6Lo Working Group                                            P. Mariager
Internet-Draft                                          J. Petersen, Ed.
Intended status: Standards Track                                 RTX A/S
Expires: April 27, 2017                                        Z. Shelby
                                                                     ARM
                                                          M. Van de Logt
                                             Gigaset Communications GmbH
                                                              D. Barthel
                                                             Orange Labs
                                                        October 24, 2016


        Transmission of IPv6 Packets over DECT Ultra Low Energy
                       draft-ietf-6lo-dect-ule-07

Abstract

   DECT Ultra Low Energy is a low power air interface technology that is
   defined by the DECT Forum and specified by ETSI.

   The DECT air interface technology has been used world-wide in
   communication devices for more than 20 years, primarily carrying
   voice for cordless telephony but has also been deployed for data
   centric services.

   The DECT Ultra Low Energy is a recent addition to the DECT interface
   primarily intended for low-bandwidth, low-power applications such as
   sensor devices, smart meters, home automation etc.  As the DECT Ultra
   Low Energy interface inherits many of the capabilities from DECT, it
   benefits from long range, interference free operation, world wide
   reserved frequency band, low silicon prices and maturity.  There is
   an added value in the ability to communicate with IPv6 over DECT ULE
   such as for Internet of Things applications.

   This document describes how IPv6 is transported over DECT ULE using
   6LoWPAN techniques.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.





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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 27, 2017.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Requirements Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.2.  Terms Used  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  DECT Ultra Low Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.1.  The DECT ULE Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     2.2.  Link Layer Roles and Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.3.  Addressing Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     2.4.  MTU Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     2.5.  Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   3.  Specification of IPv6 over DECT ULE . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  Protocol Stack  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     3.2.  Link Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.3.  Subnets and Internet Connectivity Scenarios . . . . . . .  14
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   6.  ETSI Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20






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1.  Introduction

   DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) is a standard
   series [EN300.175-part1-7] specified by ETSI and CAT-iq (Cordless
   Advanced Technology - internet and quality) is a set of product
   certification and interoperability profiles [CAT-iq] defined by DECT
   Forum.  DECT Ultra Low Energy (DECT ULE or just ULE) is an air
   interface technology building on the key fundamentals of traditional
   DECT / CAT-iq but with specific changes to significantly reduce the
   power consumption at the expense of data throughput.  DECT ULE
   devices with requirements on power consumption as specified by ETSI
   in [TS102.939-1] and [TS102.939-2], will operate on special power
   optimized silicon, but can connect to a DECT Gateway supporting
   traditional DECT / CAT-iq for cordless telephony and data as well as
   the ULE extensions.  DECT terminology operates with two major role
   definitions: The Portable Part (PP) is the power constrained device,
   while the Fixed Part (FP) is the Gateway or base station.  This FP
   may be connected to the Internet.  An example of a use case for DECT
   ULE is a home security sensor transmitting small amounts of data (few
   bytes) at periodic intervals through the FP, but is able to wake up
   upon an external event (burglar) and communicate with the FP.
   Another example incorporating both DECT ULE as well as traditional
   CAT-iq telephony is an elderly pendant (broche) which can transmit
   periodic status messages to a care provider using very little
   battery, but in the event of urgency, the elderly person can
   establish a voice connection through the pendant to an alarm service.
   It is expected that DECT ULE will be integrated into many residential
   gateways, as many of these already implements DECT CAT-iq for
   cordless telephony.  DECT ULE can be added as a software option for
   the FP.  It is desirable to consider IPv6 for DECT ULE devices due to
   the large address space and well-known infrastructure.  This document
   describes how IPv6 is used on DECT ULE links to optimize power while
   maintaining the many benefits of IPv6 transmission.  [RFC4944],
   [RFC6282] and [RFC6775] specify the transmission of IPv6 over IEEE
   802.15.4.  DECT ULE has many characteristics similar to those of IEEE
   802.15.4, but also differences.  A subset of mechanisms defined for
   transmission of IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 can be applied to the
   transmission of IPv6 on DECT ULE links.

   This document specifies how to map IPv6 over DECT ULE inspired by
   [RFC4944], [RFC6282], [RFC6775] and [RFC7668].

1.1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].




