nonce value used in the
   authentication parameter must be the same identifier as received in
   the router solicitation; the confirmation byte should be set to zero
   if the client identifier is still valid, and a non-null value
   otherwise; the authentication value should be computed using the
   secret that corresponds to the client identifier.

5.4     Teredo Relay specification

   Teredo relays are IPv6 routers that advertise reachability of the
   Teredo service IPv6 prefix through the IPv6 routing protocols.
   Teredo relays will receive IPv6 packets bound to Teredo clients.
   Teredo relays should be able to receive packets sent over IPv4 and
   UDP by Teredo clients; they may apply filtering rules, e.g. only
   accept packets from Teredo clients if they have previously sent
   traffic to these Teredo clients.

   The receiving and sending rules used by Teredo relays are very
   similar to those of Teredo clients. Teredo relays must use a Teredo
   service port to transmit packets to Teredo clients; they must
   maintain a "list of peers", identical to the list of peers
   maintained by Teredo clients. However, Teredo relays do not have to
   perform the qualification procedure.

5.4.1   Transmission by relays to Teredo clients

   When a Teredo relay has to transmit a packet to a Teredo client, it
   examines the destination IPv6 address. By definition, the Teredo
   relays will only send over UDP IPv6 packets whose IPv6 destination
   address is a valid Teredo IPv6 address. Before processing these
   packets, the Teredo Server MUST check that the IPv4 destination
   address embedded in the Teredo IPv6 address is in the format of a
   global unicast address; if this is not the case, the packet MUST be
   silently discarded.

   The relay then checks if there is an entry for this IPv6 address in
   the list of recent Teredo peers, and if the entry is still valid.
   The relay then performs the following:

   1) If there is an entry for that IPv6 address in the list of peers,
   and if the status of the entry is set to "trusted", the IPv6 packet
   should be sent over UDP to the mapped IPv4 address and mapped UDP
   port of the entry. The client updates the date of last transmission
   in the peer entry.

   2) If the destination is a Teredo IPv6 address in which the cone bit

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   is set to 1, the packet is sent over UDP to the mapped IPv4 address
   and mapped UDP port extracted from that IPv6 address.

   3) If the destination is a Teredo IPv6 address in which the cone bit
   is set to 0, the packet is queued. The Teredo relay creates a bubble
   whose source address is set to a local IPv6 address, and whose
   destination address is set to the Teredo IPv6 address of the
   packet's destination. The bubble is sent to the non-null server
   address corresponding to the Teredo destination. The packet will be
   de-queued and forwarded when a bubble or another packet will be
   received from this IPv6 address; if no such packet is received
   before a time-out of 2 seconds, the Teredo relay may repeat the
   bubble, up to three times.

   In cases 2 and 3, the Teredo relay should create a peer entry for
   the IPv6 address; the entry status is marked as trusted in case 2
   (cone NAT), not trusted in case 3. In case 3, if the Teredo relay
   happens to be located behind a non-cone NAT, it should also send a
   bubble directly to the mapped IPv4 address and mapped port number of
   the Teredo destination; this will "open the path" for the return
   bubble from the Teredo client.

5.4.2   Reception from Teredo clients

   The Teredo relay may receive packets from Teredo clients; the
   packets should normally only be sent by clients to which the relay
   previously transmitted packets, i.e. clients whose IPv6 address is
   present in the list of peers. Relays, like clients, use the packet
   reception procedure to maintain the date and time of the last
   interaction with the Teredo server, and the "list of recent peers."

   When a UDP packet is received over the Teredo service port, the
   Teredo relay checks that it contains a valid IPv6 packet as
   specified in [RFC2460]. If this is not the case, the packet is
   silently discarded.

   Then, the Teredo relay examines whether the IPv6 source address is a
   valid Teredo address, and if the mapped IPv4 address and mapped port
   match the IPv4 source address and port number from which the packet
   is received. If this is not the case, the packet is silently
   discarded.

   The Teredo relay then examines whether there is an entry for the
   IPv6 source address in the list of recent peers. If this is not the
   case, the packet may be silently discarded. If this is the case, the
   entry status is set to "trusted"; the relay updates the "date and
   time of the last interaction" to the current date and time.

   Finally, the relay examines the destination IPv6 address. If the
   destination is the "all nodes multicast address", the packet should
   be processed locally. If the destination belongs to a range of IPv6
   addresses served by the relay, the packet SHOULD be accepted, and

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   forwarded to the destination. In the other cases, the packet SHOULD
   be silently discarded.

5.4.3   Difference between Teredo Relays and Teredo Servers

   Because Teredo servers can relay Teredo packets over IPv6, all
   Teredo servers must be capable of behaving as Teredo relays. There
   is however no requirement that Teredo relays behave as Teredo
   servers.

   The dual-role of server and relays implies an additional complexity
   for the programming of servers: the processing of incoming packets
   should be a combination of the server processing rules defined in
   5.3.1, and the relay processing rules defined in 5.4.2.

5.5     Implementation of automatic sunset

   Teredo is designed as an interim transition mechanism, and it is
   important that it should not be used any longer than necessary. The
   "sunset" procedure will be implemented by Teredo clients, servers
   and relays, as specified in this section.

