ACME Working Group Y. Sheffer
Internet-Draft Intuit
Intended status: Standards Track D. Lopez
Expires: May 16, 2018 O. Gonzalez de Dios
A. Pastor Perales
Telefonica I+D
T. Fossati
Nokia
November 12, 2017
Support for Short-Term, Automatically-Renewed (STAR) Certificates in
Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME)
draft-ietf-acme-star-01
Abstract
This memo proposes an ACME extension to enable the issuance of short-
term and automatically renewed certificates.
[RFC Editor: please remove before publication]
While the draft is being developed, the editor's version can be found
at https://github.com/yaronf/I-D/tree/master/STAR.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 16, 2018.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Name Delegation Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Protocol Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Bootstrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Refresh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Protocol Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. ACME Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1. Extending the Order Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2. Canceling a Recurrent Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Indicating Support of Recurrent Orders . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. Fetching the Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. Certificate Transparency (CT) Logs . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.1.1. ACME Server with STAR extension . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.1.2. Proxy STAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2. Level of Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.3. Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.4. Version Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.5. Licensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.6. Implementation experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.7. Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1. New ACME Error Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.2. New ACME Order Object Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix A. Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A.1. draft-ietf-acme-star-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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A.2. draft-ietf-acme-star-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A.3. draft-sheffer-acme-star-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A.4. draft-sheffer-acme-star-01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A.5. draft-sheffer-acme-star-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A.6. draft-sheffer-acme-star-lurk-00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Introduction
The ACME protocol [I-D.ietf-acme-acme] automates the process of
issuing a certificate to a Domain Name Owner (DNO). However, if the
DNO wishes to obtain a string of short-term certificates originating
from the same private key (see [Topalovic] for the rationale), she
must go through the whole ACME protocol each time a new short-term
certificate is needed - e.g., every 2-3 days. If done this way, the
process would involve frequent interactions between the registration
function of the ACME Certification Authority (CA) and the user's
backing infrastructure (e.g.: DNS, web servers), therefore making the
issuance of short-term certificates exceedingly dependent on the
reliability of both.
This document presents an extension of the ACME protocol that
optimizes this process by making short-term certificates first class
objects in the ACME ecosystem. Once the order for a string of short-
term certificates is accepted, the CA is responsible for publishing
the next certificate at an agreed upon URL before the previous one
expires. The DNO can terminate the automatic renewal before the
natural deadline, if needed - e.g., on key compromise.
For a more generic treatment of STAR certificates, readers are
referred to [I-D.nir-saag-star].
1.1. Name Delegation Use Case
The proposed mechanism can be used as a building block of an
efficient name-delegation protocol, for example one that exists
between a CDN or a cloud provider and its users
[I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request], in a way that makes the delegator
(i.e., the DNO) in full control of the delegation by simply
instructing the CA to stop the automatic renewal and letting the
currently active certificate expire shortly thereafter.
1.2. Terminology
DNO Domain Name Owner, the owner of a domain.
STAR Short-Term, Automatically Renewed X.509 certificates.
NDC Name Delegation Client, an entity to which the domain name owned
by the DNO is delegated for a limited time. This might be a CDN
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edge cache, a cloud provider's load balancer or Web Application
Firewall (WAF).
1.3. Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119].
2. Protocol Flow
The following subsections describe the three main phases of the
protocol:
o Bootstrap: the DNO asks an ACME CA to create a short-term and
automatically-renewed (STAR) certificate (Section 2.1);
o Auto-renewal: the ACME CA periodically re-issues the short-term
certificate and posts it to a public URL (Section 2.2);
o Termination: the DNO requests the ACME CA to discontinue the
automatic renewal of the certificate (Section 2.3).
This diagram presents the entities that are (or may be) involved in
the protocol and their interactions during the different phases.