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1.2.  Terms Used

  6CO:     6LoWPAN Context Option [RFC6775]
  6BBR:    6loWPAN Backbone Router
  6LBR:    6LoWPAN Border Router as defined in [RFC6775]. The DECT Fixed
           Part is having this role
  6LN:     6LoWPAN Node as defined in [RFC6775]. The DECT Portable part
           is having this role
  6LoWPAN: IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network
  AES128:  Advanced Encryption Standard with key size of 128 bits
  API:     Application Programming Interface
  ARO:     Address Registration Option [RFC6775]
  CAT-iq:  Cordless Advanced Technology - internet and quality
  CID:     Context Identifier [RFC6775]
  DAC:     Destination Address Compression
  DAD:     Duplicate Address Detection [RFC4862]
  DAM:     Destination Address Mode
  DHCPv6:  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 [RFC3315]
  DLC:     Data Link Control
  DSAA2:   DECT Standard Authentication Algorithm #2
  DSC:     DECT Standard Cipher
  DSC2:    DECT Standard Cipher #2
  FDMA:    Frequency Division Multiplex
  FP:      DECT Fixed Part, the gateway
  GAP:     Generic Access Profile
  IID:     Interface Identifier
  IPEI:    International Portable Equipment Identity; (DECT identity)
  MAC-48:  48 bit global unique MAC address managed by IEEE
  MAC:     Media Access Control
  MTU:     Maximum Transmission Unit
  NBMA:    Non-broadcast multi-access
  ND:      Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] [RFC6775]
  PDU:     Protocol Data Unit
  PHY:     Physical Layer
  PMID:    Portable MAC Identity; (DECT identity)
  PP:      DECT Portable Part, typically the sensor node (6LN)
  PVC:     Permanent Virtual Circuit
  RFPI:    Radio Fixed Part Identity; (DECT identity)
  SAC:     Source Address Compression
  SAM:     Source Address Mode
  TDD:     Time Division Duplex
  TDMA:    Time Division Multiplex
  TPUI:    Temporary Portable User Identity; (DECT identity)
  UAK:     User Authentication Key, DECT master security key
  ULA:     Unique Local Address [RFC4193]






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2.  DECT Ultra Low Energy

   DECT ULE is a low power air interface technology that is designed to
   support both circuit switched for service, such as voice
   communication, and for packet mode data services at modest data rate.
   This draft is only addressing the packet mode data service of DECT
   ULE.

2.1.  The DECT ULE Protocol Stack

   The DECT ULE protocol stack consists of the PHY layer operating at
   frequencies in the 1880 - 1920 MHz frequency band depending on the
   region and uses a symbol rate of 1.152 Mbps.  Radio bearers are
   allocated by use of FDMA/TDMA/TDD techniques.

   In its generic network topology, DECT is defined as a cellular
   network technology.  However, the most common configuration is a star
   network with a single FP defining the network with a number of PP
   attached.  The MAC layer supports both traditional DECT circuit mode
   operation as this is used for services like discovery, pairing,
   security features etc, and it supports new ULE packet mode operation.
   The circuit mode features have been reused from DECT.

   The DECT ULE device can switch to the ULE mode of operation,
   utilizing the new ULE MAC layer features.  The DECT ULE Data Link
   Control (DLC) provides multiplexing as well as segmentation and re-
   assembly for larger packets from layers above.  The DECT ULE layer
   also implements per-message authentication and encryption.  The DLC
   layer ensures packet integrity and preserves packet order, but
   delivery is based on best effort.

   The current DECT ULE MAC layer standard supports low bandwidth data
   broadcast.  However, this document is not considering usage of the
   DECT ULE MAC layer broadcast service for IPv6 over DECT ULE.

   In general, communication sessions can be initiated from both FP and
   PP side.  Depending on power down modes employed in the PP, latency
   may occur when initiating sessions from FP side.  MAC layer
   communication can take place using either connection oriented packet
   transfer with low overhead for short sessions or take place using
   connection oriented bearers including media reservation.  The MAC
   layer autonomously selects the radio spectrum positions that are
   available within the band and can rearrange these to avoid
   interference.  The MAC layer has built-in retransmission procedures
   in order to improve transmission reliability.

   The DECT ULE device will typically incorporate an Application
   Programmers Interface (API) as well as common elements known as



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   Generic Access Profile (GAP) for enrolling into the network.  The
   DECT ULE stack establishes a permanent virtual circuit (PVC) for the
   application layers and provides support for a range of different
   application protocols.  The used application protocol is negotiated
   between the PP and FP when the PVC communication service is
   established.  This draft defines 6LoWPAN as one of the possible
   protocols to negotiate.