   The Teredo-capable nodes MUST NOT behave as Teredo clients if they
   already have IPv6 connectivity through any other means, such as
   native IPv6 connectivity; in particular, nodes that have a global
   IPv4 address SHOULD obtain connectivity through the 6to4 service
   rather than through the Teredo service. The classic reason why a
   node that does not need connectivity would still enable the Teredo
   service is to guarantee good performance when interacting with
   Teredo clients; however, a Teredo-capable node that has IPv4
   connectivity and that has obtained IPv6 connectivity outside the
   Teredo service MAY decide to behave as a Teredo relay, and still
   obtain good performance when interacting with Teredo clients.

   The Teredo servers are expected to participate in the sunset
   procedure by announcing a date at which they will stop providing the
   service. This date depends on the availability of alternative
   solutions to their clients, such as "dual-mode" gateways that behave
   simultaneously as IPv4 NATs and IPv6 routers. Most Teredo servers
   will not be expected to operate more than a few years, perhaps until
   at most 2006.

   Teredo relays are expected to have the same life span as Teredo
   servers.

6       Discussion of the solution

   This section is an attempt at answering various questions about the
   design choices.

6.1     Why do we require address obfuscation?


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   The Teredo address, as specified in section 4.1.1, include an
   obfuscated copy of the mapped IPv4 address and UDP port of the
   client. This is done to prevent abusive NAT "smartness." We have
   experimental evidence that some NATs, probably in a desire to help
   applications operate more transparently across NATs, are programmed
   to look for occurrence of a 32-bit value that matches their local
   address, and to replace any such value by the local IP address
   allocated to the client; some may also attempt to translate the port
   values; this treatment is performed by some NATs even if they don't
   know the details of the application protocol. By obfuscating the
   address and port, we prevent the NAT from recognizing their own IPv4
   address in the UDP packets exchanged between client and server, and
   avoid the errors caused by a possible rewriting.

6.2     Why do we have bubbles and lists of peers?

   Our algorithm is designed to provide robustness: the client will
   always wait for a successful bubble or packet reception before
   transmitting data packets over UDP. This ensures that data packets
   will always be transmitted on a direct path to another Teredo
   client, or on a direct path to the Teredo relay nearest from an IPv6
   peer.

6.3     Why do servers only process bubbles and ICMPv6 messages?

   In this specification, Teredo servers are requested to only forward
   some minimal packets: initial bubbles between Teredo clients, ICMPv6
   messages between Teredo clients and IPv6 peers. This has two
   advantages: it greatly reduces the transmission load of servers, and
   it also helps in solving some the security issues.

   Restricting the traffic to a few bubbles means that the server will
   only have to carry a few hundred bits of data for any exchange
   between clients and peers. Previous designs allowed transmission of
   data through the server, which placed the server at risk: a lazily
   programmed client could skip sending bubbles, and send all its
   traffic through the server.

   Restricting the server to only carry bubbles and ICMPv6 packets
   removes a privacy risk: if servers were allowed to carry data, a
   client could be convinced to send all its data through a rogue
   server, where it could easily be observed. With our design, a server
   does not see any actual data, and thus poses a much reduced privacy
   risk to its clients.

   Restricting the type of packets that a server can relay also reduces
   another security risk, the use of the server as a reflection point
   in a denial of service attack. An attacker can induce a server to
   reflect packets towards a third party, but the structure of these
   packets is very limited, which prevents the use of the server in a
   "magic packet" attack.


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6.4     What if two clients are behind the same NAT?

   Our design choice implies some restrictions in the Teredo service.
   The first restriction concerns two clients connected to the Internet
   through the same NAT.

                                          .-----------------------
                                          |  Private network
                .--.   src=9.0.0.1:4096 .-----.     .----------.
               (IPv4)  src=9.0.0.1:4097;| NAT |     | Teredo   |
             (Internet)<--------------  | BOX | <-- | Client-1 |
               (    )   (UDP tunneled   |     | <.  '----------'
                '--'         IPv6)      '-----'  |    10.0.0.2:1234
                 |                9.0.0.1 |      |  .----------.
                 |                        |      |  | Teredo   |
                 |                        |      '- | Client-2 |
                 V                        |         '----------'
          .--------------.                |           10.0.0.3:1234
          |   Teredo     |                '-----------------------
          |   Server     |
          '--------------'

   The first client uses the private address and port 10.0.0.2:1234,
   which is mapped to 9.0.0.1:4096 by the NAT; the second client uses
   10.0.0.3:1234, mapped to 9.0.0.1:4097. If the first client tries to
   send a direct packet to the second client, that packet will be
   routed to the address 9.0.0.1:4097, i.e. to the external IP address
   of the local NAT. There is no guarantee that the NAT will be able to
   correctly process these packets; there is indeed some possibility
   that they may be lost, and that the two clients will not be able to
   communicate using Teredo.

   We deliberately accept this restriction, as the alternative would be
   to relay the traffic between the two internal clients through the
   Teredo server. Since the clients are located behind the same NAT, in
   the same domain, there is a risk that the clients might exchange
   sensitive data without necessarily using proper protection; sending
   this data over the Internet to the Teredo server would expose the
   clients to a significant risk of information disclosure.

6.5     What about symmetric NAT?

   The exchange of bubbles will fail if one of the Teredo clients is
   located behind a symmetric NAT; in practice, this means that clients
   located behind a symmetric NAT should not use Teredo.