Refresh
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ' ` v
.-----. Bootstrap / Terminate .---------.
| DNO |------------------------------------->| ACME CA |
`-----' `---------'
^ .- - -. ^
` . . . . . . . . : NDC : . . . . . . . . . '
Request `- - -' Refresh
Delegation
Note that there might be a distinct NDC entity (e.g., a CDN edge
cache) that uses a separate channel to request the DNO to set up a
name delegation. The protocol described in
[I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request] might be used for this purpose.
2.1. Bootstrap
The DNO, in its role as an ACME client, requests the CA to issue a
STAR certificate, i.e., one that:
o Has a short validity (e.g., 24 to 72 hours);
o Is automatically renewed by the CA for a certain period of time;
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o Is downloadable from a (highly available) public link without
requiring any special authorization.
Other than that, the ACME protocol flows as normal between DNO and
CA. In particular, DNO is responsible for satisfying the requested
ACME challenges until the CA is willing to issue the requested
certificate. Per normal ACME processing, the DNO is given back an
Order ID for the issued STAR certificate to be used in subsequent
interaction with the CA (e.g., if the certificate needs to be
terminated.)
The bootstrap phase ends when the DNO obtains the OK from the ACME
CA.
2.2. Refresh
The CA automatically re-issues the certificate using the same CSR
(and therefore the same name and public key) before it expires and
publishes it to the URL that was returned to the DNO at the end of
the bootstrap phase. The certificate user, which could be either the
DNO itself or a delegated third party, as described in
[I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request], obtains the certificate and uses it.
The refresh process (Figure 1) goes on until either:
o DNO terminates the delegation, or
o Automatic renewal expires.
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Certificate ACME/STAR
User Server
| Retrieve cert | [...]
|---------------------->| |
| +------. /
| | | /
| | Automatic renewal :
| | | \
| |<-----' \
| Retrieve cert | |
|---------------------->| 72 hours
| | |
| +------. /
| | | /
| | Automatic renewal :
| | | \
| |<-----' \
| Retrieve cert | |
|---------------------->| 72 hours
| | |
| +------. /
| | | /
| | Automatic renewal :
| | | \
| |<-----' \
| | |
| [...] | [...]
Figure 1: Auto renewal
2.3. Termination
The DNO may request early termination of the STAR certificate by
including the Order ID in a certificate termination request to the
ACME interface, defined below. After the CA receives and verifies
the request, it shall:
o Cancel the automatic renewal process for the STAR certificate;
o Change the certificate publication resource to return an error
indicating the termination of the delegation to any external
client.
Note that it is not necessary to explicitly revoke the short-term
certificate.
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STAR STAR ACME/STAR
Client Proxy Server
| | |
| | Terminate Order ID |
| +---------------------->|
| | +-------.
| | | |
| | | End auto renewal
| | | Remove cert link
| | | etc.
| | | |
| | Done |<------'
| |<----------------------+
| | |
| |
| Retrieve cert |
+---------------------------------------------->|
| Error: terminated |
|<----------------------------------------------+
| |
Figure 2: Termination
3. Protocol Details
This section describes the protocol details, namely the extensions to
the ACME protocol required to issue STAR certificates.
3.1. ACME Extensions
This protocol extends the ACME protocol, to allow for recurrent
orders.
3.1.1. Extending the Order Resource
The Order resource is extended with the following attributes:
{
"recurrent": true,
"recurrent-start-date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"recurrent-end-date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z",
"recurrent-certificate-validity": 604800
}
o recurrent: MUST be "true" for STAR certificates.
o recurrent-start-date: the earliest date of validity of the first
certificate issued, in [RFC3339] format. This attribute is
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optional. When omitted, the start date is as soon as
authorization is complete.
o recurrent-end-date: the latest date of validity of the last
certificate issued, in [RFC3339] format.
o recurrent-certificate-validity: the maximum validity period of
each STAR certificate, an integer that denotes a number of
seconds.
These attributes are included in a POST message when creating the
order, as part of the "payload" encoded object. They are returned
when the order has been created, and the ACME server MAY adjust them
at will, according to its local policy.