       +----------------------------------------+
       |          Application Layers            |
       +----------------------------------------+
       | Generic Access     |     ULE Profile   |
       |       Profile      |                   |
       +----------------------------------------+
       | DECT/Service API   | ULE Data API      |
       +--------------------+-------------------+
       | LLME  | NWK (MM,CC)|                   |
       +--------------------+-------------------+
       | DECT DLC           | DECT ULE DLC      |
       +--------------------+-------------------+
       |                MAC Layer               |
       +--------------------+-------------------+
       |                PHY Layer               |
       +--------------------+-------------------+
             (C-plane)             (U-plane)

       Figure 1: DECT ULE Protocol Stack

   Figure 1 above shows the DECT ULE Stack divided into the Control-
   plane and User-data path, to left and to the right, respectively.
   The shown entities in the Stack are the (PHY) Physical Layer, (MAC)
   Media Access Control Layer, (DLC) Data Link Control Layer, (NWK)
   Network Layer with subcomponents: (LLME) Lower Layer Management
   Entity, (MM) Mobility Management and (CC) Call Control.  Above there
   are the typically (API) Application Programmers Interface and
   application profile specific layers.

2.2.  Link Layer Roles and Topology

   A FP is assumed to be less constrained than a PP.  Hence, in the
   primary scenario FP and PP will act as 6LBR and a 6LN, respectively.
   This document only addresses this primary scenario and all other
   scenarios are out of scope.

   In DECT ULE, at link layer the communication only takes place between
   a FP and a PP.  A FP is able to handle multiple simultaneous



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   connections with a number of PP.  Hence, in a DECT ULE network using
   IPv6, a radio hop is equivalent to an IPv6 link and vice versa (see
   Section 3.3).


       [DECT ULE PP]-----\                 /-----[DECT ULE PP]
                          \               /
       [DECT ULE PP]-------+[DECT ULE FP]+-------[DECT ULE PP]
                          /               \
       [DECT ULE PP]-----/                 \-----[DECT ULE PP]


       Figure 2: DECT ULE star topology



   A significant difference between IEEE 802.15.4 and DECT ULE is that
   the former supports both star and mesh topology (and requires a
   routing protocol), whereas DECT ULE in it's primary configuration
   does not support the formation of multihop networks at the link
   layer.  In consequence, the mesh header defined in [RFC4944] for mesh
   under routing are not used in DECT ULE networks.

   DECT ULE repeaters are considered to operate in the DECT protocol
   domain and are outside the scope of this document.

2.3.  Addressing Model

   Each DECT PP is assigned an IPEI during manufacturing.  This identity
   has the size of 40 bits and is globally unique within DECT addressing
   space and can be used to constitute the MAC address used to derive
   the IID for link-local address.

   During a DECT location registration procedure, the FP assigns a 20
   bit TPUI to a PP.  The FP creates a unique mapping between the
   assigned TPUI and the IPEI of each PP.  This TPUI is used for
   addressing (layer 2) in messages between FP and PP.  Although the
   TPUI is temporary by definition, the same value is usually repeatedly
   assigned to any given PP, hence it seems not suitable for
   construction of IID, see [I-D.ietf-6lo-privacy-considerations].

   Each DECT FP is assigned a RFPI during manufacturing.  This identity
   has the size of 40 bits and is globally unique within DECT addressing
   space and can be used to constitute the MAC address used to derive
   the IID for link-local address.

   Optionally each DECT PP and DECT FP can be assigned a unique (IEEE)
   MAC-48 address additionally to the DECT identities to be used by the



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   6LoWPAN.  During the address registration of non-link-local addresses
   as specified by this document, the FP and PP can use such MAC-48 to
   construct the IID.  However, as these addresses are considered as
   being permanent, such scheme is not recommended as per [I-D.ietf-6lo-
   privacy-considerations].

2.4.  MTU Considerations

   Ideally the DECT ULE FP and PP may generate data that fits into a
   single MAC Layer packets (38 octets) for periodically transferred
   information, depending on application.  However, IP packets may be
   much larger.  The DECT ULE DLC procedures natively support
   segmentation and reassembly and provide any MTU size below 65536
   octets.  The default MTU size defined in DECT ULE [TS102.939-1] is
   500 octets.  In order to support complete IPv6 packets, the DLC layer
   of DECT ULE shall per this specification be configured with a MTU
   size of 1280 octets, hence [RFC4944] fragmentation/reassembly is not
   required.

   It is expected that the LOWPAN_IPHC packet will fulfil all the
   requirements for header compression without spending unnecessary
   overhead for mesh addressing.

   It is important to realize that the usage of larger packets will be
   at the expense of battery life, as a large packet inside the DECT ULE
   stack will be fragmented into several or many MAC layer packets, each
   consuming power to transmit / receive.  The increased MTU size does
   not change the MAC layer packet and PDU size.

2.5.  Additional Considerations

   The DECT ULE standard allows PP to be DECT-registered (bind) to
   multiple FP and roaming between them.  These FP and their 6LBR
   functionalities can either operate individual or connected through a
   Backbone Router as per [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router].