6.6     Do we need the Refresh Interval Determination Procedure?

   When the client is initialized, the Teredo Refresh Interval is set
   to 30 seconds. This value is lower than the minimum interval found
   necessary in a measurement campaign conducted by a Microsoft team in
   January 2001; the measured values ranged between 45 seconds and more

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   than 15 minutes. There is always a risk that some NAT manufacturers
   program some ever smaller time to live intervals for their mappings,
   but doing so would break many applications and would probably
   generate an uproar from Internet users. By picking a conservatively
   small value, we guarantee that the service will work with most NATs.

   On the other hand, picking a conservative value increases the
   maintenance traffic and the load on the Teredo servers. We know that
   in many cases interval as large as 5 or 10 minutes would be
   adequate; however, we also know that there is a high risk of false
   positives, e.g. when a NAT is connected by an ISDN "on demand" link.
   The determination procedure is designed to quickly find whether a
   value larger than 30 seconds is adequate, while not trying to
   achieve a value larger than 2 minutes. The parameters have been
   chosen for rapid convergence, i.e. at most 3 iterations between the
   initial value of 30 seconds and the maximum value of 120 seconds or
   2 minutes.

6.7     Why do we use a Randomized Refresh Interval?

   We specify in the maintenance procedure that the interval between
   successive refresh must be a random value chosen between 75% and
   100% of the Teredo Refresh Interval. This randomization procedure is
   meant to avoid the possible risk of synchronization that is inherent
   to any periodic refresh mechanism; if synchronization occurred, all
   Teredo clients would send their router solicitation messages quasi
   simultaneously to the Teredo server, which would overwhelm the
   server. A synchronization phenomenon caused by periodic messages is
   studied in [SYNCHRO]; the 75%-100% interval is meant to meet the
   guidelines developed in this reference publication.

6.8     Scaling, failover and access control

   The Teredo service is designed to impose minimal requirements on
   servers and relays: capability to send packets over IPv4 using a
   regular IPv4 address; capability to send and receive packets over
   IPv6; capability to advertise reachability of the Teredo service
   prefix in at least some limited scope. These minimal requirements
   make it easy to deploy a large number of servers and relays, thus
   ensuring scalability of the service.

   Teredo clients may obtain a more resilient service if they can use
   several different servers. Teredo clients will detect that a server
   is failing through the failure of the qualification procedure; they
   may try at that point to obtain services from a different server.

6.9     What about firewalls?

   The Teredo service is not designed to "transparently traverse
   firewalls." A local administrator can decide to allow or disallow
   the service, by programming the local firewall to authorize or deny
   traffic on the Teredo UDP port.

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   Implementations of Teredo should include an administrative control
   that explicitly enables use of the Teredo service; the service
   should not start if not explicitly authorized.

   Implementations of Teredo should be configured to shut down the
   Teredo service when the Teredo client is connected within a "managed
   network", such as an enterprise network. For example, the
   implementation of Teredo in Microsoft Windows is configured to shut
   down the Teredo service if the client is a member of a Windows
   domain.

6.10    Why do we use the name Teredo?

   "Teredo navalis" is the Latin name for a little saltwater critter
   that is common in the harbors of warm seas and that digs worm holes
   in immersed wood pieces, such as boat hulls or pilings. The animal
   is not an actual worm - it is a mollusk. The Teredo service also
   digs holes, albeit in NATs, not in wood.

   On one hand, one may think that the Teredo is a pretty nasty animal.
   On the other hand, the animal only survives in relatively clean and
   unpolluted water; its recent comeback in several North American
   harbors is a testimony to their newly retrieved cleanliness. The
   Teredo service should, in turn, contribute to a newly retrieved
   transparency of the Internet.

7       Use of Teredo to implement a tunnel service

   It may be desirable in some cases to deploy stateful tunnel servers
   instead of the stateless Teredo servers. Tunnels servers generally
   require more resources, but an advantage is that they can
   potentially provide the users with "permanent" IPv6 addresses.

   It is possible to design a tunnel server protocol that is compatible
   with Teredo, in the sense that the same client could be used either
   in the Teredo service or with a tunnel service. In fact, this can be
   done by configuring the client with:

   -    The IPv4 address of a Teredo server that acts as a tunnel broker
   -    A client identifier
   -    A shared secret with that server.

   The Teredo client will use the secure qualification procedure, as
   specified in section 5.2.2. Instead of returning a Teredo prefix in
   the router advertisement, the server will return a globally routable
   IPv6 prefix; this prefix may be permanently assigned to the client,
   which would provide the client with a stable address. The server
   will have to keep state, i.e. memorize the association between the
   prefix assigned to the client and the mapped IPv4 address and mapped
   UDP port of the client.


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   The Teredo server will advertise reachability of the client prefix
   to the IPv6 Internet. Any packet bound to that prefix will be
   transmitted to the mapped IPv4 address and mapped UDP port of the
   client.

   The Teredo client, when it receives the prefix, will notice that
   this prefix is a global IPv6 prefix, not in the form of a Teredo
   prefix. The client will at that point recognize that it should
   operate in tunnel mode. A client that operates in tunnel mode will
   execute a much simpler transmission procedure: it will forward any
   packet sent to the Teredo interface to the IPv4 address and Teredo
   UDP port of the server.

   The Teredo client will have to perform the maintenance procedure
   described in section 5.2.5. The server will receive the router
   solicitation, and may notice a possible change of mapped IPv4
   address and mapped UDP port that could result from the
   reconfiguration of the mappings inside the NAT. The server should
   continue advertising the same IPv6 prefix to the client, and should
   update the mapped IPv4 address and mapped UDP port associated to
   this prefix, if necessary.