ACME defines the following values for the Order resource's status:
"invalid", "pending", "processing", "valid". In the case of
recurrent orders, the status MUST be "valid" as long as STAR
certificates are being issued. We add a new status value,
"canceled", see below.
3.1.2. Canceling a Recurrent Order
An important property of the recurrent Order is that it can be
canceled by the DNO, with no need for certificate revocation. To
cancel the Order, the ACME client sends a POST:
POST /acme/order/1 HTTP/1.1
Host: acme-server.example.org
Content-Type: application/jose+json
{
"protected": base64url({
"alg": "ES256",
"kid": "https://example.com/acme/acct/1",
"nonce": "5XJ1L3lEkMG7tR6pA00clA",
"url": "https://example.com/acme/order/1"
}),
"payload": base64url({
"status": "canceled"
}),
"signature": "H6ZXtGjTZyUnPeKn...wEA4TklBdh3e454g"
}
The server MUST NOT issue any additional certificates for this Order,
beyond the certificate that is available for collection at the time
of deletion. Immediately after the Order is canceled, the server
SHOULD respond with 403 (Forbidden) to any requests to the
certificate endpoint. The response SHOULD provide additional
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information using a problem document [RFC7807] with type
"urn:ietf:params:acme:error:recurrentOrderCanceled".
3.2. Indicating Support of Recurrent Orders
ACME supports sending arbitrary extensions when creating an Order,
and as a result, there is no need to explicitly indicate support of
this extension. The DNO MUST verify that the "recurrent" attribute
was understood, as indicated by the "recurrent" attribute included by
the CA in the created Order. Since the standard ACME protocol does
not allow to explicitly cancel a pending Order (the POST operation in
Section 3.1.2 is an extension), a DNO that encounters an non-
supporting server will probably let the Order expire instead of
following through with the authorization process.
3.3. Fetching the Certificates
The certificate is fetched from the certificate endpoint, as per
[I-D.ietf-acme-acme], Section 7.4.2.
GET /acme/cert/asdf HTTP/1.1
Host: acme-server.example.org
Accept: application/pkix-cert
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/pem-certificate-chain
Link: <https://example.com/acme/some-directory>;rel="index"
Not-Before: Mon, 1 Feb 2016 00:00:00 GMT
Not-After: Mon, 8 Feb 2016 00:00:00 GMT
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
[End-entity certificate contents]
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
[Issuer certificate contents]
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
[Other certificate contents]
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
The Server SHOULD include the "Not-Before" and "Not-After" headers.
When they exist, they MUST be equal to the respective fields inside
the certificate. Their format is "HTTP-date" as defined in
Section 7.1.1.2 of [RFC7231]. Their purpose is to enable client
implementations that do not parse the certificate.
To improve robustness, the next certificate MUST be made available by
the ACME CA at the latest halfway through the lifetime of the
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currently active certificate. It is worth noting that this has an
implication in case of cancellation: in fact, from the time the next
certificate is made available, the cancellation is not completely
effective until the latter also expires.
The server MUST NOT issue any additional certificates for this Order
beyond its recurrent-end-date.
Immediately after the Order expires, the server SHOULD respond with
403 (Forbidden) to any requests to the certificate endpoint. The
response SHOULD provide additional information using a problem
document [RFC7807] with type
"urn:ietf:params:acme:error:recurrentOrderExpired".
4. Operational Considerations
4.1. Certificate Transparency (CT) Logs
TBD: larger logs and how to deal with them.
5. Implementation Status
Note to RFC Editor: please remove this section before publication,
including the reference to [RFC7942].
This section records the status of known implementations of the
protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in [RFC7942].
The description of implementations in this section is intended to
assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
RFCs. Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
here does not imply endorsement by the IETF. Furthermore, no effort
has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
supplied by IETF contributors. This is not intended as, and must not
be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
features. Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
exist.
According to [RFC7942], "this will allow reviewers and working groups
to assign due consideration to documents that have the benefit of
running code, which may serve as evidence of valuable experimentation
and feedback that have made the implemented protocols more mature.