3.  Specification of IPv6 over DECT ULE

   Before any IP-layer communications can take place over DECT ULE, DECT
   ULE enabled nodes such as 6LNs and 6LBRs have to find each other and
   establish a suitable link-layer connection.  The obtain-access-rights
   registration and location registration procedures are documented by
   ETSI in the specifications [EN300.175-part1-7], [TS102.939-1] and
   [TS102.939-2].

   DECT ULE technology sets strict requirements for low power
   consumption and thus limits the allowed protocol overhead. 6LoWPAN
   standards [RFC4944], [RFC6775], and [RFC6282] provide useful



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   functionality for reducing overhead which can be applied to DECT ULE.
   This functionality comprises link-local IPv6 addresses and stateless
   IPv6 address autoconfiguration, Neighbor Discovery and header
   compression.

   The ULE 6LoWPAN adaptation layer can run directly on this U-plane DLC
   layer.  Figure 3 illustrates IPv6 over DECT ULE stack.

   As consequence of DECT ULE in it's primary configuration does not
   support the formation of multihop networks at the link layer, the
   mesh header defined in [RFC4944] for mesh under routing MUST NOT be
   used.  In addition, a DECT ULE PP node MUST NOT play the role of a
   6LoWPAN Router (6LR).

3.1.  Protocol Stack

   In order to enable data transmission over DECT ULE, a Permanent
   Virtual Circuit (PVC) has to be configured and opened between FP and
   PP.  This is done by setting up a DECT service call from PP to FP.
   In DECT protocol domain the PP SHALL specify the <<IWU-ATTRIBUTES>>
   in a service-change (other) message before sending a service-change
   (resume) message as defined in [TS102.939-1].  The <<IWU-ATTRIBTES>>
   SHALL define the ULE Application Protocol Identifier to 0x06 and the
   MTU size to 1280 octets or larger.  The FP sends a service-change-
   accept (resume) that MUST contain a valid paging descriptor.  The PP
   MUST be pageable.  Following this, transmission of IPv6 packets can
   start.

                     +-------------------+
                     |    UDP/TCP/other  |
                     +-------------------+
                     |       IPv6        |
                     +-------------------+
                     |6LoWPAN adapted to |
                     |    DECT ULE       |
                     +-------------------+
                     |  DECT ULE DLC     |
                     +-------------------+
                     |  DECT ULE MAC     |
                     +-------------------+
                     |  DECT ULE PHY     |
                     +-------------------+


                   Figure 3: IPv6 over DECT ULE Stack






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3.2.  Link Model

   The general model is that IPv6 is layer 3 and DECT ULE MAC+DLC is
   layer 2.  The DECT ULE implements already fragmentation and
   reassembly functionality, hence [RFC4944] fragmentation and
   reassembly function MUST NOT be used.

   After the FP and PPs have connected at the DECT ULE level, the link
   can be considered up and IPv6 address configuration and transmission
   can begin.  The 6LBR ensures address collisions do not occur.

   Per this specification, the IPv6 header compression format specified
   in [RFC6282] MUST be used.  The IPv6 payload length can be derived
   from the ULE DLC packet length and the possibly elided IPv6 address
   can be reconstructed from the link-layer address, used at the time of
   DECT ULE connection establishment, from the ULE MAC packet address,
   compression context if any, and from address registration information
   (see Section 3.2.2).

   Due to the DECT ULE star topology (see Section 2.2), PP each have a
   separate link to the FP, and thus the PPs cannot directly hear one
   another and cannot talk to one another.  As discussed in [RFC4903],
   conventional usage of IPv6 anticipates IPv6 subnets spanning a single
   link at the link layer.  In order avoid the complexity of
   implementing separate subnet for each DECT ULE link, a Multi-Link
   Subnet model has been chosen, specifically Non-broadcast multi-access
   (NBMA) at layer 2.  Because of this, link-local multicast
   communications can happen only within a single DECT ULE connection;
   thus, 6LN-to-6LN communications using link-local addresses are not
   possible. 6LNs connected to the same 6LBR have to communicate with
   each other by using the shared prefix used on the subnet.  The 6LBR
   forwards packets sent by one 6LN to another.

3.2.1.  Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

   At network interface initialization, both 6LN and 6LBR SHALL generate
   and assign to the DECT ULE network interface IPv6 link-local
   addresses [RFC4862] based on the DECT device addresses (see
   Section 2.3) that were used for establishing the underlying DECT ULE
   connection.