8       Security Considerations

   The main objective of Teredo is to provide nodes located behind a
   NAT with a globally routable IPv6 address. This enables such nodes
   to use IP security services such as IKE, AH or ESP. As such, we can
   argue that the service has a positive effect on network security.
   However, the security analysis must also envisage the negative
   effects of the Teredo services, which we can group in four
   categories: security risks of directly connecting a node to the IPv6
   Internet, spoofing of Teredo servers to enable a man-in-the-middle
   attack, potential attacks aimed at denying the Teredo service to a
   Teredo client, and denial of service attacks against non-Teredo
   participating nodes that would be enabled by the Teredo service.

   In the following, we review in detail these four types of issues,
   and we present mitigating strategies for each of them.

8.1     Opening a hole in the NAT

   The very purpose of the Teredo service is to make a machine
   reachable through IPv6. By definition, the machine using the service
   will give up whatever "firewall" service was available in the NAT
   box; all services declared locally will become potential target of
   attacks from the entire IPv6 Internet. This may sound scary, but
   there are three mitigating factors.

   The first mitigating factor is the possibility to restrict some
   services to only accept traffic from one of the limited address
   scopes defined in IPv6, e.g. link-local or site-local. There is no
   support for such scopes in Teredo, which implies that limited-scope

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   services will not be accessed through Teredo, and will be restricted
   to whatever other IPv6 connectivity may be available, e.g. direct
   traffic with neighbors on the local link, behind the NAT.

   The second mitigating factor is the possible use of a "local
   firewall" solution, i.e. a piece of software that performs locally
   the kind of inspection and filtering that is otherwise performed in
   a perimeter firewall. Using such software is recommended.

   The third mitigating factor, already noted, is the availability of
   end-to-end connectivity, which allows for deployment of IP security
   services such as IKE, AH or ESP. Using these services in conjunction
   with Teredo is a good policy, as it will protect the client from
   possible attacks in intermediate servers such as the NAT, the Teredo
   server, or the Teredo relay.

8.2     Using the Teredo service for a man-in-the-middle attack

   The goal of the Teredo service is to provide hosts located behind a
   NAT with a globally reachable IPv6 address. There is a possible
   class of attacks against this service in which an attacker somehow
   intercepts the router solicitation, responds with a spoofed router
   advertisement, and provides a Teredo client with an incorrect
   address. The attacker may have one of two objectives: it may try to
   deny service to the Teredo client by providing it with an address
   that is in fact unreachable, or it may try to insert itself as a
   relay for all client communications, effectively enabling a variety
   of "man-in-the-middle" attack.

   The secure qualification procedure described in section 5.2.2
   enables a good protection against attacks in which a third party
   tries to spoof the server. To defeat this protection, the attacker
   could try to obtain a copy of the secret shared between client and
   server. The most likely way to obtain the shared secret is to listen
   to the traffic and mount an offline dictionary attack; to protect
   against this attack, the secret shared between client and server
   should be provisioned by an automatic procedure and contain
   sufficient entropy.

   Another way to defeat the protection afforded by the signature
   procedure is to mount a complex attack, as follows:

   1) Client prepares router solicitation, including authentication
   header.

   2) Attacker intercepts the solicitation, and somehow manages to
   prevent it from reaching the server, for example by mounting a short
   duration DoS attack against the server.

   3) Attacker replaces the source IPv4 address and source UDP port of
   the request by one of its own addresses and port, and forwards the
   modified request to the server.

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   4) Server dutifully notes the IPv4 address from which the packet is
   received, verifies that the Authentication encapsulation is correct,
   prepares a router advertisement, signs it, and sends it back to the
   incoming address, i.e. the attacker.

   5) Attacker receives the advertisement, takes note of the mapping,
   replaces the IPv4 address and UDP port by the original values in the
   intercepted message, and sends the response to the client.

   6) Client receives the advertisement, notes that the authentication
   header is present and is correct, and uses the proposed prefix and
   the mapped addresses in the origin indication encapsulation.

   The root cause of the problem is that the NAT is, in itself, a man-
   in-the-middle attack. The Authentication encapsulation covers the
   encapsulated IPv6 packet, but does not cover the encapsulating IPv4
   header and UDP header. It is very hard to devise an effective
   signature scheme, since the attacker does not do anything else than
   what the NAT legally does!

   There are however several mitigating factors that lead us to avoid
   worrying too much about this attack. In practice, the gain from the
   attack is to either deny service to the client, or obtain a "man-in-
   the-middle" position; however, in order to mount the attack, the
   attacker must be able to suppress traffic originating from the
   client, i.e. have denial of service capability; the attacker must
   also be able to observe the traffic exchanged between client and
   inject its own traffic in the mix, i.e. have man-in-the-middle
   capacity. In summary, the attack is very hard to mount, and the gain
   for the attacker is minimal.

8.2.1   End-to-end security

   The most effective line of defense of a Teredo client is probably
   not to try to secure the Teredo service itself: even if the mapping
   can be securely obtained, the attacker would still be able to listen
   to the traffic and send spoofed packets. Rather, the Teredo client
   should realize that, because it is located behind a NAT, it is in a
   situation of vulnerability; it should systematically try to encrypt
   its IPv6 traffic, using IPSEC. Even if the IPv4 and UDP headers are
   vulnerable, the use of IPSEC will effectively prevent spoofing and
   listening of the IPv6 packets by third parties. By providing each
   client with a global IPv6 address, Teredo enables the use of IPSEC
   and ultimately enhances the security of these clients.