It is up to the individual working groups to use this information as
they see fit".
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5.1. Overview
The implementation is constructed around 3 elements: Client STAR for
NDC, Proxy STAR for DNO and Server ACME for CA. The communication
between them is over an IP network and the HTTPS protocol.
The software of the implementation is available at:
https://github.com/mami-project/lurk
The following subsections offer a basic description, detailed
information is available in https://github.com/mami-
project/lurk/blob/master/proxySTAR_v1/README.md
5.1.1. ACME Server with STAR extension
This is a fork of the Let's Encrypt Boulder project that implements
an ACME compliant CA. It includes modifications to extend the ACME
protocol as it is specified in this draft, to support recurrent
orders and cancelling orders.
The implementation understands the new "recurrent" attributes as part
of the Certificate issuance in the POST request for a new resource.
An additional process "renewalManager.go" has been included in
parallel that reads the details of each recurrent request,
automatically produces a "cron" Linux based task that issues the
recurrent certificates, until the lifetime ends or the order is
canceled. This process is also in charge of maintaining a fixed URI
to enable the NDC to download certificates, unlike Boulder's regular
process of producing a unique URI per certificate.
5.1.2. Proxy STAR
The Proxy STAR, has a double role as ACME client and STAR Server.
The former is a fork of the EFF Certbot project that implements an
ACME compliant client with the STAR extension. The latter is a basic
HTTP REST API server.
The proxy STAR understands the basic API request with a server. The
current implementation of the API is defined in draft-sheffer-acme-
star-request-00. Registration or order cancellation triggers the
modified Certbot client that requests, or cancels, the recurrent
generation of certificates using the STAR extension over ACME
protocol. The URI with the location of the recurrent certificate is
delivered to the STAR client as a response.
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5.2. Level of Maturity
This is a prototype.
5.3. Coverage
Client STAR is not included in this implementation, but done by
direct HTTP request with any open HTTP REST API tool. This is
expected to be covered as part of [I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request]
implementation.
This implementation completely covers Proxy STAR and Server ACME with
STAR extension
5.4. Version Compatibility
The implementation is compatible with version draft-ietf-acme-star-
00. The implementation is based on the Boulder and Certbot code
release from 7-Aug-2017.
5.5. Licensing
This implementation inherits the Boulder license (Mozilla Public
License 2.0) and Certbot license (Apache License Version 2.0 ).
5.6. Implementation experience
To prove the concept all the implementation has been done with a
self-signed CA, to avoid impact on real domains. To be able to do it
we use the FAKE_DNS property of Boulder and static /etc/hosts entries
with domains names. Nonetheless this implementation should run with
real domains.
Most of the implementation has been made to avoid deep changes inside
of Boulder or Certbot, for example, the recurrent certificates
issuance by the CA is based on an external process that auto-
configures the standard Linux "cron" daemon in the ACME CA server.
The reference setup recommended is one physical host with 3 virtual
machines, one for each of the 3 components (client, proxy and server)
and the connectivity based on host bridge.
No security is enabled (iptables default policies are "accept" and
all rules removed) in this implementation to simplify and test the
protocol.
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5.7. Contact Information
See author details below.
6. IANA Considerations
[[RFC Editor: please replace XXXX below by the RFC number.]]