   The DECT device addresses IPEI and RFPI MUST be used to derive the
   IPv6 link-local 64 bit Interface Identifiers (IID) for 6LN and 6LBR,
   respectively.

   The rule for deriving IID from DECT device addresses is as follows:
   The DECT device addresses that are consisting of 40 bits each, MUST
   be expanded with leading zero bits to form 48 bit intermediate



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   addresses.  Most significant bit in this newly formed 48-bit
   intermediate address is set to one for addresses derived from the
   RFPI and set to zero for addresses derived from the IPEI.  From these
   intermediate 48 bit addresses are derived 64 bit IIDs similar to the
   guidance of [RFC4291].  However, because DECT and IEEE address spaces
   are different, this intermediate address cannot be considered as
   unique within IEEE address space.  In the derived IIDs the U/L bit
   (7th bit) will be zero, indicating that derived IID's are not
   globally unique, see [RFC7136].  For example from RFPI=11.22.33.44.55
   the derived IID is 80:11:22:ff:fe:33:44:55 and from
   IPEI=01.23.45.67.89 the derived IID is 00:01:23:ff:fe:45:67:89.

   Globally uniqueness of IID in link-local addresses are not required
   as they should never be leaked outside the subnet domain.

   As defined in [RFC4291], the IPv6 link-local address is formed by
   appending the IID, to the prefix FE80::/64, as shown in Figure 4.


                10 bits       54 bits            64 bits
             +----------+-----------------+----------------------+
             |1111111010|       zeros     | Interface Identifier |
             +----------+-----------------+----------------------+

                   Figure 4: IPv6 link-local address in DECT ULE


   A 6LN MUST join the all-nodes multicast address.

   After link-local address configuration, 6LN sends Router Solicitation
   messages as described in [RFC4861] Section 6.3.7 and [RFC6775]
   Section 5.3.

   For non-link-local addresses, 6LNs SHOULD NOT be configured to use
   IIDs derived from a MAC-48 device address or DECT device addresses.
   Alternative schemes such as Cryptographically Generated Addresses
   (CGAs) [RFC3972], privacy extensions [RFC4941], Hash-Based Addresses
   (HBAs) [RFC5535], DHCPv6 [RFC3315], or static, semantically opaque
   addresses [RFC7217] SHOULD be used by default.  See also [I-D.ietf-
   6lo-privacy-considerations] for guidance of needed entropy in IIDs.
   When generated IID's are not globally unique, Duplicate Address
   Detection (DAD) [RFC4862] MUST be used.  In situations where the
   devices address embedded in the IID are required to support
   deployment constraints, 6LN MAY form a 64-bit IID by utilizing the
   MAC-48 device address or DECT device addresses.  The non-link-local
   addresses that a 6LN generates MUST be registered with 6LBR as
   described in Section 3.2.2.




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   The means for a 6LBR to obtain an IPv6 prefix for numbering the DECT
   ULE network is out of scope of this document, but can be, for
   example, accomplished via DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation [RFC3633] or by
   using Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses (ULA) [RFC4193].  Due to
   the link model of the DECT ULE the 6LBR MUST set the "on-link" flag
   (L) to zero in the Prefix Information Option [RFC4861].  This will
   cause 6LNs to always send packets to the 6LBR, including the case
   when the destination is another 6LN using the same prefix.

3.2.2.  Neighbor Discovery

   'Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless
   Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)' [RFC6775] describes the neighbor
   discovery approach as adapted for use in several 6LoWPAN topologies,
   including the mesh topology.  As DECT ULE is considered not to
   support mesh networks, hence only those aspects that apply to a star
   topology are considered.

   The following aspects of the Neighbor Discovery optimizations
   [RFC6775] are applicable to DECT ULE 6LNs:

   1.  For sending Router Solicitations and processing Router
   Advertisements the DECT ULE 6LNs MUST, respectively, follow Sections
   5.3 and 5.4 of the [RFC6775].

   2.  A DECT ULE 6LN MUST NOT register its link-local address.  Because
   the IIDs used in link-local addresses are derived from DECT
   addresses, there will always exist a unique mapping between link-
   local and layer-2 addresses.

   3.  A DECT ULE 6LN MUST register its non-link-local addresses with
   the 6LBR by sending a Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message with the
   Address Registration Option (ARO) and process the Neighbor
   Advertisement (NA) accordingly.  The NS with the ARO option MUST be
   sent irrespective of the method used to generate the IID.

3.2.3.  Unicast and Multicast Address Mapping

   The DECT MAC layer broadcast service is considered inadequate for IP
   multicast.