8.3     Denial of the Teredo service

   Our analysis outlines five ways to attack the Teredo service. There
   are counter-measures for each of these attacks.

8.3.1   Denial of service by a rogue relay

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   An attack can be mounted on the IPv6 side of the service by setting
   up a rogue relay, and letting that relay advertise a route to the
   Teredo IPv6 prefix. This is an attack against IPv6 routing, which
   can also be mitigated by the same kind of procedures used to
   eliminate spurious route advertisements. Dual stack nodes that
   implement a "host local" Teredo relays are impervious to this
   attack.

8.3.1   Denial of service by server spoofing

   In section 8.2, we discussed the use of spoofed router
   advertisements to insert an attacker in the middle of a Teredo
   conversation. The spoofed router advertisements can also be used to
   provision a client with an incorrect address, pointing to either a
   non existing IPv4 address or to the IPv4 address of a third party.

   The Teredo client will detect the attack when it fails to receive
   traffic through the newly acquired IPv6 address. The attack can be
   mitigated by using the authentication encapsulation.

8.3.2   Denial of service by exceeding the number of peers

   A Teredo client manages a cache of recently-used peers, which makes
   it stateful. It is possible to mount an attack against the client by
   provoking it to respond to packets that appear to come from a large
   number of Teredo peers, thus trashing the cache and effectively
   denying the use of direct communication between peers. The effect
   will only last as long as the attack is sustained.

8.3.3   Attacks against the local discovery procedure

   There is a possible denial of service attack against the local peer
   discovery procedure, if attackers can manage to send spoofed local
   discovery bubbles to a Teredo client. The checks described in
   section 5.2.8 mitigate this attack. Clients who are more interested
   in security than in performance could decide to disable the local
   discovery procedure; however, if local discovery is disabled,
   traffic between local nodes will end up being relayed through a
   server external to the local network, which has questionable
   security implications.

8.3.4   Attacking the Teredo servers and relays

   It is possible to mount a brute force denial of service attack
   against the Teredo servers by sending them a very large number of
   packets. This attack will have to be "brute force", since the
   servers are stateless, and can be designed to process all the
   packets that are sent on their access line.

   The brute force attack against the Teredo servers is mitigated if
   clients are ready to "failover" to another server. Bringing down the

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   servers will however force the clients that change servers to
   renumber their Teredo address.

   It is also possible to mount a brute force attack against a Teredo
   relay. This attack is mitigated if the relay under attack stops
   announcing the reachability of the Teredo service prefix to the IPv6
   network: the traffic will be picked up by the next relay.

8.4     Denial of service against non-Teredo nodes

   There is a widely expressed concern that transition mechanisms such
   as Teredo can be used to mount denial of service attacks, by
   injecting traffic at locations where it is not expected. These
   attacks fall in three categories: using the Teredo servers as a
   reflector in a denial of service attack, using the Teredo server to
   carry a denial of service attack against IPv6 nodes, and using the
   Teredo relays to carry a denial of service attack against IPv4
   nodes. The analysis of these attacks follows. A common mitigating
   factor in all cases is the "regularity" of the Teredo traffic, which
   contains highly specific patterns such as the Teredo UDP port, or
   the Teredo IPv6 prefix. In case of attacks, these patterns can be
   used to quickly install filters and remove the offending traffic.

8.4.1   Laundering DOS attacks from IPv4 to IPv4

   An attacker can use the Teredo servers as reflectors in a denial of
   service attack aimed at an IPv4 target. The attacker can do this in
   one of two ways. The first way is to construct a Router Solicitation
   message and post it to a Teredo server, using as IPv4 source address
   the spoofed address of the target; the Teredo server will then send
   a Router advertisement message to the target. The second way is to
   construct a Teredo IPv6 address using the Teredo prefix, the address
   of a selected server, the IPv4 of the target, and an arbitrary UDP
   port, and to then send packets bound to that address to the selected
   Teredo server.

   Reflector attacks are discussed in [REFLECT], which outlines various
   mitigating techniques against such attacks. One of these mitigations
   is to observe that 'the traffic generated by the reflectors [has]
   sufficient regularity and semantics that it can be filtered out near
   the victim without the filtering itself constituting a denial-of-
   service to the victim ("collateral damage").' The traffic reflected
   by the Teredo servers meets this condition: it is clearly
   recognizable, since it originates from the Teredo UDP port; it can
   be filtered out safely if the target itself is not a Teredo user. In
   addition, the packets relayed by servers will carry an Origin
   indication encapsulation, which will help determining the source of
   the attack.

8.4.2   DOS attacks from IPv4 to IPv6

   An attacker may use the Teredo servers to launch a denial of service

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   attack against an arbitrary IPv6 destination. The attacker will
   build an IPv6 packet bound for the target, and will send that packet
   to the IPv4 address and UDP port of a Teredo server, to be relayed
   from there to the target over IPv6.

   The address checks specified in section 5.3.1 provide some
   protection against this attack, as they ensure that the IPv6 source
   address will be consistent with the IPv4 source address and UDP
   source port used by the attacker: if the attacker cannot spoof the
   IPv4 source address, the target will be able to determine the origin
   of the attack.