6.1. New ACME Error Types
This document adds the following entry to the ACME Error Type
registry:
+------------------------+------------------------------+-----------+
| Type | Description | Reference |
+------------------------+------------------------------+-----------+
| recurrentOrderCanceled | The short-term certificate | RFC XXXX |
| | is no longer available | |
| | because the recurrent order | |
| | has been explicitly canceled | |
| | by the DNO | |
| recurrentOrderExpired | The short-term certificate | RFC XXXX |
| | is no longer available | |
| | because the recurrent order | |
| | has expired | |
+------------------------+------------------------------+-----------+
6.2. New ACME Order Object Fields
This document adds the following entries to the ACME Order Object
Fields registry:
+-------------------------------+--------+--------------+-----------+
| Field Name | Field | Configurable | Reference |
| | Type | | |
+-------------------------------+--------+--------------+-----------+
| recurrent | string | true | RFC XXXX |
| recurrent-start-date | string | true | RFC XXXX |
| recurrent-end-date | string | true | RFC XXXX |
| recurrent-certificate- | string | true | RFC XXXX |
| validity | | | |
+-------------------------------+--------+--------------+-----------+
7. Security Considerations
TBD
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8. Acknowledgments
This work is partially supported by the European Commission under
Horizon 2020 grant agreement no. 688421 Measurement and Architecture
for a Middleboxed Internet (MAMI). This support does not imply
endorsement.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-acme-acme]
Barnes, R., Hoffman-Andrews, J., and J. Kasten, "Automatic
Certificate Management Environment (ACME)", draft-ietf-
acme-acme-08 (work in progress), October 2017.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3339] Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet:
Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3339>.
[RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc7231>.
[RFC7807] Nottingham, M. and E. Wilde, "Problem Details for HTTP
APIs", RFC 7807, DOI 10.17487/RFC7807, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7807>.
9.2. Informative References
[I-D.nir-saag-star]
Nir, Y., Fossati, T., and Y. Sheffer, "Considerations For
Using Short Term Certificates", draft-nir-saag-star-00
(work in progress), October 2017.
[I-D.sheffer-acme-star-request]
Sheffer, Y., Lopez, D., Dios, O., Pastor, A., and T.
Fossati, "Generating Certificate Requests for Short-Term,
Automatically-Renewed (STAR) Certificates", draft-sheffer-
acme-star-request-01 (work in progress), June 2017.
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[RFC7942] Sheffer, Y. and A. Farrel, "Improving Awareness of Running
Code: The Implementation Status Section", BCP 205,
RFC 7942, DOI 10.17487/RFC7942, July 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7942>.
[Topalovic]
Topalovic, E., Saeta, B., Huang, L., Jackson, C., and D.
Boneh, "Towards Short-Lived Certificates", 2012,
<http://www.w2spconf.com/2012/papers/w2sp12-final9.pdf>.
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Appendix A. Document History
[[Note to RFC Editor: please remove before publication.]]
A.1. draft-ietf-acme-star-01
o Generalized the introduction, separating out the specifics of
CDNs.
o Clean out LURK-specific text.
o Using a POST to ensure cancellation is authenticated.
o First and last date of recurrent cert, as absolute dates.
Validity of certs in seconds.
o Use RFC7807 "Problem Details" in error responses.
o Add IANA considerations.
o Changed the document's title.
A.2. draft-ietf-acme-star-00
o Initial working group version.
o Removed the STAR interface, the protocol between NDC and DNO.
What remains is only the extended ACME protocol.
A.3. draft-sheffer-acme-star-02
o Using a more generic term for the delegation client, NDC.
o Added an additional use case: public cloud services.
o More detail on ACME authorization.
A.4. draft-sheffer-acme-star-01
o A terminology section.
o Some cleanup.
A.5. draft-sheffer-acme-star-00
o Renamed draft to prevent confusion with other work in this space.
o Added an initial STAR protocol: a REST API.
o Discussion of CDNI use cases.
A.6. draft-sheffer-acme-star-lurk-00
o Initial version.
Authors' Addresses
Sheffer, et al. Expires May 16, 2018 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft ACME STAR November 2017
Yaron Sheffer
Intuit
EMail: yaronf.ietf@gmail.com
Diego Lopez
Telefonica I+D
EMail: diego.r.lopez@telefonica.com
Oscar Gonzalez de Dios
Telefonica I+D
EMail: oscar.gonzalezdedios@telefonica.com
Antonio Agustin Pastor Perales
Telefonica I+D
EMail: antonio.pastorperales@telefonica.com
Thomas Fossati
Nokia
EMail: thomas.fossati@nokia.com
Sheffer, et al. Expires May 16, 2018 [Page 17]