   Hence traffic is always unicast between two DECT ULE nodes.  Even in
   the case where a 6LBR is attached to multiple 6LNs, the 6LBR cannot
   do a multicast to all the connected 6LNs.  If the 6LBR needs to send
   a multicast packet to all its 6LNs, it has to replicate the packet
   and unicast it on each link.  However, this may not be energy-
   efficient and particular care should be taken if the FP is battery-
   powered.  To further conserve power, the 6LBR MUST keep track of



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   multicast listeners at DECT-ULE link level granularity and it MUST
   NOT forward multicast packets to 6LNs that have not registered for
   multicast groups the packets belong to.  In the opposite direction, a
   6LN can only transmit data to or through the 6LBR.  Hence, when a 6LN
   needs to transmit an IPv6 multicast packet, the 6LN will unicast the
   corresponding DECT ULE packet to the 6LBR.  The 6LBR will then
   forward the multicast packet to other 6LNs.

3.2.4.  Header Compression

   Header compression as defined in [RFC6282], which specifies the
   compression format for IPv6 datagrams on top of IEEE 802.15.4, is
   REQUIRED in this document as the basis for IPv6 header compression on
   top of DECT ULE.  All headers MUST be compressed according to
   [RFC6282] encoding formats.  The DECT ULE's star topology structure,
   ARO and 6CO can be exploited in order to provide a mechanism for
   address compression.  The following text describes the principles of
   IPv6 address compression on top of DECT ULE.

3.2.4.1.  Link-local Header Compression

   In a link-local communication terminated at 6LN and 6LBR, both the
   IPv6 source and destination addresses MUST be elided, since the used
   IIDs map uniquely into the DECT link end point addresses.  A 6LN or
   6LBR that receives a PDU containing an IPv6 packet can infer the
   corresponding IPv6 source address.  For the unicast type of
   communication considered in this paragraph, the following settings
   MUST be used in the IPv6 compressed header: CID=0, SAC=0, SAM=11,
   DAC=0, DAM=11.

3.2.4.2.  Non-link-local Header Compression

   To enable efficient header compression, the 6LBR MUST include 6LoWPAN
   Context Option (6CO) [RFC6775] for all prefixes the 6LBR advertises
   in Router Advertisements for use in stateless address
   autoconfiguration.

   When a 6LN transmits an IPv6 packet to a destination using global
   Unicast IPv6 addresses, if a context is defined for the prefix of the
   6LNs global IPv6 address, the 6LN MUST indicate this context in the
   corresponding source fields of the compressed IPv6 header as per
   Section 3.1 of [RFC6282], and MUST fully elide the latest registered
   IPv6 source address.  For this, the 6LN MUST use the following
   settings in the IPv6 compressed header: CID=1, SAC=1, SAM=11.  In
   this case, the 6LBR can infer the elided IPv6 source address since 1)
   the 6LBR has previously assigned the prefix to the 6LNs; and 2) the
   6LBR maintains a Neighbor Cache that relates the Device Address and
   the IID of the corresponding PP.  If a context is defined for the



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   IPv6 destination address, the 6LN MUST also indicate this context in
   the corresponding destination fields of the compressed IPv6 header,
   and MUST elide the prefix of the destination IPv6 address.  For this,
   the 6LN MUST set the DAM field of the compressed IPv6 header as
   CID=1, DAC=1 and DAM=01 or DAM=11.  Note that when a context is
   defined for the IPv6 destination address, the 6LBR can infer the
   elided destination prefix by using the context.

   When a 6LBR receives a IPv6 packet having a global Unicast IPv6
   address, and the destination of the packet is a 6LN, if a context is
   defined for the prefix of the 6LN's global IPv6 address, the 6LBR
   MUST indicate this context in the corresponding destination fields of
   the compressed IPv6 header, and MUST fully elide the IPv6 destination
   address of the packet if the destination address is the latest
   registered by the 6LN for the indicated context.  For this, the 6LBR
   MUST set the DAM field of the IPv6 compressed header as DAM=11.  CID
   and DAC MUST be set to CID=1 and DAC=1.  If a context is defined for
   the prefix of the IPv6 source address, the 6LBR MUST indicate this
   context in the source fields of the compressed IPv6 header, and MUST
   elide that prefix as well.  For this, the 6LBR MUST set the SAM field
   of the IPv6 compressed header as CID=1, SAC=1 and SAM=01 or SAM=11.