   The address checks ensure that the IPv6 source address of packets
   forwarded by servers will start with the IPv6 Teredo prefix. This is
   a mitigating factor, as sites under attack could use this to filter
   out all packets sourced from that prefix during an attack. This will
   result in a partial loss of service, as the target will not be able
   to communicate with legitimate Teredo hosts that use the same
   prefix; however, the communication with other IPv6 hosts will remain
   unaffected, and the communication with Teredo hosts will be able to
   resume when the attack has ceased.

   The ICMP Traceback (ITRACE) working group is considering systems for
   "tracing" the source of DOS attacks. According to the proposal, when
   forwarding packets, routers can, with a low probability, generate a
   Traceback message that is sent along to the destination; with enough
   Traceback messages from enough routers along the path, the traffic
   source and path can be determined. This set up assumes that the
   source and destination are both using the same version of IP. In the
   Teredo case, the ICMP Traceback packets will be sent to the Teredo
   server, not the final destination. It is conceivable to "map" the
   IPv4 traceback to an IPv6 traceback sent by the Teredo server; the
   details of the solution should be specified by the ITRACE working
   group.

8.4.3   DOS attacks from IPv6 to IPv4

   An attacker with IPv6 connectivity may use the Teredo relays to
   launch a denial of service attack against an arbitrary IPv4
   destination. The attacker will compose a Teredo IPv6 address using
   the Teredo prefix, a null server address, the IPv4 address of the
   target, an arbitrary UDP port, and an arbitrary node identifier. The
   attacker will send IPv6 packets to that address; the packets will be
   routed to the nearest Teredo relay, and forwarded from there to the
   target.

   The address checks specified in 5.4 are limited to verifying that
   packets are only relayed to a global IPv4 address. This rules out a
   class of attack in which the packets are bound to a broadcast or
   multicast address. It also rules out another class of attack in
   which the packets are bound for a private IPv4 address that would be
   reachable by the relay.

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   The attack can be targeted at arbitrary UDP ports, such as for
   example the DNS port of a server. The UDP payload must be a well-
   formed IPv6 packet, and is thus unlikely to be accepted by any well-
   written UDP service; in most case, the only effect of the attack
   will be to overload the target with random traffic.

   A special case occurs if the attack is directed to an echo service.
   The service will echo the packets. Since the echo service sees the
   request coming from the IPv4 address of the relay, the echo replies
   will be sent back to the same relay. According to the rules
   specified in 5.4, these packets will be discarded by the Teredo
   relay. This is not a very efficient attack against the Teredo relays
   - establishing a legitimate session with an actual Teredo host would
   create more traffic.

   The IPv6 packets sent to the target contain the IPv6 address used by
   the attacker. If ingress filtering is used in the IPv6 network, this
   address will be hard to spoof. If ingress filtering is not used, the
   attacker can be traced if the IPv6 routers use a mechanism similar
   to ICMP Traceback. The ICMP messages will normally be collected by
   the same relays that forward the traffic from the attacker; the
   relays can use these messages to identify the source of an ongoing
   attack. The details of this solution should be specified by the
   ITRACE working group.

9       IAB considerations

   The IAB has studied the problem of "Unilateral Self Address Fixing"
   (UNSAF), which is the general process by which a client attempts to
   determine its address in another realm on the other side of a NAT
   through a collaborative protocol reflection mechanism [RFC3424].
   Teredo is an example of a protocol that performs this type of
   function. The IAB has mandated that any protocols developed for this
   purpose document a specific set of considerations. This section
   meets those requirements.

9.1     Problem Definition

   From [RFC3424], any UNSAF proposal must provide a precise definition
   of a specific, limited-scope problem that is to be solved with the
   UNSAF proposal.  A short term fix should not be generalized to solve
   other problems; this is why "short term fixes usually aren't".

   The specific problems being solved by Teredo is the provision of
   IPv6 connectivity for a host that cannot obtain IPv6 connectivity
   either natively or by other means, such as 6to4.

9.2     Exit Strategy

   From [RFC3424], any UNSAF proposal must provide the description of
   an exit strategy/transition plan.  The better short term fixes are

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   the ones that will naturally see less and less use as the
   appropriate technology is deployed.

   Teredo comes with its own built in exit strategy: as soon as IPv6
   connectivity is obtained by other means, Teredo will cease to be
   used. In particular, we expect that the next generation of home
   routers will provide an IPv6 service in complement to the current
   IPv4 NAT service, e.g. by relaying connectivity obtained from the
   ISP, or by using a configured or automatic tunnel service.

   The exit strategy is facilitated by the nature of Teredo, which
   provides an IP level solution. IPv6 aware applications do not have
   to be updated to use or not use Teredo. The absence of impact on the
   applications makes it easier to migrate out of Teredo: network
   connectivity suffices.

9.3     Brittleness Introduced by Teredo

   From [RFC3424], any UNSAF proposal must provide a discussion of
   specific issues that may render systems more "brittle".  For
   example, approaches that involve using data at multiple network
   layers create more dependencies, increase debugging challenges, and
   make it harder to transition.

   Teredo introduces brittleness into the system in several ways: the
   discovery process assumes a certain classification of devices based
   on their treatment of UDP; the mappings need to be continuously
   refreshed, while the ; and addressing structure may cause some hosts
   located beyond a common NAT to be unreachable from each other.
   (There are many similarities between these points and those
   introduced by STUN [RFC3489].)