3.3.  Subnets and Internet Connectivity Scenarios

   In the DECT ULE star topology (see Section 2.2), PP each have a
   separate link to the FP and the FP acts as an IPv6 router rather than
   a link-layer switch.  A Multi-Link Subnet model [RFC4903] has been
   chosen, specifically Non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) at layer 2 as
   further illustrated in Figure 5.  The 6LBR forwards packets sent by
   one 6LN to another.  In a typical scenario, the DECT ULE network is
   connected to the Internet as shown in the Figure 5.  In this
   scenario, the DECT ULE network is deployed as one subnet, using one
   /64 IPv6 prefix.  The 6LBR is acting as router and forwarding packets
   between 6LNs and to and from Internet.

















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                          6LN
                           \               ____________
                            \             /            \
                    6LN ---- 6LBR ------ |  Internet    |
                            /             \____________/
                           /
                          6LN

                <--  One subnet -->
                <--   DECT ULE  -->


              Figure 5: DECT ULE network connected to the Internet


   In some scenarios, the DECT ULE network may transiently or
   permanently be an isolated network as shown in the Figure 6.  In this
   case the whole DECT ULE network consists of a single subnet with
   multiple links, where 6LBR is routing packets between 6LNs.


                         6LN      6LN
                          \      /
                           \    /
                    6LN --- 6LBR --- 6LN
                           /    \
                          /      \
                         6LN      6LN

                    <----  One subnet ---->
                    <------ DECT ULE ----->


                      Figure 6: Isolated DECT ULE network


   In the isolated network scenario, communications between 6LN and 6LBR
   can use IPv6 link-local methodology, but for communications between
   different PP, the FP has to act as 6LBR, number the network with ULA
   prefix [RFC4193], and route packets between PP.

   In other more advanced systems scenarios with multiple FP and 6LBR,
   each DECT ULE FP constitutes a wireless cell.  The network can be
   configured as a Multi-Link Subnet, in which the can 6LN operate
   within the same /64 subnet prefix in multiple cells as shown in the
   Figure 7.  The FPs operation role in such scenario are rather like
   Backbone Routers (6BBR) than 6LBR, as per [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-
   router].



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                            ____________
                           /            \
                          |  Internet    |
                           \____________/
                                 |
                                 |
                                 |
                                 |
                     6BBR/       |        6BBR/
            6LN ---- 6LBR -------+------- 6LBR ---- 6LN
                    /  \                   /  \
                   /    \                 /    \
                  6LN   6LN              6LN   6LN

         <------------------One subnet ------------------>
         <-- DECT ULE Cell -->       <-- DECT ULE Cell -->


         Figure 7: Multiple DECT ULE cells in a single Multi-Link subnet



4.  IANA Considerations

   There are no IANA considerations related to this document.

5.  Security Considerations

   The secure transmission of speech over DECT will be based on the
   DSAA2 and DSC/DSC2 specification developed by ETSI TC DECT and the
   ETSI SAGE Security expert group.

   DECT ULE communications are secured at the link-layer (DLC) by
   encryption and per-message authentication through CCM mode (Counter
   with CBC-MAC) similar to [RFC3610].  The underlying algorithm for
   providing encryption and authentication is AES128.

   The DECT ULE pairing procedure generates a master authentication key
   (UAK).  During location registration procedure or when the permanent
   virtual circuit are established, the session security keys are
   generated.  Session security keys may be renewed regularly.  The
   generated security keys (UAK and session security keys) are
   individual for each FP-PP binding, hence all PP in a system have
   different security keys.  DECT ULE PPs do not use any shared
   encryption key.

   From privacy point of view, the IPv6 link-local address configuration
   described in Section 3.2.1 only reveals information about the 6LN to



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   the 6LBR that the 6LBR already knows from the link-layer connection.
   For non-link-local IPv6 addresses, by default a 6LN SHOULD use a
   randomly generated IID, for example, as discussed in [I-D.ietf-6man-
   default-iids], or use alternative schemes such as Cryptographically
   Generated Addresses (CGA) [RFC3972], privacy extensions [RFC4941],
   Hash-Based Addresses (HBA, [RFC5535]), or static, semantically opaque
   addresses [RFC7217].

6.  ETSI Considerations

   ETSI is standardizing a list of known application layer protocols
   that can use the DECT ULE permanent virtual circuit packet data
   service.  Each protocol is identified by a unique known identifier,
   which is exchanged in the service-change procedure as defined in
   [TS102.939-1].  The IPv6/6LoWPAN as described in this document is
   considered as an application layer protocol on top of DECT ULE.  In
   order to provide interoperability between 6LoWPAN / DECT ULE devices
   a common protocol identifier for 6LoWPAN is standardized by ETSI.

   The ETSI DECT ULE Application Protocol Identifier is specified to
   0x06 for 6LoWPAN [TS102.939-1].

7.  Acknowledgements

   We are grateful to the members of the IETF 6lo working group; this
   document borrows liberally from their work.