   Teredo assumes a certain classification of devices based on their
   treatment of UDP, e.g. cone, protected cone and symmetric. There
   could be devices that would not fit into one of these molds, and
   hence would be improperly classified by Teredo.

   The bindings allocated from the NAT need to be continuously
   refreshed.  Since the timeouts for these bindings is very
   implementation specific, the refresh interval cannot easily be
   determined.  When the binding is not being actively used to
   receive traffic, but to wait for an incoming message, the binding
   refresh will needlessly consume network bandwidth.

   The use of the Teredo server as an additional network element
   introduces another point of potential security attack. These
   attacks are largely prevented by the security measures provided by
   Teredo, but not entirely.

   The use of the Teredo server as an additional network element
   introduces another point of failure.  If the client cannot locate a
   Teredo server, or if the server should be unavailable due to

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   failure, the Teredo client will not be able to obtain IPv6
   connectivity.

   Teredo imposes some restrictions on the network topologies for
   proper operation. In particular, if the same NAT is on the path
   between two clients and the Teredo server, these clients will only
   be able to interoperate if they are connected to the same link, or
   if the common NAT is capable of "looping" packets sent by one client
   to another.

9.4     Requirements for a Long Term Solution

   From [RFC3424], any UNSAF proposal must identify requirements for
   longer term, sound technical solutions -- contribute to the process
   of finding the right longer term solution.

   Our experience with Teredo has led to the following requirements for
   a long term solution to the NAT problem: the devices that implement
   the IPv4 NAT services should in the future also become IPv6 routers.

10      IANA Considerations

   This memo documents a request to IANA to allocate a Teredo IPv6
   service prefix, and a Teredo IPv4 multicast address.

11      Copyright

   The following copyright notice is copied from RFC 2026 [Bradner,
   1996], Section 10.4, and describes the applicable copyright for this
   document.

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society September 17, 2002. All Rights
   Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph
   are included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assignees.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an

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   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

12      Intellectual Property

   The following notice is copied from RFC 2026 [Bradner, 1996],
   Section 10.4, and describes the position of the IETF concerning
   intellectual property claims made against this document.

   The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
   intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to
   pertain to the implementation or use other technology described in
   this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
   might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it
   has made any effort to identify any such rights.  Information on the
   IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and
   standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11.  Copies of
   claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances
   of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made
   to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
   proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification
   can be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.

   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
   copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
   rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
   this standard.  Please address the information to the IETF Executive
   Director.

13      Acknowledgements

   Many of the ideas in this memo are the result of discussions between
   the author and Microsoft colleagues, notably Brian Zill, John
   Miller, Mohit Talwar, Joseph Davies and Rick Rashid. Several
   encapsulation details are inspired from earlier work by Keith Moore.
   The example in section 5.1 and a number of security precautions were
   suggested by Pekka Savola. The local discovery procedure was
   suggested by Richard Draves and Dave Thaler. The document was
   reviewed by the NGTRANS working group; Brian Carpenter, Cyndi Jung,
   Keith Moore, Thomas Narten, Anssi Porttikivi, Pekka Savola, and Eng
   Soo Guan.

14      References

   Normative references

   [RFC768] J. Postel, "User Datagram Protocol", RFC 768, August 1980.

   [RFC791] J. Postel, "Internet Protocol", RFC 791, September 1981.

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   [RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
   April 1992.

   [RFC1918] Y. Rekhter, B. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. J. de Groot,
   E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets", RFC 1918,
   February 1996.

   [RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
   Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2460] S. Deering, R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
   (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.

   [RFC2461] T. Narten, E. Nordmark, W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery
   for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December 1998.

   [RFC2462] T. Narten, S. Thomson, "IPv6 Stateless Address
   Autoconfiguration", RFC 2462, December 1998.

   [RFC3056] B. Carpenter, K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains via
   IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.

   [RFC3068] C. Huitema, "An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers",
   RFC 3068, June 2001.

   [RFC3424] Daigle, L., Editor, "IAB Considerations for Unilateral
   Self-Address Fixing (UNSAF) Across Network Address Translation", RFC
   3424, November 2002.

   Informative references

   [RFC1750] D. Eastlake, S. Crocker, J. Schiller, "Randomness
   Recommendations for Security", RFC 1750, December 1994.

   [RFC3489] Rosenberg, J., Weinberger, J., Huitema, C., and R. Mahy.
   "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Through
   Network Address Translators (NATs)", RFC 3489, March 2003.

   [SYNCHRO] S. Floyd, V. Jacobson, "The synchronization of periodic
   routing messages", ACM SIGCOMM'93 Symposium, September 1993.

   [REFLECT] V. Paxson, "An analysis of using reflectors for
   distributed denial of service attacks." Computer Communication
   Review, ACM SIGCOMM, Volume 31, Number 3, July 2001, pp 38-47.

15      Authors' Addresses

   Christian Huitema
   Microsoft Corporation
   One Microsoft Way
   Redmond, WA 98052-6399

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   Email: huitema@microsoft.com



















































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Table of Contents:

1 Introduction ....................................................   1
2 Definitions .....................................................   2
2.1 Teredo service ................................................   2
2.2 Teredo Client .................................................   2
2.3 Teredo Server .................................................   2
2.4 Teredo Relay ..................................................   3
2.5 Teredo IPv6 service prefix ....................................   3
2.5.1 Global Teredo IPv6 service prefix ...........................   3
2.6 Teredo UDP port ...............................................   3
2.7 Teredo bubble .................................................   3
2.8 Teredo service port ...........................................   3
2.9 Teredo server address .........................................   3
2.10 Teredo mapped address and Teredo mapped port .................   3
2.11 Teredo IPv6 client prefix ....................................   3
2.12 Teredo node identifier .......................................   4
2.13 Teredo IPv6 address ..........................................   4
2.14 Teredo Refresh Interval ......................................   4
2.15 Teredo secondary port ........................................   4
2.16 Teredo IPv4 Discovery Address ................................   4
3 Design goals, requirements, and model of operation ..............   4
3.1 Hypotheses about NAT behavior .................................   4
3.1.1 Types of UDP mappings .......................................   5
3.1.2 Lifetime of UDP mappings ....................................   5
3.2 IPv6 provider of last resort ..................................   6
3.2.1 When to use Teredo? .........................................   6
3.2.2 Autonomous deployment .......................................   6
3.2.3 Minimal load on servers .....................................   7
3.2.4 Automatic sunset ............................................   7
3.3 Operational Requirements ......................................   7
3.3.1 Robustness requirement ......................................   7
3.3.2 Minimal support cost ........................................   7
3.3.3 Protection against denial of service attacks ................   8
3.3.4 Protection against distributed denial of service attacks ....   8
3.3.5 Compatibility with ingress filtering ........................   8
4 Model of operation and deployment ...............................   8
4.1 Model of operation ............................................   8
4.1.1 Encoding of Teredo addresses ................................   9
4.1.2 Obtaining an address ........................................  10
4.1.3 Determining the type of NAT .................................  12
4.1.4 First packet from an IPv6 node to a Teredo node .............  13
4.1.5 First packet from a Teredo node to a regular IPv6 node ......  14
4.1.6 Exchanges between two Teredo nodes ..........................  16
4.1.7 Exchanges between two Teredo nodes on the same link .........  18
4.2 Deployment model ..............................................  19
4.2.1 Server deployment ...........................................  20
4.2.2 Relay deployment ............................................  20
5 Specification of clients, servers and relays ....................  20
5.1 Message formats ...............................................  21
5.1.1 Teredo IPv6 packets encapsulation ...........................  21

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5.1.2 Maximum Transmission Unit ...................................  23
5.2 Teredo Client specification ...................................  23
5.2.1 Qualification procedure .....................................  24
5.2.2 Secure qualification ........................................  27
5.2.3 Packet reception ............................................  27
5.2.4 Packet transmission .........................................  29
5.2.5 Maintenance .................................................  30
5.2.6 Sending Teredo Bubbles ......................................  31
5.2.7 Optional Refresh Interval Determination Procedure ...........  31
5.2.8 Optional local client discovery procedure ...................  32
5.2.9 Direct IPv6 connectivity test ...............................  34
5.3 Teredo Server specification ...................................  34
5.3.1 Processing of Teredo IPv6 packets ...........................  35
5.3.2 Processing of router solicitations ..........................  36
5.4 Teredo Relay specification ....................................  37
5.4.1 Transmission by relays to Teredo clients ....................  37
5.4.2 Reception from Teredo clients ...............................  38
5.4.3 Difference between Teredo Relays and Teredo Servers .........  39
5.5 Implementation of automatic sunset ............................  39
6 Discussion of the solution ......................................  39
6.1 Why do we require address obfuscation? ........................  39
6.2 Why do we have bubbles and lists of peers? ....................  40
6.3 Why do servers only process bubbles and ICMPv6 messages? ......  40
6.4 What if two clients are behind the same NAT? ..................  41
6.5 What about symmetric NAT? .....................................  41
6.6 Do we need the Refresh Interval Determination Procedure? ......  41
6.7 Why do we use a Randomized Refresh Interval? ..................  42
6.8 Scaling, failover and access control ..........................  42
6.9 What about firewalls? .........................................  42
6.10 Why do we use the name Teredo? ...............................  43
7 Use of Teredo to implement a tunnel service .....................  43
8 Security Considerations .........................................  44
8.1 Opening a hole in the NAT .....................................  44
8.2 Using the Teredo service for a man-in-the-middle attack .......  45
8.2.1 End-to-end security .........................................  46
8.3 Denial of the Teredo service ..................................  46
8.3.1 Denial of service by a rogue relay ..........................  46
8.3.1 Denial of service by server spoofing ........................  47
8.3.2 Denial of service by exceeding the number of peers ..........  47
8.3.3 Attacks against the local discovery procedure ...............  47
8.3.4 Attacking the Teredo servers and relays .....................  47
8.4 Denial of service against non-Teredo nodes ....................  48
8.4.1 Laundering DOS attacks from IPv4 to IPv4 ....................  48
8.4.2 DOS attacks from IPv4 to IPv6 ...............................  48
8.4.3 DOS attacks from IPv6 to IPv4 ...............................  49
9 IAB considerations ..............................................  50
9.1 Problem Definition ............................................  50
9.2 Exit Strategy .................................................  50
9.3 Brittleness Introduced by Teredo ..............................  51
9.4 Requirements for a Long Term Solution .........................  52
10 IANA Considerations ............................................  52
11 Copyright ......................................................  52

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12 Intellectual Property ..........................................  53
13 Acknowledgements ...............................................  53
14 References .....................................................  53
15 Authors' Addresses .............................................  54

















































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