   Ralph Droms, Samita Chakrabarti, Kerry Lynn, Suresh Krishnan, Pascal
   Thubert and Tatuya Jinmei have provided valuable feedback for this
   draft.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [EN300.175-part1-7]
              ETSI, "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
              (DECT); Common Interface (CI);", March 2015,
              <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/
              etsi_en/300100_300199/30017501/02.06.01_60/
              en_30017501v020601p.pdf>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.





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   [RFC3633]  Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
              Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3633, December 2003,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3633>.

   [RFC4193]  Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4193>.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.

   [RFC4941]  Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
              Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
              IPv6", RFC 4941, DOI 10.17487/RFC4941, September 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4941>.

   [RFC4944]  Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and D. Culler,
              "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4
              Networks", RFC 4944, DOI 10.17487/RFC4944, September 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4944>.

   [RFC6282]  Hui, J., Ed. and P. Thubert, "Compression Format for IPv6
              Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks", RFC 6282,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6282, September 2011,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6282>.

   [RFC6775]  Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
              Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
              Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
              RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

   [RFC7136]  Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Significance of IPv6
              Interface Identifiers", RFC 7136, DOI 10.17487/RFC7136,
              February 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7136>.




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   [TS102.939-1]
              ETSI, "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
              (DECT); Ultra Low Energy (ULE); Machine to Machine
              Communications; Part 1: Home Automation Network (phase
              1)", March 2015, <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/
              etsi_ts/102900_102999/10293901/01.02.01_60/
              ts_10293901v010201p.pdf>.

   [TS102.939-2]
              ETSI, "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
              (DECT); Ultra Low Energy (ULE); Machine to Machine
              Communications; Part 2: Home Automation Network (phase
              2)", March 2015, <https://www.etsi.org/deliver/
              etsi_ts/102900_102999/10293902/01.01.01_60/
              ts_10293902v010101p.pdf>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [CAT-iq]   DECT Forum, "Cordless Advanced Technology - internet and
              quality", January 2016,
              <http://www.dect.org/userfiles/Public/
              DF_CAT-iq%20Certification%20Overview.pdf>.

   [I-D.ietf-6lo-backbone-router]
              Thubert, P., "IPv6 Backbone Router", draft-ietf-6lo-
              backbone-router-02 (work in progress), September 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-6lo-privacy-considerations]
              Thaler, D., "Privacy Considerations for IPv6 over Networks
              of Resource-Constrained Nodes", draft-ietf-6lo-privacy-
              considerations-03 (work in progress), September 2016.

   [I-D.ietf-6man-default-iids]
              Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D., and S. LIU,
              "Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers",
              draft-ietf-6man-default-iids-16 (work in progress),
              September 2016.

   [RFC3315]  Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins,
              C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
              for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, DOI 10.17487/RFC3315, July
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3315>.

   [RFC3610]  Whiting, D., Housley, R., and N. Ferguson, "Counter with
              CBC-MAC (CCM)", RFC 3610, DOI 10.17487/RFC3610, September
              2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3610>.





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   [RFC3972]  Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
              RFC 3972, DOI 10.17487/RFC3972, March 2005,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3972>.

   [RFC4903]  Thaler, D., "Multi-Link Subnet Issues", RFC 4903,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4903, June 2007,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4903>.

   [RFC5535]  Bagnulo, M., "Hash-Based Addresses (HBA)", RFC 5535,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5535, June 2009,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5535>.

   [RFC7217]  Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque
              Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address
              Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7217, April 2014,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7217>.

   [RFC7668]  Nieminen, J., Savolainen, T., Isomaki, M., Patil, B.,
              Shelby, Z., and C. Gomez, "IPv6 over BLUETOOTH(R) Low
              Energy", RFC 7668, DOI 10.17487/RFC7668, October 2015,
              <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7668>.

Authors' Addresses

   Peter B. Mariager
   RTX A/S
   Stroemmen 6
   DK-9400 Noerresundby
   Denmark

   Email: pm@rtx.dk


   Jens Toftgaard Petersen (editor)
   RTX A/S
   Stroemmen 6
   DK-9400 Noerresundby
   Denmark

   Email: jtp@rtx.dk










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   Zach Shelby
   ARM
   150 Rose Orchard
   San Jose, CA 95134
   USA

   Email: zach.shelby@arm.com


   Marco van de Logt
   Gigaset Communications GmbH
   Frankenstrasse 2
   D-46395 Bocholt
   Germany

   Email: marco.van-de-logt@gigaset.com


   Dominique Barthel
   Orange Labs
   28 chemin du Vieux Chene
   38243 Meylan
   France

   Email: dominique.barthel@orange.com


























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